Tutorial 1 maria wimmer

9/29/2011

ICEGOV2011 Tutorial on
Electronic Governance for
Sustainable Development

Tomasz Janowski, Adegboyega Ojo, Elsa Estevez
United Nations University

Maria Wimmer
University of Koblenz-Landau

AIM AND OVERVIEW

Propose and demonstrate the concept of Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development (EGOV4SD);
explore how EGOV can advance the social, environmental, economic and transitional SD goals; and explain
how open government and policy development can help realize EGOV4SD.

1. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – EGOV
2. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT – EGOV4D
3. ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – EGOV4SD
3.1. CONCEPT
3.2. GOAL – SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
3.3. GOAL – ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
3.4. GOAL – ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
3.5. GOAL – SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION
4. REALIZING EGOV4SD – OPEN GOVERNMENT AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT

ICEGOV2011 TUTORIAL 1 - ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TALLINN, ESTONIA, 26 SEPTEMBER 2011 - 2

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CONTEXT – PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENTS

Governments around the world are under pressure:
o from globalisation
o from fiscal demands
o from evolving societies
o from raising citizen expectations, etc.
They are expected to:
o be responsive to social change,
o address public concerns,
o deliver effective government programs, deliver Public Value!
o manage public funds efficiently,
o implement the principles of good governance [1]


CONTEXT – TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

1. Web 2.0
o RSS - content syndication
o Blogs - online journal writing
o Wikis - collaborative editing and content creation
o Social Networking - connecting people
o Mashups - combining contents from different sources
o Virtual Worlds - training and educating with simulations
2. Semantic web - Tagging resources on the web to facilitate finding, sharing, and combining content.
3. Cloud computing - Scalable and virtualized resources offered as services over the Internet.
4. Software as a service - providing or deploying software as service on demand
5. Global identity - validating identity of users globally in any context (.Net passport)
6. Ubiquitous computing - delivering computing networks and services everywhere
7. Ambient services - providing environment-embedded services
8. Pervasive broadband - broadband access everywhere


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CONTEXT – TECHNOLOGY AND GOVERNMENT

TECHNOLOGY PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENTS PARADIGMS

Web 2.0 Collaborative government
Semantic Web Participatory government
Cloud computing Mobile government
INNOVATION
Grid computing Agile government
Pervasive broadband Infocomm infrastructure Local EGOV
Software as service Reuse of public information EGOV4D
Global digital identity Citizen-centric practice EGOV4SD
One service space Governance 2.0
Readiness to development
Seamless mobile services
Chief Information Officers


ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE

DEFINITIONS [2] DISCIPLINES

Administrative Political
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

3
System System
POLITICAL SCIENCE

1 4
2, 3
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATICS

ECONOMICS

SOCIOLOGY

Civil Society

1. Internet service delivery and government online X X X
2. Front- and back-office use of ICT by government X X X X
3. Transforming the working of governments through ICT X X X X
4. Transforming the working of and interaction with government through ICT X X X X X


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ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – DIMENSIONS

Deconstructing the definition – EGOV determines how Government applies Technology to transform itself
and its Interactions with Customers in order to create impact on the Society.

EGOV DIMENSIONS [3]
GOVERNMENT TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION CUSTOMERS SOCIETY
Mission Equipment Channels Information needs Demography
Role Infrastructure Channel Strategy Service needs Digital inclusion
Values Data Interoperability Producer roles Institutional change
Operations Social Media Partnerships Consumer roles Social tension
Services Services Goals Accessibility Participation
Institutions Applications Governance Change Globalization
Trust Migration


ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE – SHIFTING FOCUS

1. Technical and Technological
2. Organizational and Transformational
3. Societal, Economic, Environmental


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FOCUS 1 – TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL

GOALS o Establishing agency websites
o Publishing government information online
o Providing online access to public services
o Automating and optimizing administrative processes
CHALLENGES o Providing connectivity
o Assuring interoperability between systems
o Connecting legacy systems to other systems and the internet
LIMITATIONS o Technology issues are not isolated – context
o Overreliance on technology is a typical source of failure
o Developing more mature services introduces organizational issues
o Technological development alone does not produce public value


FOCUS 2 – ORGANIZATIONAL, TRANSFORMATIONAL

GOALS o Transforming the internal working of government agencies using technology
o Establishing collaboration between agencies and across the government
o Offering seamless, transactional services through multiple delivery channels
CHALLENGES o Command-and-control operations
o Narrow specializations and inward-looking cultures
o Lack of collaboration in government
o Resistance to change
LIMITATIONS o Higher service maturity may not lead to higher service usage
o Internal change without sufficient public consultation is a major source of failure
o The purpose of internal transformation should enable higher external performance
o Organizational change alone does not create public value


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FOCUS 3 – SOCIETAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL

GOALS o How to ensure that electronic public services are used?
o How to engage non-state actors in the pursuit of public goals?
o How can governance through network support major policy goals?
o How to ensure that government investment in technology produces public value?
CHALLENGES o Lack of trust – citizens do not trust their government
o Lack of trust – government does not trust its citizens
o Determining the impact of technology on development
o Managing conflicts and balancing contradictory requirements
o Measuring public value in complex non-financial terms


EXAMPLE – EU 2015 STRATEGY


INNOVATION


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EXAMPLE – SINGAPORE 2015 STRATEGY


INNOVATION


DISCUSSION

How is technology applied by your organization to address its external
pressures? What innovations emerge as a result?

Provide an example.


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AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)

Economic, social and political development in the 1. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the 2. Achieve universal primary education
Caribbean and the South Pacific (the South) [4]. 3. Promote gender equality
MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS 4. Reduce child mortality
Economic Creation of wealth and improved 5. Improve maternal health
conditions of material life 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Social Well-being in health, education, 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
housing and employment 8. Develop a global partnership for development
Political Human rights, political freedom, RESULTS
enfranchisement Mixed for most countries except a small number of
Cultural Values, beliefs and self-identity countries mainly in East Asia. Key reasons:
Environmental
Commitment to ecologically o inappropriate policy choices
sound, sustainable development o poorly performing public sector
o changing trends in development administration


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GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

ROLE OF GOVERNMENTS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM

Formulate and implement, jointly with the private Reform agenda to address poor performance of
sector and civil society institutions, development state institutions causing development failures:
policies to generate economic growth, provide 1. Eliminating red-tape
education, maintain security, expand jobs, etc. [4] 2. Decentralizing/devolving the authority
GOVERNANCE FAILURES 3. Improving responsiveness to citizens
1. Excessive use of regulations and formal rules 4. Engaging the public in decision-making
2. Poor communication between agencies 5. Developing human capacity in government
3. Centralization of decision making 6. Introducing performance and accountability
4. Distance of public servants to citizens 7. Delivering public services by private firms
5. Orientation on maintenance, not outcomes 8. Utilizing ICT in all aspects of the reform
6. Inefficiency and unresponsiveness
7. Administrative corruption
8. Gender bias


ICT FOR DEVELOPMENT

Application of ICTs to POVERTY Increasing market access and competitiveness of the poor
socio-economic (MDG1) Improving social inclusion of isolated communities
development [5]: EDUCATION Increasing access to education through distance learning
(MDG2) Enhancing the efficiency of educational policies
o Direct – to benefit
populations GENDER Increasing economic and job opportunities for women
o Indirect – to assist (MDG3) ICT for women’s education and for women as educators
governments, HEALTH Providing remote health care services
NGOs, etc. in (MDG4-6) Connecting rural health providers with formal health system
improving socio-
ENVIRONMENT Environmental monitoring and risk mitigation
economic
(MDG7) Environmental progress in the ICT and other sectors
conditions.
Effective data management for international development
PARTNERSHIP
Good governance…
(MDG8)
[6]


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ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

D Development
Modernization, dependency and human-centered schools.
GOV4D Governance for Development
Management of the development process through a framework of rules and institutions to
regulate the conduct of all actors involved, public or non-public.
EGOV4D Electronic Governance for Development
EGOV focusing on development-related objectives:

o Enhancing the capacity of government agencies for public service delivery through the
process of ICT-enabled reform and decentralization
o Using ICT to support the delivery of accessible and affordable services that are most
needed by the poor and small businesses
o Enabling through ICT the increased participation of the disadvantaged groups in the
society in government decision making


ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT

TRANSFORMATIONS GOVERNMENT ACADEMIA, PRIVATE SECTOR, CIVIL SOCIETY

MDG 1
POVERTY

MDG 2
EDUCATION

MDG 3
GENDER

MDG 4-6
CONSULTATION/IMPACT HEALTH

CITIZENS BUSINESSES AGENCIES COMMUNITIES MDG 7
ENVIRONMENT

ENABLEMENT
MDG 8
SOCIETY GOVERNANCE ECONOMY PARTNERSHIP


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EXAMPLE – EGOV4D IN CAMEROON

Policy context Lessons learnt
Lower levels of governments are low priority
Vision 2035 National agencies prefer to invest at the central level for
visibility, creating increasing divide within the countries.
Growth and Fragmented Stewardship
Employment Strategy EGOV rests with IT agencies but implementation suffers
2020 from shared stewardship with related powerful ministries
Academia-Government Collaboration is Necessary
Public National Engaging local academia in research, education and
Service ICT Policy training significantly improves program sustainability.
Reform 2007
Bureaucracy is Pervasive
EGOV Strategy With authorizations required for every action, project
2011 managers cannot decide on basic activities and progress is
only assured with direct engagement of agency heads.


DISCUSSION

What kind of development-focused ICT and EGOV efforts
are being carried out by your organization?

Provide an example.


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AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEFINITION

DEFINITION [7] Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
CONCEPTS Needs Essential needs of the world’s poor
Limitations Limitations imposed by the current state of technology and social
organization on the environment’s ability to meet the needs
PRINCIPLES [8] 1. Poverty alleviation
2. Environmental policy integration
3. Intra- and inter-generational equity
4. Public participation in decision-making
5. Technological and environmental limits to growth
INTEPRETATION Exploring the dependencies between principles in various decision-making situations.


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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE

Governance and Sustainable Development [8]
How Sustainable Development is pursued in different governance systems.
Governance for Sustainable Development
What governance systems are required to make Sustainable Development a reality:

o engaging citizens in the SD process
o long-term inter-generational policy perspective
o vertical and horizontal policy integration for coherent government decisions


SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Environmental Sustainability Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability
Climate change Transportation Poverty and inequality
Water Scarcity Logistics Hunger and malnutrition
Land degradation Energy Consumption Gender imbalance
Fish stock depletion Economic Growth Illiteracy
Biodiversity loss Maternal/infant mortality
Deforestation Access to communication
Sustainability Transition
Green accounting
Energy from renewable sources
Access of under-privileged groups
Environmentally friendly technology and practice
Integration of environmental dimensions into policies and plans
[9][10]


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EGOV + SD = EGOV4SD

Political Administrative
System System
EGOV

Civil Society SD
Society

SD EGOV4SD
Economy Environment
Governance ICT


AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Social Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS
Internal capacity and Technology Collaboration within Technology-enabled Making sure that all
values for EGOV infrastructure government and information/services society segments
with partners participate in EGOV

A E B C D

Access for all Reducing poverty and Reducing gender Reducing infant and
inequality inequality maternal mortality
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION
SD GOALS


SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A EGOV technology initiatives should consider accessibility (cost, ability to use, etc.) of all segments of
society in their technology choices, e.g. support for mobile channels for service delivery.
B EGOV services should enable citizens and particularly the disadvantaged to meet their critical
livelihood needs like access to jobs, primary health services, educational services, sanitation, etc.
C EGOV services in rural areas and at lower levels of government should be specifically targeted at
women as critical actors in the social and economic development of families.
D EGOV services should support government public health efforts in reducing infant and maternal
mortality by providing necessary information to mothers, particularly in the less developed areas.
E EGOV initiatives should involve participation of different members of the society and should not
exacerbate existing digital divide.


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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE 2015 KOREA 2012 ESTONIA 2013
Next generation Public-private collaborative One service space - public, private
infocomm infrastructure governance and third sectors
Innovation centers and Seamless and converged Paperless document management
entrepreneurship informatization
Infocomm competency Active response to adverse Traceability of the use of one’s own
framework effects of informatization data
Electronic health records Utilization-focused services Internet in rural areas
EUROPEAN UNION 2015 UNITED NATIONS 2010 WASEDA 2011
Improve (seamless) services to Government data sharing Increase of social media applications
cater for different needs based on open standards for participation
Invite third parties in EGOV From readiness to Cloud computing and data center
development development virtualization
Involve stakeholders in public Agility to respond to more Disaster management and business
policy processes demands as revenues drop continuity
Reduce carbon footprint Citizen-centric practice Smart grid and green technology


SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

Sustainable Social Services for Wales, UK
Priority actions:
1. A strong national purpose and expectation and clear
accountability for delivery
2. A national outcomes framework
3. Citizen centered services
4. Integrated services
5. Reducing complexity
6. A confident and competent workforce
7. Safeguarding and promoting the wellbeing of citizens
8. A new improvement framework for Wales

http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dhss/publications/110216frameworken.pdf


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AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Environmental Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS
Internal capacity Technology Collaboration Technology-enabled Making sure that all
and values for infrastructure within government information/services society segments
EGOV and with partners participate in EGOV

A F B C D E

Climate change Improved water Reduced land Restoration of
management degradation biodiversity
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY
SD GOALS


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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A Use of low or zero carbon-emission ICT equipment for government operations (front and back office)
B Providing information and services to citizens on how they can contribute to addressing the climate
change (e.g. carbon footprint calculators) to support decisions about the choice of delivery channels.
C Providing information and services for citizens and businesses on better domestic water
management practices and smart metering systems.
D Providing information to citizens on better land use practices and information systems at government
offices for better management of land use, with relevant services for citizens.
E Providing information to citizens on the practices that can improve or restore biodiversity and
develop relevant information systems to monitor ecological areas of interests.
F Develop partnerships with relevant environmental agencies to deliver A – E, including improved
water management, reduction of land degradation and restoration of biodiversity.


ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES



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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

Crowd-sourcing renewable energy strategy on the Internet, Maldives:
AIM Experts around the world are invited to
provide technical advice on low-carbon
energy generation, storage and financing
through http://maldives.co2.org
GOALS Making the country carbon-neutral by 2020
Addressing lack of local technical expertise
SCOPE 8 themes and 65 theme-related questions, e.g.

1. How should Maldives pursue carbon neutrality vis-à-vis short-term economic wellbeing?
2. How should Maldives account for tourist air travel in its quest for carbon neutrality?
3. Should air travelers contribute financially to de-carbonization of the Maldives economy?
4. What level of oil price should the Maldives use for planning its energy future?


AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


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ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Economic Sustainability goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS

B C A

Transportation and Economic Improved energy
logistic growth consumption
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION
SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY
SD GOALS


ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – MEASURES

A Use of energy efficient technology equipment in government operations and incorporation of such
equipment in the government procurement practice.

B Providing information and services to citizens to help reduce transport congestion e.g. real time
service to check traffic situations in different parts of cities.

C Providing information and services to enterprises and businesses to support their operations,
interaction with governments, and growth.


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ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – STRATEGIES



ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY – EXAMPLE

Green occupational guidelines for 23
occupations by California Government
Informational services:
1. Work to be carried out as a …
2. Required skills
3. Possible tasks and required skills
4. Working conditions
5. Job expectations
6. Wages and benefits
7. Job outlook
8. Qualifications
9. Training opportunities
10.Job opportunities

http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/OccGuides/GreenIndexOfGuides.aspx?Geography=0601000000


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AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – MAPPING

How can EGOV initiatives explicitly address the Sustainability Transition goals?

EGOV DIMENSIONS

A A A A

Adoption of Green Access of under- Adoption of environmentally Energy from renewable
Accounting privileged groups friendly practices sources
SD GOALS


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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – MEASURES

A Provide information and electronic services that show key SD indicators and their interpretation for
citizens and agency management [9]:

SOCIAL INDICATORS ECONOMIC INDICATORS
1. Population, density, growth rate 1. Air travel
2. Life expectancy, infant mortality 2. Energy consumption
3. Urban/rural population distribution 3. Growth of economic activity
4. Percentage of voting population 4. Agricultural production density
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS TRANSITIONAL INDICATORS
1. Plant biodiversity 1. Changes in food and nutrition style
2. Animal population 2. Environmental and general education
3. Depletion of fossil fuels 3. Percent of energy from renewable sources
4. Topsoil and farmland loss 4. Access of the poor to public decision-making


SUSTAINABILILITY TRANSITION – STRATEGIES



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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITION – EXAMPLE

Directgov, UK
Offering informational services on environment
and greener living:
1. Recycling and reducing waste
2. Climate change and environment protection
3. Energy saving and generation
4. Greener home and garden
5. Greener travel and leisure
6. Keeping farm animals and bees
7. Greener community and work
8. Greener life events and celebrations

http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Environmentandgreenerliving/index.htm


DISCUSSION

What contribution is your organization making to the sustainable
development transition? How is ICT involved?

Provide an example.


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AIM AND OVERVIEW


3.1. CONCEPT


NEXT PRESENTATION…

Involving stakeholders in policy development processes

EGOV DIMENSIONS
and values for infrastructure within government Information/services society segments

Open Government and Policy Development

SD GOALS


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REFERENCES

[1] T. Field, E. Muller, and E. Lau, The e-Government Imperative. 2003, p. 203.
[2] Å. Grönlund and T. A. Horan, “Introducing e-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues,” Communications of
the Association for Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 713-729, 2005.
[3] S. S. Dawes, “Governance in the digital age: A research and action framework for an uncertain future,”
Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 257-264, Apr. 2009.
[4] Mark Turner, David Hulme, Governance, Administration and Development: Making the State Work,
Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.
[5] Wikipedia, Information and communication technologies for development,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_for_development
[6] World Bank, ICT and MDGs – A World Bank Perspective, 2003
[7] Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, 1987
[8] W. Neil Adger and A. Jordan. Sustainability: Exploring the Processes and Outcomes of Governance. In
Governing Sustainability. Cambridge, 2009
[9] Helen Briassoulis, Sustainable development and its indicators: Through a (Planner's) Glass Darkly,
Journal of environmental planning and management, 44(3), 409-427, 2001
[10] Anne Jerneck, Lennart Olsson, Barry Ness, Stefan Anderberg, Mathias Baier, Erick Clark, Thomas
Hickler, Alf Hornborg, Annica Kronsell, Eva Lovbrand, Johannes Persson, Structuring Sustainability
Science, Sustainability Science, August 2010, Springer


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