3. 2-1 Data Summary and Display

4. 2-1 Data Summary and Display

5. 2-1 Data Summary and Display

6. 2-1 Data Summary and Display Population Mean For a finite population with N measurements, the mean is The sample mean is a reasonable estimate of the population mean .

7. 2-1 Data Summary and Display Sample Variance and Sample Standard Deviation

8. 2-1 Data Summary and Display

9. 2-1 Data Summary and Display

10. 2-1 Data Summary and Display The sample variance is The sample standard deviation is

11. 2-1 Data Summary and Display Computational formula for s 2

12. 2-1 Data Summary and Display Population Variance When the population is finite and consists of N values, we may define the population variance as The sample variance is a reasonable estimate of the population variance .

13. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram Steps for Constructing a Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

14. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

15. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

16. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

17. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

18. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

19. 2-2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

20. 2-3 Histograms A histogram is a more compact summary of data than a stem-and-leaf diagram. To construct a histogram for continuous data, we must divide the range of the data into intervals, which are usually called class intervals , cells , or bins . If possible, the bins should be of equal width to enhance the visual information in the histogram.

21. 2-3 Histograms

22. 2-3 Histograms

23. 2-3 Histograms

24. 2-3 Histograms

25. 2-3 Histograms An important variation of the histogram is the Pareto chart . This chart is widely used in quality and process improvement studies where the data usually represent different types of defects, failure modes, or other categories of interest to the analyst. The categories are ordered so that the category with the largest number of frequencies is on the left, followed by the category with the second largest number of frequencies, and so forth.

26. 2-3 Histograms

28. 2-4 Box Plots

29. 2-4 Box Plots

30. 2-4 Box Plots

32. 2-5 Time Series Plots

33. 2-5 Time Series Plots

34. 2-5 Time Series Plots

36. 2-6 Multivariate Data

37. 2-6 Multivariate Data

38. 2-6 Multivariate Data Sample Correlation Coefficient

39. 2-6 Multivariate Data

40. 2-6 Multivariate Data

41. 2-6 Multivariate Data

42. 2-6 Multivariate Data

43. 2-6 Multivariate Data

44. 2-6 Multivariate Data