Human rights in developing countries and its relationship with country’s economic development

International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijreh.2.3.4 ISSN: 2456-8678
www.aipublications.com/ijreh Page | 31
Human rights in developing countries and its
relationship with country’s economic development
Khalid Abas Rashid Kurachi
Public Law, Erbil, Kurdistan
Email: khalid.abaskurachi@gmail.com
Abstract— The purpose of this study is to examine the
relationship of human rights and economic development in
the developing countries. A quantitative method used in
order to analyze data gathered by the researcher. The
researcher used questionnaire in order to be able to analyze
the current study. A random sampling method used, where
almost all participants will have equal chances of being
selected for the sample. The researcher gathered 161
questionnaires, however 12 questionnaires were invalid and
149 questionnaires were properly completed. The
questionnaire structured in the form of multiple choice
questions. The finding of this study showed that there is a
strong and positive relationship between human right and
economic development in developing countries, according
the research hypothesis was found to be supported which
stated that a developed economic in developing country will
have a positive relationship with the protection of human
rights.
Keywords— Human rights, economic development,
developing countries.
I. INTRODUCTION
The perception of elevated requirements of human rights
security has for some time been perceived as one of the
recognizing highlights of cutting edge social orders. An
unmistakable distinction exists between cutting edge
countries and creating nations notwithstanding when we
separate between various categories of human rights, for
example, common and political rights and financial and
social rights. The surviving cross-national and quantitative
writing on human rights has looked either expressly at
financial elements or certainly as control factors nearby
extraordinary arrangements of social, political and social
informative factors (Freeman &Staley, 2018). Demonstrate
estimations in the writing additionally incorporate controls
for settled impacts or for provincial and sub-territorial variety
commonly as heartiness checks (Horne, 2018). In this paper,
we center expressly around the monetary and geological
parts of human rights execution as for physical honesty rights
utilizing a consolidated human rights factor score, local sham
factors, and spatial weightings for both the size and vicinity
of neighbors. The part of human rights (other than property
rights and the control of law) to these pivotal connections in
the formative procedure is still, be that as it may, blurred in
lack of definition. (Pildes, 2018), indicates a reasonable part
for human rights-type factors in advancing financial
development. Be that as it may, notwithstanding solid
contentions that political foundations underlie the neediness
traps plaguing numerous nations, there has still been
moderately little examination of the part of human rights
other than property rights in managing such traps. To some
degree, this may mirror the impact of the 'institutional school'
contending that human rights are to some degree
insignificant to the formative procedure, where they are
believed to be a 'decent' which wealthier nations supply to
their populace. Against this, we can set (Kuruvilla, et al.
2018), contention for a wide range of human rights. For this,
issues, for example, opportunity, reasonableness and
correspondence are all of equivalent significance and social
capital (which is accepted to include components of both
monetary and noneconomic rights) positively affects welfare
and development. Somewhere in the range of conditional
proof for contention has originated from (Duflo, 2012), who
discovered positive connections between both property rights
and non-monetary human rights and improvement. Why and
when do governments mishandle human rights? For quite a
few years, analysts have endeavored to answer this inquiry
by investigating the political, financial, lawful, and social
factors that seem to influence governments' basic leadership.
This examination motivation has yielded a few vital
discoveries: Governments have a tendency to quell human
rights with a specific end goal to keep up control when they
see dangers from contradicting groups. Majority rule
governments tend to direct less such misuse than despotic
governments. Suppression is less predominant in wealthier
and littler nations, while increments in infringement of
human rights are likely amid times of common war. Lawful
organizations additionally seem to factor into these choices:

nations with free judiciaries are less inclined to disregard
human rights, and legitimized human rights seem to decrease
constraint. Standardizing factors are likewise pivotal, and
support bunches depend on the energy of standards to change
social qualities with respect to human rights rehearses. While
the huge writing on the suppression of human rights offers a
wide range of points of view, one shared trait among
researchers with here and there clashing perspectives is the
emphasis on the manners by which exhibit day factors
influence human rights rehearses. Researchers who center on
auxiliary elements give speculations and observational proof
with respect to the connection between contemporary
legitimate, political, and monetary factors and contemporary
levels of suppression. The individuals who center on
standards dissect how contemporary social and social
qualities, characters, and thoughts influence the regard for
human rights.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Human rights
The reach of human rights considers has a tremendous
writing in the practices, reasoning, political science,
worldwide law, and additionally financial matters of human
rights. (Aker & Mbiti, 2010), has been a long standing
protector of human rights in morals and financial matters,
and has contributed much to the field of human rights
examines. (Mansilla & Jackson, 2011), have scrutinized
"standard" financial structures for fail to consider to the
inborn and instrumental estimation of human rights, asserting
that prevailing methodologies in monetary examinations
have focused on monetary procedures and results barely
deciphered as far as utility with no particular affirmation of
basic flexibilities and human rights. (Sachs, 2012), contends
that "political freedom and common flexibilities are
specifically essential all alone, and don't need to be
legitimized in a roundabout way as far as their impact on the
economy". Furthermore, he additionally contends that
insurance of human rights is productivity upgrading in that
more prominent opportunity improves the capacity of
individuals to encourage themselves. As (Cingranelli, &
Richards, 2010), contends, the characteristic estimation of
security of human rights is an indispensable piece of human
welfare, and can't be overemphasized. For instance,
insurance against torment, discretionary capture and the
privilege to political support can be seen as products of
greatly high esteem. In reality, finding the inherent
estimation of assurance of the different kinds of human rights
is an interesting report in itself. The feedback that financial
specialists have a tendency to overlook human rights' inborn
esteem is a completely substantial feedback of this
examination. In any case, as I would like to think, the
instrumental estimation of human rights has additionally
been understudied by financial experts. This proposition is an
endeavor to add to the last field. It will center exclusively on
the instrumental estimation of human rights assurance,
through customary monetary measures of welfare (Coalter,
2010). How does insurance of human rights influence
development? Which channels do they work through,
assuming any? I will endeavor to portray a portion of the
more conceivable channels underneath. Be that as it may,
first I will take a gander at a portion of the switch causality
instruments. This paper expects to research how practices of
some human rights influence financial development. In any
case, it is likely that monetary development influences
practices of human rights, and that we have a two-way
causality. This may prompt one-sided estimators in the exact
examination. Before advancing into the primary investigation
on how human rights insurance influences development, I
will in this way think about the switch case: how does
monetary development influence the security of human
rights? An early endeavor to research the causes and
connections between human rights infringement, estimated
through torment and political detainment, and political and
financial elements (Chang, 2011). The creators question
whether the poorest countries are the most noticeably bad
violators of human rights, if the most noticeably awful
violators have a specific frontier foundation, and whether
more up to date countries are more inclined to quell. The
article endeavors to test these theories utilizing bivariate
factual investigation for a predetermined number of nations.
The creators find that the monetary variables have more
illustrative use than the political components. They discover
restricted help for the postulation that poor nations are more
inclined to suppression, and that lone nations with high wage
do well on human rights. A later observational examination
of the reasons for human rights infringement was attempted
by (Appel, 2018). Utilizing pooled cross-sectional time
arrangement information, the creators relapsed various
logical factors on measures of human rights rehearses, among
them level of GDP and development of GDP. The creators
anticipate that level of GDP will positively affect the security
against human rights infringement, since nations with higher
earnings are more averse to confront local disobedience to
which nation pioneers may react with constraint.
Nonetheless, they contend that the impact of financial
development on human rights practices may not be clear. On
one hand, monetary development creates a bigger economy,
so nations confront less asset imperatives that may prompt
residential disobedience. Then again: "Financial development
would expand suppression since it builds the quantity of

déclassé people and gatherings that are most inclined to
advance precariousness" (Horne, 2018). The creators contend
that these two impacts pull in inverse ways. A past report
embraced by the creators demonstrated no noteworthy
impacts of development on human rights hones. The
evaluated impact of level of GDP is exceptionally huge and
positive on human rights rehearses, so a higher local pay
level is related with better practices. The assessed impact of
GDP development is critical at the 1% level in one of their
particulars, and positive, however the evaluated coefficient
isn't huge. Indeed, even an amazingly high development rate
every year would effects affect human rights hones
(Cingranelli & Filippov, 2018).
Economic Development
Research on the connection amongst advancement and the
assurance of human rights can be sorted out in no less than
two gatherings: to begin with, articles that address the results
of financial improvement for rights insurance too essentially,
second, articles that emphasis on particular instruments of
monetary improvement, for example, outside venture, special
exchange understandings, World Bank and International
Monetary Fund programs, global guide – and their effect on
the security of human rights (Savelsberg, 2018). In the two
cases, the writing is managing original human rights, and,
generally, rights to physical trustworthiness. I will take after
this structure and present research that has moved the way
researchers have customarily taken a gander at political
structures, improvement and prosperity, trailed by several
articles that examine the effect of particular instruments of
advancement on rights protection (Zembylas, 2018). It leaves
from the suspicion that each pioneer needs to stay in control
and that along these lines political survival is there as a
matter of first importance inclination. The choices pioneers
make in a commonwealth are arranged towards securing his
or her political survival, and the choice to ensure the
privileges of people under their locale is no special case.
Keeping that in mind, human rights insurance falls under the
class of open merchandise in that assurance of those rights
meets the criteria on non-excludability and non-equal
utilization. In straightforward terms, once these products are
influenced accessible anybody in the commonwealth to can
make the most of their advantages; additionally, utilization
(or delight) by one gathering does not decrease the supply of
the useful for different gatherings (Talbot & Carter, 2018). In
light of these preliminaries, each country comprises of a
gathering of occupants, some of whom have the ability to
participate in choosing who the pioneer will be. People who
can take an interest in the determination of the pioneer have a
place in a gathering called the electorate. With a specific end
goal to stay in control, the pioneer needs the help of a
triumphant coalition or the gathering of people drawn from
the electorate, whose help is fundamental if the pioneer is to
remain in control. The triumphant coalition can be little – as
in most tyrant administrations – or very substantial, such as
choosing dominant parts in a majority rules system. As
indicated by the model, pioneers managing a little winning
coalition will compensate these people with private
merchandise in return for their help (Thuon, 2018). Private
products are satisfactory here in light of the fact that the
gathering of recipients is little, else it would turn out to be
restrictively costly to do as such. In huge winning coalition
administrations, as most majority rules systems seem to be,
on account of pioneers can't repay their steadfast supporters
with private products they swing to the arrangement of open
merchandise. Human rights insurance is one among different
types of pay that fall under general society great class. It is
straightforward how the creators represent the way that the
level of human rights security is higher among majority rules
systems – accurately the administrations that are described
by substantial winning coalitions. Another relevant
commitment, drawing specifically from their exploration,
identifies with the dynamic part of their model, particularly
in regards to monetary advancement. They indicate how
substantial winning coalition administrations are for the most
part corresponded with higher GDP per capita and
development rates, while little winning coalition
administrations have a tendency to be poorer, by and large
(Vadlamannati, et al. 2018). As the span of the triumphant
coalition develops, for instance, amid changes to majority
rules system, development rates psychologist and GDP per
capita goes down – even beneath prior little winning
coalition levels! This finding shows that the "street to
majority rules system" is tricky and can avoid into dictator
breaks effortlessly. This outcome runs as one with the
examination of the results of democratization for the
insurance of human rights offered in the past segment. By
and by, once a country achieves a specific limit, development
resumes and GDP per capita mirrors the new situation.
Results from this examination plan convey shrewd
admonitions to researchers and policymakers working with
human rights security in transitional social orders.
Responsibilities regarding larger amounts of security might
be – and regularly are – self-serving to the initiative, which
should battle declining financial execution as an outcome of
the move from an accentuation on the arrangement of private
products to the arrangement of open merchandise, human
rights included. A nuanced talk inside a similar general
system is offered by (De Wet, 2018). As the title of the
article, Development and Democracy, recommends, the

writers try to research whether the regular knowledge that
monetary improvement definitely prompts democratization
remains constant. They start by taking a gander at
illustrations that resist generally held convictions with
respect to the connection amongst improvement and majority
rule government: Russia and China are the guilty parties. In
these two cases, one sees unfaltering financial development
unmatched by huge enhancements along the majority rule
scale – with very much reported ramifications for human
rights insurance (Anyanwu, 2018). They continue to contend
that pioneers have progressed toward becoming
progressively canny with regards to overseeing development
spurts and overflows to keep the strengthening and
preparation of the working classes, which, agreeing the
conventional story, would achieve democratization and
responsibility. Pioneers do as such by separating between
coordination products and customary open merchandise. The
previous are basic to advancement, while the last are vital to
empowering strengthening and activation – at last achieving
democratization. To be clearer, coordination products include
things like open advanced education, political rights,
opportunity of press and human rights, all the more
extensively. Customary open merchandise, in their
investigation, comprise of things like framework, general
wellbeing, essential training, transportation, and security.
These are basic for monetary movement to flourish and
blossom. Diminishing the arrangement of this merchandise
would antagonistically affect financial development itself. So
pioneers pick the better of the two universes: development,
which repays their triumphant coalitions, in the customary
non-equal utilization design, with the political the present
state of affairs that outcomes from a consider push to end
political assembly through the withholding of coordination
products. Pioneers' worries with their political survival are
the key idea in this exploration motivation. The model
difficulties the outdated perspective of vote based system as a
heuristic resource, to show that pioneers representing an
equitable nation are no less self-intrigued than those heading
a tyrant administration (Grabe, 2018). Systems for political
survival will differ for each situation, with critical results for
human rights insurance. In any case, the researcher and
professional might need to watch out for his or her
arrangement objectives, marking down the talk that is
frequently present in just talk. Incredulity is additionally the
expression of request in the three articles that I talk about
straightaway, which manage financial instruments and their
viability in accomplishing enhancements in rights security.
The principal article, by (Fariss, 2018), examines whether
particular exchange understandings that address human rights
affect the level of rights assurance in the objective nation.
She talks about two systems of impact that are all around
investigated in the writing: influence and intimidation.
Influence is generally considered and upheld among
constructivist global relations researchers, for whom the
inclinations of states are always being formed by different
states engaged with the procedure. As it were, inclinations
and decisions of activity are socially impacted. Influence is a
conspicuous component to achieve congruity with standards
and tenets. Then again, the second instrument examined in
the article, compulsion, draws from a pragmatist way to deal
with state conduct, nearer to the pragmatist and
institutionalism universal relations grant. Intimidation
assumes the capacity to force a tenable danger and the way to
execute it. It likewise requires that the risk speak to an
important misfortune for the objective nation. According to
(Patel & Bhui, 2018), exploration configuration offers
abundant chance to watch the two components at work, as
her dataset of special exchange economic developments
consulted by the European Union and the United States with
different nations thinks about the two systems. To be sure, a
few economic developments incorporate a delicate condition
whereby states that are entering the understanding focus on
enhancing the circumstance of human rights in their domain.
In these delicate understandings, there is no punishment for
neglecting to go along. The other arrangement of economic
developments, purported hard understandings, incorporate a
similar human rights proviso, and however condition the
continuation of the consent to genuine upgrades in the level
of rights security. As such, if the objective nation does not
enhance the circumstance of human rights in its region, it
will lose the exchange benefits related with the economic
development (Adonis, 2018).
Relationship between human rights and economic
development
According to (Simmons, 2018), the primary sort of market
unconstrained, he additionally partition the second kind of
business sectors into two subsets: irrepressible and socially
thought up. The previous are markets where the increases
from exchange to the two sides are sufficiently huge that they
work at an abnormal state of exchanges even without
corresponding foundations, e.g., the business sectors for
illicit products and enterprises. The last are markets where
the nonattendance of correlative organizations keeps them
from working at an abnormal state of exchanges. For, this
nonappearance prompts generous increments in the hazard to
the increases from exchange by members on either side of
the market. These dangers are to such an extent that even
possibly huge additions from exchange can be deficient for
these business sectors to exist or work at an abnormal state of
exchanges where they do figure out how to exist, e.g., money

related markets. A correlative foundation required for
socially thought up business sectors to exist and capacity at
an abnormal state, as per (Fournier & Ortiz, 2018), is the
presence of agreement authorization components. According
to (Meier & Gostin, 2018), contends that another correlative
foundation for this sort of market to flourish is the
nonattendance of predation by government over nationals. As
per (Sanders, 2018), describes this fundamental organization
as 4 responsibilities regarding the run of law and contends
that security of human rights is the best pointer of this
dedication. In a different strand of writing (Clément, 2018),
require the need to unbundle foundations, separate between
property rights organizations and contracting establishments
and connect the previous with obliging government and first
class seizure of different gatherings. Experimentally, (Chan,
2018), go ahead to demonstrate that what is important for
monetary development are property rights foundations,
estimated as Constraints on the Executive, and not
contracting organizations, estimated as Legal Formalism.
(Freeman &Staley, 2018), utilize an indistinguishable
procedure from these creators with the as of late
disaggregated records of common freedoms by Freedom
House. This enables them to show that second era human
rights, in particular those related with monetary and social
decision, are much more capable in clarifying financial
development or the level of tasks of speculation products
markets than some other factors utilized as a part of the
writing. These incorporate, among others, the measures
utilized by (Pildes, 2018), original human rights, for instance
flexibility of articulation and opportunity of gathering, and
political rights. A couple of different strands of writing
encroach upon our subject in a more extraneous manner and
we address them quickly before building up our contentions.
One strand is the customary human rights writing. An issue
that has emerged in this writing is the way to total and relate
numerous measurements of human rights and different
measurements of results of intrigue, e.g., measures of
financial prosperity, in a sensible way from the factual
perspective. Here the concentration lies in disaggregating
measurements of human rights and on relating every one of
them to the standard measure of monetary prosperity in the
financial aspects (Duflo, 2012).
III. RESEARCH METHOD
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of
human rights and economic development in the developing
countries. A quantitative method used in order to analyze
data gathered by the researcher. The researcher used
questionnaire in order to be able to analyze the current study.
A random sampling method used, where almost all
participants will have equal chances of being selected for the
sample. The researcher gathered 161 questionnaires, however
12 questionnaires were invalid and 149 questionnaires were
properly completed. The questionnaire structured in the form
of multiple choice questions. The participants were asked to
mark each item on five point scales ranging from definitely
agree to do not agree at all. According the main research
aim, the researcher set a hypothesis to measure the
relationship between human rights and economic
development by stating that a developed economic in
developing country will have a positive relationship with the
protection of human rights. However, the researcher
distrusted questionnaires randomly, based on the
demographic analysis it was found that; In terms of
participants’ gender 78% were male and 22% were female.
In terms of participants’ age, 18.1% of participants fall into
group 18-25 years old, 26.8% of participants fall into group
26-32 years old, 32.2% of participants fall into group of 33-
38 years old, and 15.4% of participants fall into group of 39-
45 years old and 7.4% of participants fall into group of 45
years old and above. In terms of year (s) of experiences
24.8% of participants had 1-2 years of experience(s), 33.6%
of participants 3-4 years of experiences 26.2% of participants
had 5-6 years of experiences, 9.4% of participants had 7-8
years of experiences and 6% of participants had 8 years and
above of experiences. And finally, concerning participants’
level of education, 14.1% of participants had obtained
diploma certificate, 74.5% of participants had obtained
bachelor degree and 11.4% of participants had obtained
Master degree.
Analyzing the collected data
Table.1: Reliability statistics
Factors Reliability statistics
Cranach’s Alpha
Number of
used items
Human rights .812 12
Economic
development
.734 12
Table (1) shows Reliability test for human right as
independent variable and economic development as
dependent variable. Concerning human rights the Statistics
Cranach’s Alpha ∂=.812, this indicates that 12 questions used
to measure human rights were reliable for this study,
moreover, concerning of economic development reliability
Statistics Cranach’s Alpha ∂=.734, also indicates that 12
questions used to measure economic development were
reliable for this study.
Table.2: Correlation Analysis
Factors Pearson correlation Economic
development

Human right Pearson correlation .758 **
Sing. (2-tailed) .000
N 149
** correlation is significant at the level 0.01 level (2-tailed)
According to correlation test as seen in table (2), the
researcher found that human right has significant correlation
(r=.758**, p<0.01) with economic development in
developing countries.
Table.3: Model summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .801(a) .747 .48 .891
a Predictors: (constant), human right
Table.3: ANOVA
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression
Residual
Total
112.312
28,192
140.504
7
102
109
21.321
.203
61.231 .563
Table.4: Multiple regression Analysis
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized
coefficients
B Std.
Error
Beta t Sig.
(constant) 21.213 .612 .9189 .000
Human rights .712 .04 .719 3.124 .000
Dependent : economic development
Table (4) explains the results research hypothesis. The
research hypothesis which stated that a developed economic
in developing country will have a positive relationship with
the protection of human rights. The result showed that the
value of B for human right is .712 this indicates that there is
a strong and positive relationship between human right and
economic development in developing countries, according
the research hypothesis was found to be supported which
stated that a developed economic in developing country will
have a positive relationship with the protection of human
rights.
IV. CONCLUSION
What human rights can accomplish being developed
identifies with the production of a space of security and
respect around the human individual from where
improvement can push ahead. At the level concerning the
most critical performers being developed, i.e., the human on-
screen characters and their fundamental occupation security
and association with experts and power, human rights and
advancement are commonly strengthening. Human rights can
serve to think the focal point of improvement around the
human individual. There are hence solid linkages between a
human improvement worldview and human rights. In the
1990s, human rights and advancement endeavors were united
as the fundamental desires and destinations inside the two
regions changed, and as another worldwide request, with
human rights as one of its constituting qualities, were built
up. This has impacted how the primary propensities inside
the two orders have been figured, and how NGOs have
connected human rights and improvement help. In the
meantime, it mirrors a positive propensity that is being
conveyed forward by nonwestern mindsets that prevail with
regards to incorporating financial and strengthening targets,
in any event on the level of ideas. This explore note talked
about the current grant inside the field of global political
economy that has examined different variables appeared to
affect the level of human rights security – concentrating on
rights to physical uprightness. The article systematized this
writing into two general classes: look into managing the
results of majority rules system and democratization for
human rights security, and research managing improvement
and related monetary instruments for the level of rights
assurance. The discoveries in the two classes of writing

challenge tried and true way of thinking established in the
considerate outcomes credited to both majority rules system
and improvement. Fundamentally through quantitative
examinations, the creators point to a few unintended
unfavorable results of vote based system (and
democratization) and in addition improvement for the
insurance of human rights. A superior comprehension of the
causal components behind a portion of these results may help
analysts in the mission for suggestions that can effectively
alleviate – if not take out – these unfriendly results. We want
to have added to this exertion by welcoming scientists to
investigate the issue. The way to accomplish a sensible
combination between human rights and advancement
exercises identify with making of the two privileges and
procedures of strengthening. The International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sets up qualifications
to essential expectations for everyday comforts, essential
human services, and fundamental training alongside various
other rights. But these privileges are presently coordinated
towards country expresses that are frequently hampered by
absence of assets, bungle, and confinements forced by global
mediations. The extent of qualifications must be expanded to
coordinate rights towards loci of genuine power effort. This
incorporates the country state, yet additionally worldwide
associations and firms that occasionally impact human rights
acknowledgment to an extensively more grounded degree
than country states alone. Such a suggestion raises issues of
sway, yet one method for managing this issue is to enlarge
the extent of responsibility for human rights usage by making
contributors and worldwide associations, NGOs and firms
co-in charge of certain base financial, social, and social
benchmarks. In the event that such an extent of duty is
acknowledged, new controls for United Nations checking of
human rights usage are required. Such controls can flourish
in an infringement approach as recommended previously. A
moment intends to improve the mix of human rights and
advancement exercises are to utilize human rights in a
procedure of strengthening. Minimization has a rights
measurement that is fundamental to the living states of poor
and powerless individuals. Among these individuals, three
variables win in their communication with a formal
arrangement of equity: 1) absence of learning about and
confide in specialists, and absence of conviction that one has
rights in connection to them, 2) absence of information about
one's rights, and 3) absence of monetary and physical access
to present day law (it is both excessively costly, too far away
and furthermore regularly works on different premises than
those that are privately acknowledged). Fighting exemption
and defilement and enhancing access to equity hence stay
imperative for a system to advance strengthening. A moment
leg of a methodology of strengthening is the empowering of
underestimated populaces to request their rights. Aside from
upgraded access to formal frameworks of equity, learning
about rights is consequently pivotal. What is focal in such a
technique is by all accounts a changing worldview of equity
that is not so much legitimate but rather more social—which
moves some portion of the talk on human rights from the
courts and the best establishments to territories where there is
a critical requirement for both insurance and satisfaction of
human rights.
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