The document provides guidance on sampling, preservation, storage, and chain of custody procedures for water and wastewater samples. It discusses the types of samples that can be collected including grab, composite, and integrated samples. It also outlines considerations for sample containers, field measurements that should be taken immediately, and parameters that require special preservation techniques, such as adding acid to samples. The document notes that during transportation, samples can be impacted by biological and chemical changes, and proper preservation and cold storage is needed.

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::BByy
vviiddeeoo..eeddhhoollee..ccoomm

2. CCoolllleeccttiioonn aanndd
PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff WWaatteerr aanndd
WWaasstteewwaatteerr SSaammpplleess
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3. The objective of sampling is to collect a
portion of material small enough in volume
to be transported conveniently and yet
large enough for analytical purposes while
still accurately representing the material
.being sampled
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4. GGeenneerraall RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss
Meat the requirements of the sampling - 1
. program
Handle sample so that it does not -2
deteriorate or become contaminated or
. compromised before it analyzed
Ensure sampling equipments are clean - 3
. and quality assured before use
Use sample containers that are clean -4
. and free of contaminants
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5. Fill sample containers with/or without -5
. prerinsing with sample
Composite samples can be obtained by -6
collecting over a period of time, depth, or
at many different sampling points.
7-Make a record of every sample
. collected and identify every bottle
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6. Label bottles and document suffecient -8
. information for sample identification
Before collecting samples from distribution -9
systems, flush lines with 3-5 pipe
volumes (or until water is being drawn
(. from the main source
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7. Documentation ooff ssuuffffiicciieenntt
iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ffoorr ssaammppllee iiddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn
unique sample -
identification number
name of the sample -
collector
date-
time-
exact location-
sample type-
water temperature-
weather conditions-
water level-
stream flow-video.
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8. Types of Samples
Grab Composite Integerated
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9. GGrraabb SSaammpplleess
Grab samples are single samples collected
at a specific spot at a site over a short
period of time (typically seconds or
(.minutes
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10. CCoommppoossiittee SSaammpplleess
Provides a more representative sampling of
heterogeneous matrices in which the
concentration of the analytes of interest
may vary over short periods of time and/or
.space
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11. CCoommppoossiittee SSaammpplleess
Can be obtained by combining portions of
multiple grab samples or by using
specially designed automatic sampling
.devices
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12. Integrated ((ddiisscchhaarrggee--wweeiigghheedd((
SSaammpplleess
Mixture of grab samples collected from
different points simultaneously, or as
nearly so as possible, using discharge-weighed
methods
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13. Advantages ooff CCoommppoossiittee SSaammpplleess
Reduced costs of analyzing a large 
.number of samples
more representative samples of 
,heterogeneous matrices
and larger sample sizes when amounts of 
.test samples are limited
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14. Disadvantages ooff CCoommppoossiittee
SSaammpplleess
Loss of analyte relationships in individual
.samples
potential dilution of analytes below
detection levels
increased potential analytical interferences
and increased possibility of analytes
. interactions
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15. CChhaaiinn--ooff--CCuussttooddyy PPrroocceedduurreess
(. a-Sample labels (including bar-code labels
.b-Sample seals
.c-Field log book
.d-Chain-of-custody record
.e-Sample analysis request sheet
.f-Sample delivery to the laboratory
.g-Receipt and logging of sample
.h-Assignment of sample for analysis
.i-Disposal
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16. Sampling Methods
Manual Automatic Sorbent
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..mmll oorr mmoorree
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18. Sample Containers CCoonnssiiddeerraattiioonnss
Silica , sodium, and boron may be leached from soft glass
.but not plastic
Trace levels of some pesticides and metals may sorb onto
.the walls of glass containers
Use glass containers for all organic analyses such as
volatile organics ,semi volatile organics ,pesticides
.,PCB’s ,and oil and grease
Some analytes are light sensitive ,collect them in amber
.glass containers to minimize photodegradation
.Plastic caps also can be a problem
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19. Temperature-
Redox Potential-
Dissolved-
Gases
Determine those
.parameters in situ
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20. pH-
Electrical -
Conductivity
Turbidity-
Alkalinity-
Determine those
parameters
immediately after
.sample collection
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21. Radon 222-
volatile organic -
compounds
Zero head-space is
important in
preservation of those
.parameters
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22. What may hhaappppeenn dduurriinngg ssaammppllee
??ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Those are best collected in
a separate clean bottle
and acidified with nitric
acid to pH below 2.0 to
minimize precipitation
and adsorption on
.container walls
Certain cations are
subject to loss by
adsorption on, or ion
exchange with the walls
of the glass
containers,these
includes:
Al,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Pb,Mn,
.Ag,and Zn

23. What may hhaappppeenn dduurriinngg ssaammppllee
??ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Hardness can be
preserved by adding
nitric acid to pH <2
Changes in the pH-alkalinity-
carbon dioxide
balance may cause
calcium carbonate to
precipitate,decreasing
the values of calcium
.and total hardness
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24. What may hhaappppeenn dduurriinngg ssaammppllee
??ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Changes caused by
growth of
microorganisms are
greatly retarded by
keeping the sample at
a low temperature (<4
.C) but above freezing
Biological activity
taking place in a sample
may change the
oxidation state of some
constituents
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25. What may hhaappppeenn dduurriinngg ssaammppllee
??ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Dechlorinate sample ,
,add NaOH to pH >12
.And refrigerate in dark
Chlorine will oxidize
.cyanide
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26. PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn aanndd SSttoorraaggee
General Consideration
Start microbiological examination of water -1
samples as soon as possible after
. collection
Ice samples preferably at <10 C during -2
transport if they can’t be analyzed within 1h
. after collection
Analyze samples on day of receipt whenever -3
possible and refrigerate overnight if arrival is too
. late for analyzing on same day
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27. PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn aanndd SSttoorraaggee
Do not exceed 30h holding time from -4
collection to analysis for coliform bacteria.
-5-Do not exceed 8h holding time for hete
.rotrophic plate counts
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