here u can got the ppt of of determination of energy band gap of Si diode dipped in oil bath with the help of temperature controlled oven by usin the forward bias characteristics
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
This presentation gives a lot of information about
Semiconductor Devices.This is presented by Rajesh Kumar Sangani from Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,Basar Dist
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here u can got the ppt of of determination of energy band gap of Si diode dipped in oil bath with the help of temperature controlled oven by usin the forward bias characteristics
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices.
In modern world no other technology permeates every nook and cranny of our existence as does electronics.
Application of electronics are : Televisions, radios, stereo equipment, computers, scanners, electronic control systems (in cars for example) etc.
This presentation gives a lot of information about
Semiconductor Devices.This is presented by Rajesh Kumar Sangani from Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,Basar Dist
Adilabad,A.P,India.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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free ebooks download edhole.com
1. Free Ebooks Download
Mba Ebooks
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Mba ebooks
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2. Band Theory of Solids
In isolated atoms the
electrons are arranged
in energy levels
3. In solids the outer electron energy levels become
smeared out to form bands
The highest occupied band is called the VALENCE band.
This is full.
For conduction of electrical energy there must be
electrons in the CONDUCTION band. Electrons are free
to move in this band.
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4. Insulators : There is a big energy gap between the
valence and conduction band. Examples are plastics, paper
…..
Conductors : There is an overlap between the valence and
conduction band hence electrons are free to move about.
Examples are copper, lead ….
Semiconductors : There is a small energy gap between
the two bands. Thermal excitation is sufficient to move
electrons from the valence to conduction band. Examples
are silicon ,germanium….
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5. When a conductor is
heated its resistance
increases ; The atoms
vibrate more and the
electrons find it more
difficult to move
through the conductor.
R
T
R
T
But in a semiconductor
the resistance
decreases with an
increase in
temperature. Electrons
can be excited up to
the conduction band.
Conductivity increases
6. Doping
This is the replacement of a silicon atom in
the crystal structure with a different atom.
Typically 1 atom per 100 million silicon atoms
is replaced. This changes the electrical
properties.
Silicon is in group 4 of the periodic table. It
has 4 valence electrons.
7. P type silicon. Replace a silicon atom with a group
3 atom such as aluminium.( 3
valence electrons)
This lowers the number of
electrons in the valence band which
creates a ‘hole’ in the structure.
Electrons can move through the
structure.
This is called p type silicon. P is for
positive as there is a deficiency of
electrons.
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8. N type
Replace a silicon atom with a group
5 atom such as phosphorous ( 5
valence electrons )
The extra electron introduced
here goes into the conduction band
as the valence band is full.
This is n type silicon.
N for negative as ‘additional ‘
electrons have been introduced
into the structure.
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9. pn junction or diode
To be forward biased
( current flows ) the p type
must be connected to the
positive terminal of the
power supply.
10. pn junction
Electrons flow from the negative
terminal of the battery to the
n-type semiconductor, where they
occupy the conduction band.
The electrons then move into the
conduction band of the p-type
(there is a potential barrier here
that must be overcome)
semiconductor and fall into the
valence band. The excess energy is
released as heat energy.
Electrons then move through wire.
11. Electrons do not flow from the
p type to the n type and so a pn
junction can be used as a
rectifier. This allows current
to flow through it in one
direction and can be used to
turn a.c to d.c.
There is actually a small
reverse flow current of the
order of micro amps but
compared with the current
flowing from n to p this is
negligible.
12. LEDs
Electrons flow from the negative
terminal of the battery to the n-
type semiconductor, where they
occupy the conduction band.
The electrons then move into the
conduction band of the p-type
semiconductor and fall into the
valence band this releases
energy in the form of light.
The electrons then move through
the wire back to the positive
terminal of the battery, and they
re-circulate.
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13. The energy gap can be altered in the pn junction by
adding different impurities. The bigger the energy gap
the bigger the frequency of light emitted.
We will look at this in unit 3
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14. Photovoltaic cells
These are like leds in reverse.
Photons of light enter the cell
An electron is ejected from the
valence band in the p type producing
a ‘hole’. Charges can flow.
This electron moves up to the
conduction band
The electron moves to the conduction
band of the n type silicon.
If the cell is connected to a load the
electrons will flow around the
external circuit.
15. The base of the triangle is the p type
The more photons of light that enter
the cell the more electrons are released
and the greater the potential
difference.
The p type becomes the positive end and
the n type the negative end of the
‘power supply’