2. MorphologyMorphology
• Morph (form) + ology (science of)Morph (form) + ology (science of)
• -- > Morphology (the science of word forms)-- > Morphology (the science of word forms)
• The study of the internal structure of words,The study of the internal structure of words,
andand
• The rules by which words are formedThe rules by which words are formed
3. What is a word?What is a word?
A reliable definition of A reliable definition of wordswords is that they are is that they are
the smallest independent units ofthe smallest independent units of
language.language.
They are independent in that they do notThey are independent in that they do not
depend on other words which means thatdepend on other words which means that
they can be separated from other units andthey can be separated from other units and
can change position.can change position.
4. MorphemesMorphemes
• Look at the following wordsLook at the following words
• LikelyLikely unlikely developedunlikely developed
undevelopedundeveloped
• un- is a prefix means No.un- is a prefix means No.
• -ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.-ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.
• -ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix-ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix
morpheme.morpheme.
6. What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
• Dictionary:Dictionary:
• MorphemeMorpheme
• (môr(môr''fēm')fēm')
• n.n.
• A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, suchA meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such
asas man,man, or a word element, such asor a word element, such as -ed-ed inin walked,walked, thatthat
cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
• morphemicmorphemic mor·phem'icmor·phem'ic adj.adj.
• morphemicallymorphemically mor·phem'i·cal·lymor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.adv.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme
7. • Definitions:Definitions:
A morpheme is the minimal unit of
meaning.
• Example:Example: un+system+atic+al+ly un+system+atic+al+ly
• Note: morphemes ≠ words
What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
8. Examples of MorphemesExamples of Morphemes
• One morpheme One morpheme boy (one syllable)boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables), or moresalamander (four syllables), or more
syllablessyllables
• Two morpheme Two morpheme boy + ishboy + ish
desire + abledesire + able
• Three morpheme Three morpheme boy + ish + nessboy + ish + ness
desire + able + itydesire + able + ity
• Four morpheme Four morpheme gentle + man + li + nessgentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ityun + desire + able + ity
• More than four More than four un + gentle + man + li + nessun + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +
an + isman + ism
9. What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
between morphemesbetween morphemes
and words?and words?
10. • Humans can understand words thatHumans can understand words that
have never been heard beforehave never been heard before
• Human can also create new wordsHuman can also create new words
• For exampleFor example,, a writa writableable CDCD
aa rerewritwritableable CDCD
anan ununrerewritwritableable CDCD
What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
between morphemes and words?between morphemes and words?
11. How many typesHow many types
of morphemes are there?of morphemes are there?
• Bound morphemesBound morphemes
• Free morphemesFree morphemes
• Root morphemesRoot morphemes
• Stem morphemesStem morphemes
• Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes
• Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes
• Affixes: prefixes andAffixes: prefixes and
suffixessuffixes
• Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
14. Bound morphemesBound morphemes
• Bound morphemesBound morphemes (affixes) must be(affixes) must be
attached to the word.attached to the word.
• They are prefixes, infixes, suffixesThey are prefixes, infixes, suffixes
and circumfixes.and circumfixes.
• Such as {clude} as in include, exclude,
preclude) or they may be grammatical
(such as {PLU} = plural as in boys,
girls, and cats).
15. Free morphemesFree morphemes
• Free morphemes are those that can
stand alone as words.
• Example: Example: girl, system, desire, girl, system, desire,
hope, act, phone, happyhope, act, phone, happy
16. Root morphemesRoot morphemes
• AA rootroot is a morphemes that cannot beis a morphemes that cannot be
analyzed into smaller parts.analyzed into smaller parts.
• Example:Example: cran (as in cranberry), act,cran (as in cranberry), act,
beauty, system, etc.. beauty, system, etc..
• Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone,Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone,
etc.etc.
• Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc. uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
17. • AA stemstem is formed when a rootis formed when a root
morphemes is combined with anmorphemes is combined with an
affix.affix.
• Other affixes can be added to aOther affixes can be added to a
stem to form a more complexstem to form a more complex
stem. stem.
Stem morphemesStem morphemes
18. Example of word formationExample of word formation
• Root believe (verb)Root believe (verb)
• Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)
• Word un + believe + ableWord un + believe + able
(prefix +verb + suffix) (prefix +verb + suffix)
19. Example of word formationExample of word formation
• RootRoot systemsystem
• StemStem system + aticsystem + atic
• StemStem un + system + aticun + system + atic
• StemStem un + system + atic + alun + system + atic + al
• WordWord un + system + atic + al + lyun + system + atic + al + ly
20. Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes
• Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a newRoot + Derivational Morpheme --> a new
word with a new meaning. (usuallyword with a new meaning. (usually
change grammatical class)change grammatical class)
• N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.
Ex. Boy + ish,Ex. Boy + ish,
• Verb + Derivational Morpheme --> NounVerb + Derivational Morpheme --> Noun
Ex. Acquitt + al, clear + anceEx. Acquitt + al, clear + ance
• Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->
Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + lyAdverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly
21. Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes haveInflectional morphemes have
grammatical meaning or function in thegrammatical meaning or function in the
sentence.sentence.
• They never changeThey never change part of speech.
• For example,For example,
• Bound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connectionBound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connection
with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)
• Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -edBound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed
• He sails the ocean blue.He sails the ocean blue.
• He sailed the ocean blue.He sailed the ocean blue.
22. Eight English InflectionalEight English Inflectional
MorphemesMorphemes
• -s-s third-personthird-person
singular presentsingular present
• --eded past tensepast tense
• -ing progressive-ing progressive
• -en-en past participlepast participle
• -s-s pluralplural
• -’s-’s possessivepossessive
• --erer comparativecomparative
• -est-est superlativesuperlative
• She waitShe waitss at home.at home.
• She waitShe waiteded at home.at home.
• She is eatShe is eatinging the donuts.the donuts.
• Mary has eatMary has eatenen the donuts.the donuts.
• She ate the donutShe ate the donutss..
• LisaLisa’s’s hair is short.hair is short.
• LisaLisa hashas short hair than Kate.short hair than Kate.
• Lisa has the shorLisa has the shortesttest hair.hair.
23. The major differences betweenThe major differences between
derivational and inflectionalderivational and inflectional
morphologymorphology
Derivational Inflectional
position closer to stem
further from
stem
addable on
to?
yes not in English
changes
stem?
yes no
productive? (often) no (usually) yes
meaning?
(often)
unpredictable
predictable
24.
25. Affixes: prefixes and suffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes
• AffixAffix: a morpheme that comes at the: a morpheme that comes at the
beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)
of a base morpheme. of a base morpheme.
• NoteNote: An affix usually is a morpheme: An affix usually is a morpheme
that cannot stand alone. that cannot stand alone.
• ExamplesExamples:: -ful-ful,, -ly-ly,, -it-ity,y, -nes-ness. A fews. A few
exceptions areexceptions are ableable,, likelike, and, and lessless..
26. Affixes: prefixes and suffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes
• PrefixPrefix: an affix that comes before a: an affix that comes before a
base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The inin in the wordin the word
inspectinspect is a prefix.is a prefix.
• SuffixSuffix: an affix that comes after a: an affix that comes after a
base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The ss inin catscats is ais a
suffix.suffix.
27. Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix andAffixes (prefix, suffix, infix and
circumfix) are all bound morphemes.circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes
Bound
morphemes
which occur
only before
other
morphemes.
Examples:
un- (uncover,
undo)
dis-
(displeased,
disconnect),
pre-
(predetermine
, prejudge)
Bound
morphemes
which occur
following
other
morphemes.
Examples:
-er (singer,
performer)
-ist (typist,
pianist)
-ly (manly,
friendly)
Bound
morphemes
which are
inserted into
other
morphemes.
Example:
Fikas
"strong"
fumikas "to be
strong"
Bound
morphemes
that are
attached to a
root or stem
morpheme
both initially
and finally.
Example:
chokma "he is
good"
ik + chokm +
o "he isn?t?
good"
28. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
• What is the difference in meaningWhat is the difference in meaning
betweenbetween appleapple andand applesapples??
• What is the difference in form?What is the difference in form?
• What does this tell you about theseWhat does this tell you about these
two words?two words?
29. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
• Words can have an internal structure muchWords can have an internal structure much
like the syntax of phrases.like the syntax of phrases.
• Morphemes such asMorphemes such as thethe,, -s-s, and, and re-re- near thenear the
grammatical end of the continuum are calledgrammatical end of the continuum are called
grammatical morphemesgrammatical morphemes..
• Note that grammatical morphemes includeNote that grammatical morphemes include
forms that we can consider to be words likeforms that we can consider to be words like
thethe,, aa,, andand, and, and ofof and others that make upand others that make up
parts of words likeparts of words like –s and -ed–s and -ed..
• Examples.Examples.
pencilpencilss walkwalkeded
30. What are theWhat are the
differences betweendifferences between
each typeeach type
of morphemes?of morphemes?
31. What is the functionWhat is the function
of each type ofof each type of
morphemes?morphemes?
32. What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
among each type ofamong each type of
morphemes?morphemes?
33. What is the differenceWhat is the difference
between content/lexicalbetween content/lexical
words andwords and
function/grammaticalfunction/grammatical
words?words?
34. Content WordsContent Words
• Content wordsContent words denote concepts suchdenote concepts such
as subjects, actions, and ideasas subjects, actions, and ideas ((noun,noun,
verb, adjective, adverbverb, adjective, adverb))
• Content wordsContent words are open class wordsare open class words
((new words can be addednew words can be added))
• Example of new words :Example of new words :
SteganographySteganography ((the art of hidingthe art of hiding
information in electronic textinformation in electronic text))
35. Function WordsFunction Words
• Function wordsFunction words express Grammaticalexpress Grammatical
FunctionsFunctions ((e.g., preposition, article,e.g., preposition, article,
conjunctions, pronounsconjunctions, pronouns))
• Function wordsFunction words connect the contentconnect the content
words to the larger grammatical context.words to the larger grammatical context.
• Functions wordsFunctions words are also called ‘closedare also called ‘closed
class’ wordsclass’ words ((no new words assed to thisno new words assed to this
class.class.))
37. "First say to yourself what"First say to yourself what
you would be, and then doyou would be, and then do
whatwhat
you have to do."you have to do."
39. Different types of words fromDifferent types of words from
different formations.different formations.
• Derived wordsDerived words
• Lexical gapsLexical gaps
• Compounds: also how to differentiateCompounds: also how to differentiate
compounds from noun phrasescompounds from noun phrases
• AcronymsAcronyms
• Back formationsBack formations
• Abbreviations/Truncation/ClippingAbbreviations/Truncation/Clipping
• EponymsEponyms
• BlendsBlends
40. Derived wordsDerived words
== new wordsnew words withwith new meaningsnew meanings formedformed
fromfrom
root + derivational morphemeroot + derivational morpheme
e.g. ir+regular = irrigulare.g. ir+regular = irrigular
41. Lexical GapsLexical Gaps
• Well-formed but nonexisting wordWell-formed but nonexisting word
• Reason : a permissible sequence has noReason : a permissible sequence has no
meaning attached to it <like “blick” ormeaning attached to it <like “blick” or
“slarm” or “krobe”>“slarm” or “krobe”>
• Possible comniations of morphemePossible comniations of morpheme nevernever
come into usecome into use ((Ex.Ex.
“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”))
• Word like *bnick is not a lexical gaps inWord like *bnick is not a lexical gaps in
English because English does not allowEnglish because English does not allow
the sequence of ‘bn’the sequence of ‘bn’
42. CompoundsCompounds
• Word + word = compound word (meaning
may or may not change)
• When the two word are in the same
grammatical category, compound will be
in this category.
• Ex. Home(n.) + Work(n.) = homework
(noun) Pick (v.) + pocket (n.) =
pickpocket (noun)
43. • Compounds can be more than two
words:
• Two-word compounds are the most
common in English.
• Three – word compounds: three-time
loser
• Four– word compounds: four-
dimensional space-time
46. Meaning of compoundsMeaning of compounds
• Same meaning as the parts : a
boathouse = (a house for boats)
• New meaning but relate to the
meaning of the individual parts :
• a blackboard (can be in other colors,
not just black)
• a Redcoat (slang for British soldier
during American Revolutionary War)
50. Back formationsBack formations
• A new word may entry theA new word may entry the languagelanguage
because of an incorrect morphologicalbecause of an incorrect morphological
analysis.analysis.
• Example,Example, peddlepeddle was derived fromwas derived from
peddlerpeddler on the mistaken assumptionon the mistaken assumption
thatthat the – er was suffix.the – er was suffix.
• stoke --> stokerstoke --> stoker
• edit --> editoredit --> editor
52. • Eponyms are word form proper names.
• Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo
EponymsEponyms
53. BlendsBlends
• Similar to compounds but parts of
the words that are combined are
deleted.
• Example: smog <from ‘smok + fog’>,
motel <from ‘motor + hotel’>
54. The hierarchical structure of wordsThe hierarchical structure of words
represented by the treerepresented by the tree
diagramdiagram
• A word is not a simple sequence ofA word is not a simple sequence of
morphemes.morphemes.
• It has an internal structure asIt has an internal structure as
shown in the following treeshown in the following tree
diagram:diagram:
56. Other terms according toOther terms according to
word formation:word formation:
• Rule productivityRule productivity
• Universality of compoundingUniversality of compounding
• Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception
• ExpletiveExpletive
• AllomorphsAllomorphs
• Default/elsewhereDefault/elsewhere
• Homophonous morphemesHomophonous morphemes
• ReduplicationReduplication
57. Rule productivityRule productivity
• Morphological Rules are ProductiveMorphological Rules are Productive
because:because:
• They can be used freely to form newThey can be used freely to form new
words from the list of free and boundwords from the list of free and bound
morpheme.morpheme.
• Some morphemes are more productiveSome morphemes are more productive
than others.than others.
• Productive morphemes: Ex. -able orProductive morphemes: Ex. -able or
-er-er
• Not Productive morphemes:Not Productive morphemes: Ex. –letEx. –let
(piglet)(piglet)
58. Universality of compoundingUniversality of compounding
• Universality compoundingUniversality compounding is a commonis a common
and frequent process for enlargingand frequent process for enlarging
the vocabulary of all language.the vocabulary of all language.
• ExEx.. In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mIn Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєєєw,w,
‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The
word for ‘watch cat’ is the compoundword for ‘watch cat’ is the compound
mmєєєєwfânbâan – literally,wfânbâan – literally,
‘catwatchhouse’‘catwatchhouse’
59. Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception
• SuppletiveSuppletive are treated separately inare treated separately in
the grammar, that cannot use thethe grammar, that cannot use the
regular rules of inflectionalregular rules of inflectional
morphology to add affixes to wordmorphology to add affixes to word
the exception.the exception.
• Ex.Ex. child --> children
woman --> women
