1. Settlement Change Revision and Review 47 slides but still only 20 minutes…

2. Urbanization Urbanization is a increase in the % of people living in urban areas

5. LEDC City Case Study Rio de Janeiro Remember the No.59 Bus

6. Rural to Urban Migration North East Brazil to Rio de Janeiro

8. Brazilian States’ Human Development Index

10. Rocinha 750 favelas in Rio. But new ones still being established. 20% of Rio’s pop live in favelas. 33% of world’s urban pop live in spontaneous settlements.

11. Streets in a Rocinha

12. Housing in Rocinha 2001 Census – pop 60,000 But over 100,000 legally registered electricity meters. Estimated pop 200,000. Rocinha started 1940s, Every neighbourhood required domestic servants and labourers who lived in nearby favelas. No policing of these areas. 1950s drought in NE brazil led to rural to urban migration, 1960s construction boom in Rio attracted workers. Favelas integral part of Rio. Older favelas located centrally. Rio’s first favela established in 1888 by government troops (ex slaves) who returned to Rio after defeating a Royalist uprising in NE Brazil. They were given no housing on their return and camped on Morro Providencia

13. 1995 Favela Barrio Plan. Accept that favelas exist and try to normalise and integrate them through provision of sewage, water and rubbish collection. Electricity companies had been supplying favelas since 1970s. High demand, easier to set up, residents use bills as proof of residency and ownership. Recent focus on speeding up legalisation process. Property value doubles after legalisation. Tax paid but also possibility to realise the value of the asset.

14. With large barriers to entry to the formal sector such as lack of access to credit and bureaucracy, most enterprises are in the informal sector.

16. MEDC City Case Study Bratislava Although rapid urbanisation was a major processes before 1950 in MEDCs (it started with the industrial revolution back in around 1800) cities like Bratislava are ever changing and dynamic places offering both challenges and opportunities.

21. Urban Zones As a city grows and expands it often ends up being divided into different zones . Each zone has distinctive characteristics and land use.

22. The Central Business District (CBD)

23. Bratislava CBD

24. Inner City Housing (UK)

25. Inner city housing – Bratislava Nove Mesto

26. Bratislava inner city housing – Petrzalka

27. Inner City Industry (UK)

28. Inner City Industry (BA Riverside)

29. Inner City Industry - Slovnaft

30. Suburban Housing (Anywhere)

31. Suburban housing – Lamac Bratislava

32. Suburban Housing - Lamac

33. Rural Urban Fringe (Anywhere)

34. Rural Urban Fringe – Zahorska Bystrica

35. Old and New – Zahorska Bystrica

36. Urban Land-use Models The different urban zones can be modeled and general patterns identified that might be common to all cities

37. MEDC Urban Land Use Model Key A The Central Business District. B The Zone of Transition. C Inner city. D Suburbs. E Urban rural fringe Burgess concentric zone model. What are the similarities and differences with Bratislava’s urban morphology

38. Bratislava Urban Zones

39. LEDC city land use model Rio de Janeiro LEDC City Land Use Model How does this compare with Rio’s urban land use zones?

40. Rio Urban Zones

41. Urban Change Challenges and opportunities in an MEDC city - Bratislava

44. Rural to urban migration Natural change Counter-urbanisation Re-urbanisation Suburbanisation Urbanisation Urban Processes and Change Bratislava Case Study Rio de Janeiro Case Study

45. Settlement Patterns Rural settlements often form distinctive shapes or patterns ; these can be easily identified on detailed topographical map – 1:25,000 and 1:50,000.