bahan kuliah pertemuan 3

1. ECOTOURISM

2.  Term ecotourism is comparatively new
 The ecotourism society define it as
“purposeful travel to natural areas; to understand the
cultural and natural history of the environment; taking care not to
alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economic
opportunities that make conservation of natural resources
beneficial to local people”
 The South African definition
 “the protection of living and non-living natural resources,”
 “the promotion of appropriate and environmentally sensitive
development, and”
 “the contribution to the goals of achieving social justice and
enhancing the quality of life and stability - especially for the
communities in the immediate vicinity of protected area”
WHAT IS ECOTOURISM

3.  The international definition of the word Ecotourism
implies far more than merely a nature-experience
 It uses the term environment to include the diverse
community activities and cultures of a countries people
 prerequisites that must be met to ensure that Ecotourism is
sustainable
 Proper planning before development
 Sustainable use of resources. This means that there must be
no negative impact on either the environment and/or local
communities (people)
 Economic viability of all tourism products must be ensured,
with significant economic benefits flowing to local
communities
 The developers must be held responsible and accountable for
the environment on which their business is dependent
 The tourism industry and tourists must be properly regulated
WHAT IS ECOTOURISM

4.  The Key Role Players are
 The authority
 The tour operator
 The local community
 The tourists
 It is important that all these role players adhere to
a strict set of guidelines or values to ensure that
all the criteria are met
THE KEY ROLE PLAYERS

5.  Our natural resources are soil, water (marine and fresh), air and all
living things (including our ethnic/cultural mix of people)
 The three main objectives for the conservation of living resources
are:
 Maintain essential ecological processes
 To preserve genetic diversity.
 To ensure the sustainable utilisation of species and
ecosystems
 Resources can be used or abused
 Exploitation
 Under-utilisation
 Over-development
WHAT ARE OUR KEY TOURISM RESOURCES?

6.  Responsible ecotourism is sustainable
 integrates economic, social, and environmental considerations
within a sustainable system.
 A sustainable system is one that survives and continues to
function over a long period of time
 Being sustainable means using only enough of the earth’s
resources (air, water, soil, minerals, animals and plants) to meet
our needs
RESPONSIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM

7.  Things that make ecotourism more sustainable
 Be informative as possible
 Support integrity of place
 Ensure that benefits flow to local residents
 Conserves resources
 Respect local culture and tradition
 Not abuse the product
 For quality, not quantity
 To give unforgettable experiences
 Offer a “romantic” experience
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM?

8.  The principles of Sustainable Ecotourism are that:
 All resources should be respected and every effort must be
made to use them sparingly
 Education and training of all parties concerned - local
communities, the Ecotourists, government and industry - is
key to success
 Participation by the Ecotourist should be encouraged at all
levels and in all sectors
 Value adding by all parties and at all levels is essential for
success
 Partnerships between all parties involved in the venture
should be promoted
 Ethical and moral attitudes, and responsibility towards the
natural and cultural environment, should be promoted by all
concerned with the operation
 The long term benefits of the resource, to the local
community, and to the operation must be enshrined
THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM

9.  The main advantages of Ecotourism are:
 Source of foreign exchange
 Better form of land use than most agricultural pursuits.
 Economic development
 ‘Industry without chimneys’
 Peace industry
 Promote business partnerships
ADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM

10.  Apply strict conservation measures
 Establish carrying capacity standards
 Maintain essential ecological processes
 Develop small-scale tourist facilities
 Develop a visitor centre
 Prepare and distribute Ecotourism codes of conduct
 Provide well trained tour guides
 Integrate local communities
SOME BASIC PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR
ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT

11.  respect the frailty of the earth
 The leave only footprints, take only photographs!
 educate themselves
 encourage local conservation efforts
 respect the privacy and dignity of others
 not buy products made from endangered plants or animals
 always follow and keep to designated trails, do not disturb
animals, plants or the natural environment
 learn about and support conservation-oriented programmes and
organisations
 Whenever possible walk or use environmentally sound methods
of transportation
 Patronise those (hotels, airlines, resorts, cruise lines, tour
operators, suppliers, etc.) who use energy sparingly
 Encourage organisations to subscribe and adhere to
environmental guidelines
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF ECO-TRAVEL

12.  The Ecotourist should check the following procedures and
practices:
 Research their destination before leaving
 Show respect for the people and area
 Get some background on your tour operator
 Be aware of your impact on the area
 Know where your money goes
 Employment practice
 Make others aware
 Buy carefully
 Support a conservation agency
 Question your lifestyle
ASSESSING TOUR OPERATORS

13.  Let us re-look at the key elements in our definition of Ecotourism:
 “purposeful travel to natural areas to learn about the culture
and natural history of the environment, while taking care not
to alter the integrity of the environment, and contributing to
the economic value of the local people.”
 This definition should also include a sociological dimension, by
inserting after ”integrity” the phrase: “ OF THE CULTURE OF
THE LOCAL PEOPLE AND…”.
RE-DEFINING ECOTOURISM

14.  Direct participation
 Indirect participation
 Tourism serves as a very effective starting point for rural
development and growth. Many nature reserves have attempted to
promote a mutual economic interest in Ecotourism by:
 Subcontracting certain services and functions to
neighbouring communities i.e. Laundry services
 Buying local produce
 Offering cultural activities and services to Ecotourists inside
the reserves
 Providing the means for locals to sell their wares: i.e. curios,
arts and crafts
THE ROLE OF ECOTOURISM ON COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT

15.  Respect
 Criminal Element
 Personal Contact
 Protocol and Etiquette
 Partnerships
 Exploitation
 Authenticity
SOME ISSUES AROUND ECOTOURISM AND
LOCAL COMMUNITIES

16.  Ecotourism can bring new benefits to rural communities
 Land to grow food and to run livestock
 Energy for fuel and warmth
 Water for drinking and washing
THE NEEDS OF COMMUNITIES

17.  Community-based partnerships are important for the following
reasons:
 They benefit the whole community socio-economically
 They demonstrate the value of biodiversity as a key resource
 They engender local ownership of the resource, thus enabling
the communities to accept responsibility
 Developing tourism partnerships
PARTNERSHIP ARRANGEMENTS

18.  Basic Components to Include
 Attractions
 Amenities (e.g. accommodation)
 Infrastructure (e.g. roads)
 Training for Communities
 Management skills training
 Training in basic hospitality techniques
 Business skills
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

19.  Land Claims
 Assistance to Communities
 The Risk Factor
 There are FOUR main arrangements that can take place:
 Between the State and/or the Provincial Conservation
Agencies, and Local Communities
 Between Private Sector and Community Programmes
 Community-driven Projects
 Tripartite Alliance - Government, Local Communities and
Private Sector
THEME ROUTES

20.  Continuous and flexible approach
 Comprehensive approach
 Integrated approach
 Environmental and sustainable approach
 Community based approach
 Implemental approach
 The strategic planning approach
PLANNING APPROACHES

21.  Local communities must be equity partners and their share
of Ecotourism revenue must be contractually guaranteed
over and above the creation of jobs
 Local communities should be clearly identified
 Local communities should receive priority in terms of jobs
 Their legal access to the resource, through their legal
tenure, should be recognised and acknowledged
 The distribution of revenues to local people should be fair,
transparent and accountable
 Capacity building for local people should be part of the
scheme
LOCAL COMMUNITY EXPECTATIONS FROM
ECOTOURISM

22. INDONESIAN ECOTOURISM:

23. INDONESIA
 The biggest archipelago in the world
 Consisting of 17.508 island of which 9.000
islands of them are actually inhabited
 The population consist of 480 ethnic group
and 583 different language amount 220
million citizens

24. ECOTOURISM
 Ecotourism Principle:
(1)Nature based tourism,
(2)Emphasize conservation activities
(3)Towards sustainable tourism
(4)Educational activities
(5)Accommodate local culture
(6)Profit and advantage

25. ECOTOURISM
 Appreciated and loving nature and local
culture
 Growing awareness and careful of tourists
 Actively maintain or keep nature sustain

26.  10 % of remain rain forest all over the world
 144 million ha of land within forestry boundaries
 Divided become 5 categories:
 Conservation and national parks (13%)
 Limited Production forest (21%)
 Watershed protection (21%)
 Regular production forest (24%)
 Other uses
INTRODUCTION ABOUT INDONESIAN FORESTS

27. FOREST AS A POTENTIAL RESOURCES
FOR ECOTOURISM DESTINATIONS
TYPE UNIT
SIZE (ha)
Total (Ha)Terrestrial Marine
Strict Nature
Reserve 249 4,524,849 404,080 4,928,928
Wildlife
Sanctuary 77 5,004,630 337,750 5,342,379
National
Park 50 12,330,205 4,045,048 16,375,253
Recreation
Park 124 271,225 770,120 1,041,345
Grand Forest
Park 21 347,427 - 347,427
Game Reserve 14 224,816 - 224,816
Total 535 22,703,151 5,556,999 28,260,150

28. 50 NATIONAL PARKS IN INDONESIA
www.dephut.go.id

29. BIODIVERSITY IN INDONESIA
 Mammalian 300 species
 Aves 7500 species
 Reptile 2000 species
 Amphibian 1000 species
 Fishes 8500 species
 Insect 250000 species
 Bryophyte 7500 species
 Algae 7800 species
 Mushroom 72.000 species
(Sastra pradja, 1989)

30. INDONESIAN FOREIGN TOURIST
YEAR INTERNATIONAL VISITORS AVERAGE EXPENDITURE/ PERSON (US $) AVG. STAY IN
DAY(S)
FOREIGN
EXCHANGE
INCOME
PER VISIT PER DAY
2000 5.064.217 1.135,18 92,59 12,26 5.748,80
2001 5.153.620 1.053,36 100,42 10,49 5.428,62
2002 5.033.400 893,26 91,29 9,79 4.496.13
2003 4.467.021 903,74 93,27 9,69 4.037,02
2004 5.321.165 901,66 95,17 9,47 4.797,88
2005 5.002.101 904,00 99,86 9,05 4.521,89
2006 4.871.351 913,09 100,48 9,09 4.447,98
Source: Statistical Report on Visitor Arrivals to Indonesia

31.  The number of foreign tourists visiting
Indonesia rose 12% to 2.14 million in the first
half of 2007 from a year ago

32. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGING
 Quality and quantity of human resources
 Supporting facilities
 Ecotourism objects/sites
 Safety
 Tourist awareness
 Educational/research activities
(Aswatini, 2003)

33. orangutan (Pongo belii)
In Gunung Leuser NP
Mentawai Tribes in
Siberut NP
Kerinci Seblat NP Bukit Barisan Selatan NP
Way kambas NP
Kepulauan Seribu NP

34. Canopy Trail in
Halimun Salak NP
Gunung Gede
Pangrango NP
Bromo Tengger
Semeru NP
Bromo Tengger
Semeru NP
Kelimutu NP
Helarctos malayanus
Euryspilus in Bukit
Baka-Bukit Raya NP

35. Meru betiri NP
Neofelis nebulosa in
Kayan Mentarang NP
Macrocephalon maleo
In Bogani Nani
Wartabone NP
Bogani Nani Wartabone NP
Tarsius spectrum spectrum
Aceros undulatus
Betung kerihun
Rafflesia

36. Kepulauan Seribu National ParkBali Barat National Park
Gletser in Indonesia

37. Pariwisata Berkelanjutan

38. GAMBARAN PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN
 Pariwisata berkelanjutan adalah
pariwisata yang dapat
meminimalkan biaya dan
memaksimalkan manfaat bagi
lingkungan dan masyarakat
lokal, serta dapat dilakukan
dalam jangka waktu panjang
tanpa merugikan sumber daya
yang menjadi tumpuan wisata.

39. MENGAPA HARUS PEDULI TERHADAP KEGIATAN
PARIWISATA?
 Pariwisata telah menjadi kegiatan ekonomi penting, baik di dalam
maupun di sekitarnya, di seluruh dunia
 Pariwisata, jika direncanakan dengan baik, akan memberi
kesempatan kepada wisatawan untuk mempelajari konservasi
laut dan menghargai masyarakat lokal dan budayanya.
 Pariwisata, jika dikelola dengan baik, dapat menjadi sumber mata
pencaharian masyarakat lokal dan pendapatan KKP.
 Jika masyarakat lokal merasakan manfaat dari KKP, mereka akan
terdorong untuk berpartisipasi melestarikan sumber daya alam

40. TIGA KOMPONEN UTAMA PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN –
TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

41. PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN
VERSUS PARIWISATA KONVENSIONAL
PARIWISATA
KONVENSIONAL
1. Tiga sasaran (3 landasan):
keuntungan, lingkungan, masyarakat
2. Direncanakan dengan baik
3. Berorientasi lokal
4. Dikendalikan secara lokal
5. Fokus pada pengalaman yang
mendidik
6. Konservasi merupakan prioritas
7. Masyarakat lokal prioritas
8. Keuntungan lari ke lokal
PARIWISATA
BERKELANJUTAN
1. Satu sasaran: keuntungan
2. Tidak direncanakan(di tingkat regioanal)
3. Orientasi jumlah wisatawan
4. Dikontrol pihak luar
5. Fokus pada menyediakan hiburan
6. Konservasi bukan prioritas
7. Masyarakat lokal bukan prioritas
8. Kebocoran keuntungan
(keuntungan lari keluar)

42. PARIWISATA DAN LINGKUNGAN
1. Degradasi Sumber Daya Alam
berdampak pada sumber daya
alam yang terancam punah,
tertekan atau sensitif
2. Polusi
emisi udara, kebisingan,
limbah padat
3. Dampak Fisik
konstruksi, pengembangan
prasarana
DAMPAK(pariwisata konvensional) KONTRIBUSI (pariwisata berkalanjutan)
1. Kontribusi Keuangan
langsung dan tidak langsung
2. Manajemen yang baik
manajemen pengelolaan
3. Kesadaran Lingkungan
pendidikan dan penjangkauan
4. Perlindungan dan Pelestarian
legislasi, regulasi

43. PARIWISATA DAN SOSIAL
1. Penguatan Masyarakat
terciptanya pekerjaan karena
pariwisata, mengurangi emigrasi,
meremajakan kembali budaya
2. Meningkatkan Nilai Budaya dan
Tradisi
melindungi warisan lokal
1. Berubahnya atau Hilangnya
Identitas dan Nilai Adat
dianggap sebagai komoditas, adaptasi
2. Pertentangan Kebudayaan
ketidaksetaraan ekonomi,
perbedaan perilaku
3. Pengaruh Fisik Menyebabkan
Tekanan Sosial
konflik penggunaan sumber daya,
kemunduran budaya
DAMPAK (pariwisata konvensional) KONTRIBUSI (pariwisata berkelanjutan)

44. PARIWISATA DAN EKONOMI
DAMPAK (pariwisata konvensional) KONTRIBUSI (pariwisata berkelanjutan)
1. Kontribusi pada Pendapatan Asli
Daerah
2. Menciptakan Lapangan Pekerjaan
3. Kontribusi pada Ekonomi Daerah
4. Pekerjaan Informal
1. Kebocoran
keuntungan ekonomi tidak banyak
dinikmati masyarakat
2. Biaya Infrastruktur
mengambil jatah dari kebutuhan
lain seperti pendidikan dan
kesehatan
3. Kenaikan Harga
meningkatnya permintaan kebutuhan
dasar dan jasa dengan mengorbankan
kebutuhan masyarakat

45. Cancun:
contoh pariwisata konvensional
Cancun jaman dulu ….
Foto ini diambil dari daerah Selatan Cancun
(saat ini tidak ada lagi pemandangan seperti ini di Cancun)

46. Cancun saat ini . . .
PENUH SESAK
PENGEMBANGAN BERLEBIHAN SEPANJANG PANTAI
KOTA KUMUH
JUGA:
Banyaknya limbah yang dibuang ke laut
Lingkungan setempat tidak dijaga
Sedikitnya minat terhadap budaya lokal
Cancun telah membawa pekerjaan &
keuntungan dari industri wisata … tapi bisakah
pariwisata dikembangkan dengan cara yang
lebih baik dan seimbang?

47. APAKAH ADA KEBUTUHAN UNTUK PARIWISATA
BERKELANJUTAN?
 Apakah kebutuhan untuk pariwisata di seluruh
dunia?
 Apakah kebutuhan untuk pariwisata di
Indonesia?
 Seberapa banyakkah dari kebutuhan ini ditujukan
untuk pariwisata berkelanjutan atau pasar
terkait? (“wisata alam”, “ekowisata”)
 Apakah wisatawan bersedia membayar lebih
mahal untuk sesuatu yang berkelanjutan?