every things about HEVs

1. The Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Enerji Depolama Sistemlerinin Elektrik Taşıtlardaki Uygulamaları
Supervisor :Yrd.Doç.Dr. Şule KUŞDOĞAN
Submitted by : Mohamed Babe

2. 1. Introduction
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric
vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE)
propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric
power train is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional
vehicle or better performance.
Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such
as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric
energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional
brakes do.In 1997 , the first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was
sold in Japan.
Hybrids can play a significant role in solving major problems faced by the world,
Climate change
Air pollution
Oil dependence .

3. 2.The main components of the hybrid electric vehicle
Power plant ICE
Electric motor / Generator
Battery
Transmission
Inverter

4. 3. Levels Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
3.1 Full hybrid
They feature idle-stop function
Regenerative braking
Most are capable of using the electric motor alone to propel the vehicle
The electric motor also assists the engine
Battery voltages are about 200 to 300 volts
3.2Medium hybrid
They feature idle-stop function
Regenerative braking
Most are not capable of using the electric motor alone to propel the vehicle
The electric motor usually assists the engine
Battery voltages are about 144 to 158 volts
3.3 Mild Hybrid
They feature idle-stop function
Regenerative braking
Are not capable of using the electric motor to propel the vehicle
These systems are usually 42 volts or less

5. 4. Working Of A Hybrid Electric vehicle
A conventional vehicle has a mechanical drive train that includes the fuel tank, the
combustion engine, the gear box, and the transmission to the wheels.
A HEV has two drive trains - one mechanical and one electric. The electric drive train
includes a battery, an electric motor, and power electronics for control.

8. 5.Types of Hybrid Electric vehicles
The types of hybrid electric vehicles include:
 Series Hybrid electric vehicle.
 Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.
 Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.

9. 1. 5.1 Series Hybrid electric vehicle
 Vehicle propulsion is by a electric motor only
ICE is used for charging the HV battery

10. This diagram shows the components included in a typical series hybrid design. The
solid-line arrow indicates the transmission of torque to the drive wheels. The dotted-
line arrows indicate the transmission of electrical current.
 Gasoline motor turns a generator .
Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that
drives the transmission .
 At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor

11. 5.2 parallel hybrid vehicle
Uses multiple propulsion energy sources
This means the electric motor and ICE propels the vehicle

12. Diagram showing the components involved in a typical parallel-hybrid vehicle. The
solid-line arrows indicate the transmission of torque to the drive wheels, and the
dotted-line arrows indicate the flow of electrical current.

13. 5.3 series-parallel hybrid
These vehicles can operate using the electric motor alone
or with assist of the ICE
They combine both functions of series and parallel design

14. 6. Plug in Hybrids (PHEV)
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid
electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by
connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A PHEV shares the
characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric
motor and an internal combustion engine and of an all-electric vehicle also having
a plug to connect to the electrical grid. PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as
compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, because the combustion engine
works as a backup when the batteries are depleted.

15. 7.Battery requirements
 The first generation HEVs were sluggish since the battery development had not
aimed for high specific power, i.e. they could not discharge energy quickly enough. This
has been partly rectified by the development of improved battery types: nickel/metal
hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Current HEV batteries provide the vehicle with
ample power for driving but development is still ongoing, focusing on cost reduction
and extending the lifetime.
 The power required for HEV function is supplied by large battery stacks, usually
between50-70 kg for passenger cars 25 and 250-600 kg for bus batteries. Most HEV
buses today are fitted with a lead acid battery, but the use of more advanced and
expensive but better and longer lifetime nickel metal hydride batteries is increasing for
buses as is already the case for passenger cars.

16. 8. BATTERY RECHARGING
The Ni-MH batteries are recharged through a process call regenerative braking
Regenerative braking takes energy from the forward momentum of the vehicle
and captures it while coasting or braking.
Occasionally batteries are recharged by the electric motor
It is expected that most PHEV and EV owners will recharge their vehicles
overnight at home.

17. 9.Advantages Of Hybrid electric Vehicles
Lower emissions and better mileage.
Hybrids perform at par with the normal gasoline-powered vehicles, if not better.
Hybrids are reliable and comfortable.
There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state).
Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles.
The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology
to improve engine efficiency.
Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by
an external source.
Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor other
costly items.
Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directly affects fuel
prices.

18. 10. Disadvantages Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
 High Cost: Hybrids cost anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 more their non-
Hybrid versions.
 More weight due to battery packs.
 Some states charge additional fees for registration.
 In the event of an unfortunate accident, there is a risk of exposure to high
voltage wires.
 Complicated Architecture.
 Spare parts maybe hard to find and may be costly.
 Hybrids have a lower acceleration .
 Some batteries fail deliver in cold weather.
 Not suitable for long distance journey.

19. 11.Technology challenges and opportunities
 Time of battery changing is long
 Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)
 Batteries are expensive
 Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the battery
 Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces dramatically)
 Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue
Opportunity for researchers:
Advance research projects on batteries are supported by
governments and industries

20. A technology exists to build a future with a significant
lower dependence on oil.Hybrids can play an important
role in realizing the future, filling the gap between
immediate improvements through conventional
technology.Hybrids can help drive passengers vehicle
oil consumption and global warming.
12.Conclusion

21. The Références
1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Made By: Rahul Pandey MSIT, JANAKPURI, NEW DELHI
2. HYBRID VEHICLES NEELKAMAL ROUT GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GUNUPUR .
3. Hybrid Electric Vehicles Development Processes & Challenges Dr. Olivier
Imberdis, IAV France12th SIA –CNAM Conferences Serie, March8th 2011
4 . Control of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles Gheorghe Livinţ , Vasile Horga, Marcel Răţoi and
Mihai Albu Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iaşi Romania