4. Atelectasis
Loss of lung volume due to inadequate
expansion of air spaces
1. Resorption
2. Compression/passive/relaxation/flaccid
3. Contraction /Cicatriztion
4. Non obstructive/micro
5. Acute lung injury
Spectrum of endothelial and epithelial
pulmonary lesions
Acute onset of dyspnea
B/l pulmonary edema
Hypoxemia
No LHF
Pathology of vasculature- alveolar
capillary membrane damage
Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema
6. Acute injury can be
1. Direct injury- Pneumonia,aspiration of
gastric contents
2. Indirect injury- sepsis,severe trauma with
shock
3. A/c injury----------- ARDS
7. ARDS
Diffuse alveolar capillary and epitrhelial
damage
1. Respiratory insufficiency
2. Cyanosis
3. Severe arterial hypoxemia-not
responding to oxygen therapy
4. Progress to mutisystem organ failure
Neutrophils hav a imp role in ARDS
8.
9. Destructive forces are counter acted by
anti proeases, oxidents ,etc
Degree of tissue injury depends on
balance of two
10.
11. Emphysema
1. Centri acinar/centri lobar- in smokers-
2. Pan acinar/pan lobar- ass. With alpha 1
anti trypsin deffi.
3. Distal acinar/para septal- adj. to scarring,
fibrosis,atelectasis
4. irregular- associated with scarring-
assymptomatic
12.
13.
14.
15. C/C Bronchitis
Persistent productive cough for 3 consecutive
months for 2 consecutive years
Three types
1. Simple c/c bronchitis-productive cough—
mucoid sputum—air flow not obstructed
2. C/C asthmatic bronchitis-hyper responsive
airways—intermittent bronchospasm and
wheezing
3. C/C obstructive bronchitis-associated with
emphysema
16.
17. Asthma
Air way remodeling
ADAM33
1. Thickening of basement membrane of
bronchial epithelium
2. Edema & inflammatory infiltrate in the
bronchial walls,with a prominnce of eosinophils
and mast cells
3. An increase in size of submucosal glands
4. Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscles
24. Complications of pneumonia
Lung abscess
Empyema- suppurative materials may
accumulate in the pleural cavity
Bacterial dissemination leading to
meningitis,arthritis, infective endocarditis
Complications are much more with
serotype 3 pneumococci
25. Atypical pneumonias
Acute febrile respiratory d/s characterized
by patchy consolidation of lungs, largely
confined to alveolar septa and pulmonary
interstitium
Atypical-moderate amounts of sputum,
absence of physical finings of
consolidation,only moderate inc in WBC
coun,lack of alveolar exudate
Mostly by Mycoplasma pneumoniae