Types of cells

1. TYPES OF CELLS
Physics  Module 4
 Unit 4  Lesson
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2. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
INTRODUCTION
Some cells are stores of chemical energy . The chemical
energy is converted to electrical energy when placed in a
circuit.
Some cells generate electrical energy only.
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3. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this presentation, students should be able to:
1)Recall what is a primary cell;
2)Identify types of primary cells and their applications;
3)Recall what is a secondary cell;
4)Identify types of secondary cells and their applications.
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4. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS
A primary cell is a cell that once it has been fully discharged,
cannot be recharged. Primary cells are called dry cells because
they have a solid or molten electrolyte.
Primary cells are:
1.Zinc – carbon cell
2.Alkaline
3.Button cells
4.Manganese dioxide
5.Mercury oxide
6.Silver oxide
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY CELLSPRIMARY CELLS
Zinc – carbon cells have a solid
electrolyte ammonium chloride. They
are fully discharged once all the
manganese dioxide is used up
5
Separator
Pitch seal
Air space
Carbon and manganese
dioxide mixture
Carbon rod
Protective casing
Separator
Zinc
Electrolyte paste
(ammoniumchloride
and zinc chloride)

6. XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY CELLSPRIMARY CELLS
The terminal voltage of zinc – carbon
cells is 1.5V and are available in
various sizes.
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7. XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY CELLSPRIMARY CELLS
Alkaline cells is a variant of the Leclanché
cell, zinc powder serving as the anode
and manganese dioxide as the cathode
and potassium hydroxide as the
electrolyte. A 1.5 V cell has double the
energy density of a 1.5 V zinc –carbon
cell.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY CELLSPRIMARY CELLS Alkaline cell
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY CELLSPRIMARY CELLS
Button cells are disc shaped and used in
small devices such as watches, digital
thermometers and calculators. There are
several types of button cells such as
alkaline, mercury oxide, silver oxide and
lithium.
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10. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS – BUTTON
CELLS
Mercury oxide Silver oxide
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11. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
PRIMARY CELLS
Alkaline Lithium
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12. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
A secondary cell is a cell that can be recharged once it has
been fully discharged. There are several types of secondary
cells such as :
1)Lead acid accumulator
2)Nickel – cadmium accumulator
3)Rechargeable alkaline
4)Nickel – metal hydride
5)Lithium ion
6)Lithium polymer
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLSSECONDARY CELLS
Dilute sulphuric acid acts as an
electrolyte in the Lead acid
accumulator. It consists of several lead
acid cells connected together in series.
The terminal voltage of each cell is 2.0
V. Heavy and are used in cars and
large vehicles.
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14. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
NICKEL CADMIUMNICKEL CADMIUM
Nickel cadmiumaccumulator (Nicad) has
nickel hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is
available in various shapes and sizes.
Each cell has a terminal voltage of 1.2 V,
drops very slowly during discharge. Used
in cordless power tools and portable
aircaraft radios.
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16. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL
CADMIUM
Cylindrical Flat plate electrodes
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17. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – NICKEL
CADMIUM
USES
Portable aircraft radio Cordless pressure washer
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
NICKEL METALNICKEL METAL
HYDRIDEHYDRIDE
Nickel-metal hydride – has higher
energy density than nickel cadmium
has no toxic materials. However it has
higher rate of self discharge than nickel
cadmium. It is available in various
sizes and is used in mobile phones
and laptops.
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19. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLSSECONDARY CELLS BMW hybrid car uses a high
performance 312 V NiMH battery.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLSSECONDARY CELLS Alkaline wet battery is rechargeable.
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLSSECONDARY CELLS Rechargeable alkaline cells are
environmentally friendly.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
LITHIUM IONLITHIUM ION
Lithiumion cells are used where high
energy density and light-weight is high
priority. The terminal voltage of the
lithium ion cell is 3.6 V. The BMW V8
hybrid car uses a 120 V lithium ion
battery.
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS-SECONDARY CELLS-
LITHIUM IONLITHIUM ION
Lithium ion cells are connected in series
in a battery. They have energy density of
100 – 160 Wh /kg are light weight. It is
widely used on Boeing 787 planes. In
January the planes were grounded
because of several electrical fires
connected to lithium ion batteries.
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25. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM
ION
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
LITHIUM POLYMERLITHIUM POLYMER
Lithiumpolymercells are called pouch
cells because they are constructed of thin
sheets in an aluminium casing. They are
popular choice for use in laptops.
Macbook Pro battery can be used for 7
hours before need for recharging.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
LITHIUM POLYMERLITHIUM POLYMER
Lithiumpolymercells are available
in a variety of shapes and sizes. The
terminal voltage of a lithium polymer
cell is 3.6 V.
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28. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
SECONDARY CELLS – LITHIUM
POLYMER
Laptop battery for
Macbook
Macbook Pro
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
LITHIUM POLYMERLITHIUM POLYMER
The powerpackabove uses a
lithium polymer battery to recharge a
I -phone on the go!
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30. XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY CELLS –SECONDARY CELLS –
LITHIUM POLYMERLITHIUM POLYMER
Three lithium polymer cells are used
to power luxury toys such as gas –
RC above.
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31. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS
These cells generate electrical but do not store electrical
energy. They are as follows:
1)Solar cells
2)Fuel cells
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLSGENERATOR CELLS
– SOLAR– SOLAR
Solarcells convert light energy
directly into electrical energy. Solar
cells are used to make panels of
different sizes.
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33. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – SOLAR
CELLS
Spherical solar cell Flat solar cell
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
SOLAR CELLSSOLAR CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
SOLAR CELLSSOLAR CELLS
Solar panels can generate electricity
to power all appliances. An inverter is
incorporated into the circuit to convert
direct current to alternating current for
those appliances that require
alternating current.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
SOLAR CELLSSOLAR CELLS
Mobile solar chargers are becoming
popular where electrical energy
generated is stored in nickel –cadmium
batteries. These charges can recharge
digital cameras, Iphone, iIod and game
consoles.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
SOLAR CELLSSOLAR CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
Fuel cells convert chemical energy
into electrical energy by a chemical
reaction with oxygen. Unlike other
cells, they need a constant supply of
fuel and oxygen to produce electrical
energy. The most popular fuel is
hydrogen.
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
Hydrogen fuel power plant can supply a
great quantity of electricity to power all the
appliances in a house. Fuel cells are also
incorporated in cars and large vehicles as
a feasible alternative to fossil fuels, where
the waste products are environmentally
friendly.
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41. XX
CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
Solar energy can be used produce
hydrogen from water by electrolysis.
The oxygen produced can be used for
the chemical reaction in the fuel cell to
produce electricity. A self sustaining
generating unit of electricity!
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OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
Gas stations in Italy will soon have
solar hydrogen fuel pumps as a new
initiative to reduce their carbon
footprint. Hydrogen does not require
long recharges like batteries of
electric cars.
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43. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS
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44. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL
CELLS
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45. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
GENERATOR CELLS – FUEL
CELLS
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
GENERATOR CELLS –GENERATOR CELLS –
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
A hydrogen fuel cell powered water
bus from Amsterdam. This
innovative mode of transport can
help reduce air pollution in the city.
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47. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
The choice of which cell to use is dependent on the following:
1)The unit cost
2)Energy demand
3)Area concentration
The more modern technologies such as lithium ion and lithium
polymer are currently very expensive but have higher energy
densities than the older technologies such as zinc-carbon and
lead acid.
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48. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
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49. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
WHICH CELL TO CHOOSE?
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CREDITS
OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
INTRODUCTION
WHICH CELL TOWHICH CELL TO
CHOOSE?CHOOSE?
A small pouch cell such as the one in
the picture above has a higher
energy density than a larger alkaline
battery.
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51. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Fuel cell bus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fuel-cell_bus_London.jpg/2
Zinc-carbon cell
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2003/madse3m/public_html/battery_insides.gif
Zinc-carbon cells
http://www.rapidonline.com/catalogueimages/module/M073323P01WL.jpg
Alkaline cells
http://www.batteryfaq.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Alkaline-Battery.jpg
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52. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Button cell diagram
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-s0Sw8B5n6Uu3XxQOxjLC6G
Lithium cells
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmDW3xIeVk0DTf_TXJPvnSw
Lithium ion battery
http://www.electricmarinepropulsion.org/Pix/Batteries/8packNBG400.jpg
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53. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Lead acid accumulator diagram
http://www.knowyourplanet.com/off-grid/batteries/12VBatterydischarge_sca
Lead acid battery
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTtU9YX6T7DGQYbSI-_m6W9
Nickel metal hydride cells
http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/449194/4345939/0/1190451522/High-tempe
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54. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Rechargeable alkaline cells
http://www.growandmake.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/302x/9df7
AA battery comparison table
http://www.diskdepot.co.uk/acatalog/aa-battery-capacity-mah-lithium-alkaline-n
Lithium ion battery diagram
http://www.maximumpc.com/files/u90693/li-ion_405.jpg
Dry alkaline batttery
http://www.bizrice.com/upload/20120113/DRY_CELL_RECHARGEABLE_CAR
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55. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Lithium polymer battery
http://img.tradeindia.com/fp/2/936/219.jpg
Power pack for Iphone
http://www.dexim.net/images2011/pro-D/DCA001-D.jpg
Lithium polymer batteries
http://flashlightnews.org/images5/RenataBatteries_LiPo_series.jpg
Lithium polymer cell diagram
http://www.sino-electro.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/polymer2.jpg
Macbook Pro battery
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2NRpphsnudrsSv10aYSYcQfbO-5aJdS_q
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56. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Macbook Pro laptop
http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2012/10/13inretina_0-100010100-or
Mercury oxide button cell
http://www.mercury.utah.gov/images/625.jpg
Silver oxide button cell
http://newimg.globalmarket.com/PicLib/631/1945631/prod/48_1308558909250
Alkaline button cell
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCvZbhUvZoP1w-zC6E6foAVJdSU
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57. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Cordless pressure washer
http://www.nomad-direct.co.uk/images/uploads/Nomad-18v-Green/nomad18v_
Portable aircraft radio
http://www.ameradio.com/img/products/dittel-fsg-7016.jpg
Solar cell
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Solar_cell.png/220
Solar panel
http://solarcellstringer.com/images/solar_cells_panels_array_monocrystaline.jp
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58. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Spherical solar cell
http://greentechnolog.com/Windows-Live-Writer/Solar-cell-design-boosts-c
Mobile Solar charger
http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-power
Solar device charging several devices
http://www.busyboo.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/solar-charger-power
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59. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar panel animation
http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/photovoltaic-effec
Solar power house
http://aboutsolarcells.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/solar-cell-300x253.jpg
Hydrogen fuel car diagram
http://www.avtestlab.com/images/pic_fuel_cell_honda2.jpg
Hydrogen cells
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT18DXdw0xdtpomOnPAA7LICNL7
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60. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Hydrogen fuel power plant
http://www.eere.energy.gov/topics/images/fuelcells2.jpg
Residential fuel cell system
http://www.jhia.or.jp/img/fcsystem.jpg
Nicad diagram, nicad cells,
http://adamone.rchomepage.com/nicad.gif
Nicad motorola nicad batteries
http://www.lmrbatteries.com/media/products/4596%20IS.jpg
Weight density graph
http://nordicgroup.us/battery/weightdensity.gif
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61. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Luxury toy
http://www.gas-rc.com/Car-Images/5807_3qtr-front-47_md.jpg
BMW V8 hybrid
http://news.cnet.com/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-x6-overall_610x427
http://asset0.cbsistatic.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20090914/bmw-activehybrid-7-ov
Alkaline cell diagram
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/6225/=redox.2.gif
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62. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Fuel cell boat
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/image.php?id=1701
Energy cell case sizes
http://www.mpoweruk.com/images/energy_cells.jpg
PEM fuel cell diagram
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/0/0d/PEM_fuelcell.sv
g/400px-PEM_fuelcell.svg.png
BMW hydrogen car
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcTP1DtdFq7mGUEE9pvGHBaiK0QE_vrrkRGY_uDA
ztm5erSfSiGcPg
_
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63. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar picture
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIhL21Du3mQb-
F2zAMYifwvgkzTqJlkqebCfReQD3Bkgyfa3E
Nicad and NiMH battery charger
http://www.uwsa.edu/assets/sites/oslp/images/ehs/EM/Waste/char
ger1.png
Lithium ion battery
http://t1.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcSvYIQALHzAn5KHvvW5ZwLnq50I_v_FKMIyMd_u
bSk7k4rw4SdTMQ
Cut out zinc-carbon cell
http://images.wisegeek.com/small/inside-of-dry-cell-battery.jpg
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64. OBJECTIVES Primary Cells Secondary Cells Generator Cells
Which cell
to choose
CREDITS
INTRODUCTION
XX
CREDITS
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Plant
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcQtXn23YHOV2Zea4b6BpLo40WSQ5WlS9wLD
8HzONjIujmdkxmZ_
Solar Hydrogen Fuel Pump
http://identiture.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/hydrogen-
fuel-pumps.jpeg
Alkaline wet cell battery
http://blog.theautopartsshop.com/tvt_content/uploads/2012/05/a
utomotive-battery.png
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