The Cold War led to increased fears of communism at home in the United States. The government investigated millions of government employees for loyalty and required workers to sign loyalty oaths. The House Un-American Activities Committee held hearings targeting those in Hollywood for communist ties, blacklisting hundreds. Two high-profile spy cases, those of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs, further fueled fears. Senator Joe McCarthy made unsupported accusations of communist infiltration, though was later censured for his actions.
5. THIRD WORLD (DEVELOPING NATIONS)
COLD WAR BATTLEGROUND
Asia Africa and the Latin
Middle East America
6. SELF DETERMINATION
All countries would have
the right of self
determination
Democracy or
Communism in nations
that had been under Nazi
rule
Stalin had agreed to
allow free elections in
Eastern Europe
7. Soviets refused free
elections in Eastern
Europe after WW II
installed communist
governments
became known as
“satellite nations”
countries
dominated by
USSR
8. Churchill says an “Iron Curtain” has descended across
the continent
referring to Soviet control of Eastern Europe
no news allowed in or out of Soviet controlled territory
9.
10. TRUMAN DOCTRINE-1947
main goal was to
help free nations
resist the spread
of communism
initially helped
Greece and
Turkey
11. U.S. ADOPT S A “CONTAINMENT POLICY”
keep communism from spreading
foundation of U.S. foreign policy for next 50 years
The Marshall Plan - 1948
economic aid to Europe to rebuild Europe
over 3 years $13 billion sent
offered to Russia, but refused
17. BERLIN AIRLIFT-1948
Germany divided into 4
sectors after WW II – each
allied nation occupies a
sector
Berlin in East Germany
Allies wanted to reunite
Germany
Stalin did not
Wanted Berlin to himself
18. Soviets tried to isolate Berlin by setting up a
blockade
U.S., Britain flew in tons of goods everyday for a
28. 1949 - U.S. CREATES NATO
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
U.S. and 15 European
countries pledge to
defend each other
29. SOVIETS CREATE THE WARSAW PACT, 1955
USSR plus 7 Eastern
European countries
form military alliance
30. KOREAN WAR, 1950-1953
Korea was divided after WW
II
At the 38th parallel
North - communist
South - free, democratic
June, 1950 North Korea
invades South Korea
31. 1ST WEEKS WERE GRIM
U.S. almost pushed out
of Korea
South Korean and US
Army forces were
pushed back to city of
Pusan
32. Marines land at Inchon
behind North Korean lines
North Koreans begin
withdrawal
U.N. forces push into North
Korea
Nov. 27, 1950 Chinese
troops attack
drove U.N. troops back to
38th parallel
33. MACARTHUR AND TRUMAN DISAGREED HOW TO WAGE
THE WAR
eventually MacArthur is
fired
returned home as a
hero
1st time back in States
since WW II ended
34. War continued back and
forth until 1953
Stalemate
Armistice signed in
1953 maintaining the
status quo
37. TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE
H-Bomb tested on Pacific Island Nov. 1952
(because USSR now had the atomic bomb
150 times more powerful than A-Bomb
tested on Pacific island, island disappeared
within one year USSR had one
arms race begins
53. RUSSIANS LAUNCH FIRST SATELLITE
Sputnik I
Oct. 4, 1957
Soviets first in
space
Effects?
54.
55. COLD WAR AT HOME - RED SCARE, PART II
concern about communism overseas caused a fear
of communism at home
Loyalty Review Board created in 1947
investigated government employees
3.2 million investigated from 1947-1951
dismissed those found disloyal
212 dismissed,
2,900 resigned
Workers had to sign loyalty oaths to get a job
56. J EDGAR HOOVER
Head of FBI
Hunting Communists
Says 1 in 1,800 Americans are Communists – They
are everywhere (churches, schools, government,
etc.)
Develops “Security Index” – List of suspected
Communists that should be rounded up
57. HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC)
investigated communist influence in the movie
industry
“Blacklist” started by movie producers
kept approximately 500 people from working
58. HOLLYWOOD 10 - REFUSED TO COOPERATE, FELT
HEARINGS WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL
SENT TO PRISON
59.
60. SPY TRIALS
TWO SPY CASES ADDED TO FEAR
Alger Hiss, 1948
State Dept. official
accused by former communist
claimed to have documents
proving Hiss was a spy (Pumpkin
Papers)
Hiss sues other guy for libel
Hiss loses libel case
not convicted of spying, but indicted
for perjury by Congress
3 Years in jail
Some proof of innocence; some of
61. ETHEL AND JULIUS ROSENBERG, 1950
Members of American
Communist Party
Implicated by British
scientist who admitted
giving the secrets to the
Soviets
convicted of selling
atomic bomb secrets
executed in 1953 for
espionage
1st civilians to be
executed for espionage
62. SENATOR JOE MCCARTHY
1954, claimed
communists infiltrated
American life
in the military and
government
investigation was
televised
accusations got
wilder
succeeded in ruining
many careers,
reputations
never found a spy
63. Eisenhower televises
hearing s against
members of the
military
America saw
witnesses being
“bullied”
turned against
McCarthy
Senate censures him
for improper conduct
64. to label someone’s activities as McCarthyism would be
to suggest that the person is making unsupported
accusations
1953
39 States had laws making it illegal to advocate
violent overthrow of Government
steps were taken to clean out radical, un-
American/disloyal workers
1957
Supreme Court, Yates vs. U.S., said that believing or
teaching an idea, even revolution, is not a crime
