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Species Interactions in Communities A good look at  coevolution  at work in our world…
Types of Interactions (type of impact on each species in parentheses) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The  Competitive Exclusion Principle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Impacts of Competition Species B
Fig. 4-5, p. 68 Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches Knot (sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Resource Partitioning Environmental Science: Problems, Concepts, and Solutions.  (12th ed.) by G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott Spoolman
Fig. 6-4, p. 112 Cape May Warbler Blakburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Resource Partitioning Environmental Science: Problems, Concepts, and Solutions.  (12th ed.) by G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott Spoolman
Purple Martin & Starling ,[object Object],[object Object]
Red & Grey Squirrels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Grey Squirrel Range Red Squirrel Range Maps prepared by the Biological Records Centre, CEH Monks Wood, from records collated by the Mammal Society and others mainly between 1965 and 1993, also including earlier,  published records and a few additions up to 1997.
Africanized & European HB ,[object Object],[object Object]
Spread of AHB (also good example of a  nonnative  species)
Speaking of Bees… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elk and Liver Fluke ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Liver Fluke Life Cycle ,[object Object]
Impacts of Predation
Lion & Zebra ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rough-Skinned Newt & Common Garter Snake ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monarch Butterfly & Milkweed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Commensalism vs. Mutualism How do you decide?
Shark & Remora ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Oak & Mycorrhizae Fungi ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lichen (algae & fungus) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Eastern Lamp Mussel & Largemouth Bass Commensalism: Glochidia (larvae) live on fish gills for about a month…
Speaking of Eastern Lamp Mussels… ,[object Object]
More on Eastern Lamp Mussels… ,[object Object],[object Object]
Spread of Zebra Mussels (good example of a accidentally introduced nonnative species)
Epiphytes and Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More Epiphytes… ,[object Object]
Humans and  E. coli  Bacteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quiz Time
You decide! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
You decide! ,[object Object],[object Object]
You decide! ,[object Object],[object Object]
You decide! ,[object Object],[object Object],Adult: Carolina Sphinx Moth
You decide! ,[object Object],[object Object]
One More…
Ammensalism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Black Walnut & Azalea ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
So…species must: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Species Interactions

  • 1. Species Interactions in Communities A good look at coevolution at work in our world…
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 5. Fig. 4-5, p. 68 Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches Knot (sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Resource Partitioning Environmental Science: Problems, Concepts, and Solutions. (12th ed.) by G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott Spoolman
  • 6. Fig. 6-4, p. 112 Cape May Warbler Blakburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Resource Partitioning Environmental Science: Problems, Concepts, and Solutions. (12th ed.) by G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott Spoolman
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Spread of AHB (also good example of a nonnative species)
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Commensalism vs. Mutualism How do you decide?
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. Eastern Lamp Mussel & Largemouth Bass Commensalism: Glochidia (larvae) live on fish gills for about a month…
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Spread of Zebra Mussels (good example of a accidentally introduced nonnative species)
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Figure 4.5: Specialized feeding niches of various bird species in a coastal wetland. This specialization reduces competition and allows sharing of limited resources.
  2. Figure 6.4: Sharing the wealth: resource partitioning of five species of insect-eating warblers in the spruce forests of the U.S. state of Maine. Each species minimizes competition for food with the others by spending at least half its feeding time in a distinct portion (shaded areas) of the spruce trees, and by consuming somewhat different insect species. (After R. H. MacArthur, “Population Ecology of Some Warblers in Northeastern Coniferous Forests,” Ecology 36 (1958): 533–536)