The document provides an overview of several topics in history. It begins with tips for test taking, then defines primary and secondary sources. It discusses timelines, noting that years count down to zero and up from there. Several key events in world history are briefly outlined, along with explanations of concepts like the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, English and French Revolutions, Industrial Revolution, and causes of World Wars I and II. The Interwar period and rise of fascism in Germany are touched on, as well as US involvement in WWII and the creation of the UN. The Cold War between the US and USSR concludes the summary.

1. REVIEW
(This is gonna be a long one.)

2. Quick note on test taking…

3. Test Taking
• What to do if you don’t know the answer to the
question:
• Do you THINK you may have an IDEA about
what the answer is? THEN PUT IT DOWN
• Do you have no idea what the answer is?
– Then at least TRY to answer the question. DON’T
LEAVE IT BLANK! Read the question and use words
from the question to make it sound like you know
what you’re talking about. SERIOUSLY!

4. Primary Sources vs Secondary Sources
• What is a Primary source?
– A first hand ORIGINAL account, record, or
evidence of an event
• What are some examples of Primary Sources?
– Oral History, photographs, newspapers, journals

5. Primary Sources vs Secondary Sources
• What is a Secondary Source?
– An account, record, or evidence that was from a
Primary Source
• What are some examples of Secondary
Sources?
– Textbooks, a magazine article about a previous
event

6. Timelines
• Tests may ask you to interpret time lines
• Remember that years go BACK to ZERO, and
then start counting “up” again (think of
negative numbers)
• The years we live in now are known as
“A.D.”, the years before year zero are known as
“B.C.”

7. •776B.C.FirstOlympicGames
•323B.C.AlexandertheGreatdies
•40B.C.RomeConquersEgypt
•126A.D.Hadrian’sWallisbuilt
•455A.D.VandalsAttackRome
•989A.D.TangDynastyinChina
Ends
500 250 0 250 500 1000
BC AD

8. Timelines
• Which of these events happened first?
135 B.C. first slave revolt in Italy
206 B.C. Han Dynasty Established in China

9. How old would Augustus be if
he were alive today?
60 30 0 30
32B.C.–AugustusBorn-
Today’s Year + The year he was born = his age
(or how long ago it happened)
2013 + 32 = 2,045 Years Old!

10. The Renaissance
c. 1350-1600

11. Renaissance
• The Renaissance came
after the Middle Ages.
• Renaissance is a French
word that means
rebirth.
• It was a time of
political, social, econo
mic & cultural change.
• People again became
interested in Ancient
Greek and Roman
“stuff.”

12. Renaissance
• The Renaissance began in
Florence, Italy. From
there it spread north to
the rest of Europe.
Why?
1. People were interested in
Ancient Rome-Italy was
home to Rome.
2. Many Italian city-states
had money.
3. Wealthy merchant
promoted education &
the arts.

13. Renaissance
• People began questioning religion and
turned to science for answers.
• The humanists believe that education
should awaken creativity!
• The main areas of study were; grammar,
speech, poetry, history, Greek, & Latin.

14. The Reformation
• Martin Luther
– Angry the church was corrupt and selling
“Indulgences” – paying off sins for a free pass to
heaven
– People would not fight against it because they were
afraid of Excommunication – when a priest said your
soul would never go to heaven
– Luther posts his “95 Thesis,” a list of complaints
about the church, on the door of Whittenburg
Church

15. The Reformation
• King Henry VIII
– Wanted to get a divorce from his wife, church would
not allow it
– Henry started a new church so that he could divorce
– This took power away from the church

16. The Reformation
• Johannes Gutenberg created the printing
press in the 15th century.
• The printing press enabled people to
communicate and learn about other places in
the world
• During the American Revolution, the printing
press played an important role in spreading
information and promoting the causes of the
colonists

17. Inquisition
• The Inquisition: Around 1232, church officials were
supposed to seek out and punish people suspected
of not obeying the church.
• Heresy is any act or action against the church or
church beliefs. A heretic is someone who commits
an act of heresy.
• Once tracked down, if a heretic confessed, they
were punished. Punishment was quite severe.
Punishment ranged from loss of property, to
imprisonment, to death. If a heretic did not
confess, they were tortured until they did confess.
There was no escape. According to the Church,
these punishments were necessary to save the
souls of heretics.

18. Age of Discovery
Why did Europeans Explore?
1. Trade Routes  Europeans wanted to
find Trade Routes to get to Asia and
other places
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples
3. Monarchs (Kings and Queens) seeking
new sources of wealth
4. Technological and Weaponry advances.
5. Fame and fortune.

19. Age of Discovery
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations killed by
European diseases.
2. Influx of gold, and silver into
Europe created global inflation
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the
continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

20. Columbian Exchange

21. Age of Discovery
Slave Trade
• Between 1450 and the late 1800's, it is estimated that
between 10-15 MILLION Africans were kidnapped and sold
into slavery.
• At first, European colonists attempted to use Native
Americans as a work force, but that did not work very well.
Native Americans knew the land and could run away
• The Portuguese soon discovered that Africans were used to
more tropical climate conditions and would be better
workers
• Many captured people died on the ships sailing to the New
World. Conditions were terrible.
• The Slave Trade was incredibly profitable and incredibly
cruel. In some cases, entire villages were captured.

22. Effects of the Age of Discovery
• Europeans moved into new areas
(Americas, Asia, Africa)
• Europeans introduced not only new plants and
animals, but culture
(religion, clothing, language, etc. – Think about
what language Mexicans and Americans speaks
today!

23. Mercantilism
• Mercantilism – Idea that a nation’s existence
depended on power, and power depended on
wealth
• Wealth – money and assets (things worth money)

24. Mercantilism
• To gain wealth, a country would capture
colonies
• Colony – a territory that is controlled by a
“parent” country

25. Mercantilism
• Raw Materials - An unprocessed natural
product used to Manufacture Goods
• Manufactured Goods – a “final product” made
from raw materials

26. Scientific Revolution
• A time when RELIGION was replaced by SCIENCE
• Printing press spread new ideas
• Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of
scientific research because of technology
needed for navigation

27. Scientific Revolution
• Method - A particular way of doing something
• People started using the Scientific Method to
test their THEORIES

28. Scientific Revolution
• Galileo – found that objects fall at the same
speed regardless of weight, and said the Earth
was not the center of the universe
• Newton – developed the law of Gravity and
motion

29. The Enlightenment
• A time when the use of reason (logical
thinking) and science were applied to political,
social and economic problems.
• Thinkers, or “Philosophes, wrote about natural laws,
or laws that govern human behavior

30. The Enlightenment
• Thomas Hobbes believed that Man gives up
rights for order to enter into a social contract
– an agreement to give up man’s natural state
to live in organized society.
• John Locke believed that Every man has
natural rights-rights belonging to all
humans (life, liberty and property)

31. The Enlightenment
• Voltaire believed in free speech, civil rights,
and religious freedom
• Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that people
were naturally GOOD, but corrupted from an
unequal society. People should give up rights
for the common good. Rousseau’s ideas
helped spark the French Revolution

32. The Enlightenment
• Adam Smith – Believed that government
should not interfere with business

33. English Civil War
• Kings in Europe ruled by DIVINE RIGHT – the
belief that the power to be king was given by
god
• People in England were fed up with bad kings
and had a revolt.
• This led to the English Civil War

34. English Civil War
• Oliver Cromwell, who became leader after the
war, was very harsh
• Things were so bad people wanted a king back
• Cromwell was overthrown and Charles II
became king. Charles II passed laws that gave
the people more rights and freedoms.

35. French Revolution
• France was ruled by 3 ESTATES. There were
few rich people, but they were allowed more
votes than the common man.
• This angered the French people, and they
rioted

36. French Revolution
• In 1788, rioters storm the Bastille – a prison
fort in Paris that is a symbol of power
• The king attempts to flee, but is captured

37. French Revolution
• After the king was overthrown, people within
France fought for power
• During this time, many people were executed
by the Guillotine
• The Revolution ended the Monarchy, and
ended slavery in the French colonies

38. Industrial Revolution
• The industrial revolution was an extreme
change in the way goods were produced
• Goods used to be hand made, but machines
now replaced human labor

39. Industrial Revolution
• New energy sources were created to power
machines
– Water, Steam, Electricity, Oil
• People began using more metals and minerals
for production and power
– Aluminum, Coal, Copper, Iron

40. Industrial Revolution
• Transportation Improved
– Trains
• Communication Improved
– Telegraph

41. Industrial Revolution
• Factory System of Production invented
• Before the factory system, people lived where they
worked, and generally worked from their homes
• Factory machines were too big to keep in homes
now, so large buildings were built to put them in
• Now people traveled to the factories to work for
the day, and then went home at night

42. Industrial Revolution
• People moved from farms to the cities so they
could work in the factories
• A new Middle Class was created
• Rich business owners were at the
top, managers and factory owners were in the
middle, and the workers on the bottom

43. Industrial Revolution
• Because of factories, there were now more
goods, and more variety

44. Causes of World War I
• Militarism - Building up weapons and forces to
get ready for war
– Germany was competing with the UK to build
battleships
– British were threatened and built more weapons

45. • Alliance - Agreement or promise to defend
and help another country
– By 1914 All major countries were linked by
alliances, which would lead to a world war
Causes of World War I

46. • Imperialism - When one country takes over
another territory to try to build up an Empire
– All major countries were competing for colonies
and territory
Causes of World War I

47. • Nationalism – having pride in your
country, willing to defend it
– People were very proud of their country and
would fight to protect it
Causes of World War I

48. Interwar Period
• Treaty of Versailles (BRAT)
– Germany had to accept Blame for starting the war
– Germany had to pay Reparations for damage done
during the war
– Germany was forbidden to have submarines or
airplanes. They could only have an Army of
100,000
– Germany lost Territory in Europe

49. Interwar Period
• The Economy in Europe was very bad after
World War I, and caused a depression
• The war was bad, but the following depression
made Germans and other people very angry
• Why was there a depression?
– Many factories destroyed and many people killed
during the war

50. Causes of World War II
• Why did World War II start?
– Germany wanted back what she lost from WWI –
Revenge
– Appeasement : Great Britain and France gave
Hitler land without fighting for it
– Germans were angry at the Treaty of Versailles
and said it was unfair
– Hitler was racist (cause of the Holocaust)

51. World War II
• Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s problem
• Hitler killed millions of Jews during the
Holocaust

52. World War II
• Isolationism - At the start of the war, the US
wanted to remain neutral
• The U.S. were sending Britain weapons and
supplies

53. World War II
• The U.S. became involved in the war after the
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December
7, 1941
• Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan
• Allied Powers – Britain, U.S., Russia (Soviet
Union)

54. World War II
• The United Nations was a group created in
1945 to help prevent future conflict
• After the war, only two nations were still strong
• United States and Soviet Union were now the
only superpowers left in the world

55. Cold War

56. Political Systems