Going by the Rules - Rounding Marks and Passing

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We’re rounding!
PART 2 - WHEN BOATS MEET, Section C – At Marks and Obstructions

We’re rounding! (and also passing)

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We’re rounding!

We’re approaching the windward mark,
which is to be rounded to port, onto a
deep reach.
We are GREEN, and RED is overlapped
inside us. Is she entitled to mark-room?
No, because of rule 18.1(a) – the boats
are on opposite tacks on a beat to
windward. Also because of rule 18.1(b) –
RED will have to tack, GREEN won’t.So
no part of rule 18 applies.
Nothing here limits the application of rule
10, and RED, on port must keep clear
under rule 10.


We’re rounding!

This is the ‘top mark’ of an ‘outer loop’ of
a trapezoid course. GREEN is reaching
to it from the windward mark. RED is
beating towards it from the loop’s ‘bottom
mark’. They are overlapped.
Does GREEN have to give mark-room to
RED?
No. They are on opposite tacks, and
RED will have to tack to round the mark,
while GREEN does not need to tack.
Rule 18.2(b) says that rule 18 does not
apply. RED will break rule 10 if she luffs, Course to next
or rule 13 if she passes head to wind and mark
does not keep clear of GREEN.


We’re rounding!

RED had entered the zone well
ahead of GREEN. They meet while
RED is leaving the mark while
Course from previous mark
GREEN is approaching the mark.
Does GREEN have to give mark-
room to RED?
NO. RED had been too far ahead.
Rule 18 does not apply because
Rule 18.1(c) says so when one
boat is leaving a mark and meets
another boat approaching it. Rule Course to next mark
10 applies, RED is on port tack and
must keep clear.


We’re rounding!

As we will see, at most marks, their three-length zone may be
important when questions of room arise, and the room to be
given at marks is a special type of room called ‘mark-room’.
Very occasionally, a mark may big enough (or long enough)
to be also a CONTINUING OBSTRUCTION.
• It could be a small island if it has to be rounded.
• It could be a large island, like the Isle of Wight in a race
round the Island.
• It could even be a continent. (‘Leave Antarctica to starboard’
– Vendée Globe sailing instructions).
• It could be any structure of sufficient length if it’s a mark.
In all these exceptional cases, the right to room is dealt with
under rule 19.2(c), which deals with room at continuing
obstructions. Rule 18 does not apply, and there is no ‘zone’.

We’re rounding!

18.2 Giving Mark-Room
(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat shall give the
inside boat mark-room, unless rule 18.2(b) applies.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the
zone, the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside
boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the zone,
the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her mark-
room.
• These are the core rules related to the giving of mark-room
• Either rule 18.2(a) or 18.2(b) applies, but not both
• Rule 18.2(b) is probably more likely to apply than rule 18.2(a), as we’ll see
• We meet two new defined terms – Mark-Room and Zone. Let’s look at them


We’re rounding!

Mark-Room
Room for a boat to sail to the mark
and then room to sail her proper course while at the mark.
However, mark-room does not include room to tack unless the boat
is overlapped to windward and on the inside of the boat required to
give mark-room.

• We will look at examples of this as we meet them. Within the
definition Mark-Room, the term Room is used in its defined sense
Room
The space a boat needs in the existing conditions while manoeuvring
promptly in a seamanlike way.


We’re rounding!

Zone
The area around a mark within a distance of three hull lengths of the
boat nearer to it. A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in
the zone.

Rule 86.1(b)
…the sailing instructions may change to ‘two’ or ‘four’ the number of
hull lengths determining the zone around marks, provided that the
number is the same for all marks and all boats using those marks…

• the ‘zone’ concept applies only at marks to which rule 18 applies,
and not at obstructions to which rule 19 applies
• clubs that share marks where two races may meet must be careful
not to make different provisions

We’re rounding!

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside boat
shall give the inside boat mark-room, unless rule
18.2(b) applies.
(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of
them reaches the zone, the outside boat at that
moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-
room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches
the zone, the boat clear astern at that moment
shall thereafter give her mark-room.

Which rule applies here?
They are too far apart for any right-of-way rule to
be relevant.


We’re rounding!

18.2(b) applies.

• Rule 18 does not apply, as they are beating on opposite tacks (rule 18.1(a))
•Rule 10 requires BLUE on port to keep clear of YELLOW on starboard

We’re rounding!

18.2(b) applies.

•They are now on the same tack, so rule 18 now applies
•Rule 18.2(b) does not apply, as no part of rule 18 applied at zone entry

We’re rounding!

18.2(b) applies.

• Since rule 18 applies, but rule 18.2(b) does not apply, it is rule 18.2(a)
that applies. BLUE has right of way but must give mark-room to YELLOW


We’re rounding!

We are YELLOW, and BLUE is overlapped
inside us when the first of us reaches the
zone. Do we have to give her mark -room?

YES, under rule 18.2(b).
If boats are overlapped when the first of them
reaches the zone, the outside boat at that
moment shall thereafter give the inside boat
mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she
reaches the zone, the boat clear astern at that
moment shall thereafter give her mark-room.

What is ‘mark-room’?


We’re rounding!

Mark-Room is, first of all, room to sail ‘to the
mark’. BLUE will need to luff a little to sail to
the mark, and we in YELLOW must also luff
to keep clear of her while she does.

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Once BLUE is ‘at the mark’, what now must
YELLOW do?
She must give room to BLUE to ‘sail her
proper course while at the mark’.
Is BLUE required to sail no higher than a proper course round the mark?
Only if BLUE’s overlap was from clear astern, and rule 17 applies.
If BLUE does NOT bear away, YELLOW’s obligation to give BLUE room
is overtaken by YELLOW’s unchanged obligation to keep clear as a
windward boat. RULE 18 DOES NOT OVERRIDE SECTION A RULES.

We’re rounding!

Another pair of boats approaches the windward
mark. Yellow completes a tack to a clear-ahead
position before she enters the zone.

Which rules apply?

Rule 10 (port and starboard) at first
then rule 13 (tacking)
then rule 12 (clear ahead and clear astern), with
rule 15, Acquiring Right of Way
Favours BLUE

Then still rule 12, and also rules 18.2(b) and (c)
Now favours YELLOW


We’re rounding!

Yet another pair of boats approaches
the windward mark. Yellow completes
a tack to a clear-ahead position inside
the two-length zone.

Which rules apply?
Rule 15, as before
rule 12 as before
but then rule 18.3, Tacking at a Mark,
and NOT rule 18.2(b) or (c)
BLUE is favoured throughout as long
as she keeps clear


We’re rounding!

Yet another pair of boats approaches
the windward mark. Yellow completes
a tack to a clear-ahead position inside

Which rules apply?
Rule 15, as before
rule 12 as before
as she keeps clear
What if BLUE has to take avoiding
action?


We’re rounding!

Yet another pair of boats approaches YELLOW
the windward mark. Yellow completes infringes if she
a tack to a clear-ahead position inside forces BLUE
above close-
hauled

Which rules apply? YELLOW must not stop
BLUE from passing
Rule 15, as before mark, must give BLUE
rule 12 as before mark-room

as she keeps clear
What if BLUE has to take avoiding
action?


We’re passing!

Down the reach, there’s an
inconveniently moored motor cruiser.
We are BLUE. Our course will take us
astern of it. YELLOW does not hail for
room to pass it.

Do we in BLUE have to give room to
YELLOW?

YES, the moored boat is an obstruction,
we are overlapped, we can give room,
so we must. No hail needed.


We’re rounding!

We’ve reached the gybe mark.
We are the BLUE boat.
Our proper course to the next
mark requires us to gybe.

Must we gybe?

Yes. We must not sail beyond a
proper course round the mark –
rule 18.4.


We’re rounding!

We’ve reached the gybe mark.
We are the BLUE boat.
Our proper course to the next
mark requires us to gybe.

Must we gybe?

Yes. We must not sail beyond a
proper course round the mark –
rule 18.4.
18.4 Gybing
When an inside overlapped right-of-way boat must gybe at a
mark to sail her proper course, until she gybes she shall sail no
farther from the mark than needed to sail that course. Rule
18.4 does not apply at a gate mark.

We’re rounding!

We’re approaching the port-hand leeward
mark, after which the course is a beat.

The race committee is signalling that the
windward mark has been moved to a new
bearing.

How it’s done


We’re rounding!

We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark,
after which the course is a beat. RED on port
reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.

Until then, which boat had right of way?

And which boat now has right of way?


We’re rounding!

We’re approaching the port-hand leeward mark,
after which the course is a beat. RED on port
reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.



Before RED reached the zone, GREEN had
right of way under rule 10.
After RED reached the zone, GREEN still has
right of way under rule 10. But GREEN must
now give RED mark-room.


We’re rounding!

We’re approaching the port-hand leeward
mark, after which the course is a beat. RED
on port reaches the zone ahead of GREEN.



Although they are on opposite tacks, RED is
clear ahead of GREEN. When RED reaches
the zone clear ahead, Rule 18.2(b) requires
GREEN clear astern to give RED mark-
room - room to sail to the mark and room
while at the mark to sail her proper course .
Rule 18.2(c) deters GREEN from trying to
get a late inside overlap.

We’re rounding!

RED, which has been forced wide by
BLUE and YELLOW inside her, hails
‘No room!’ to GREEN. Is she
correct?

No
room!


We’re rounding!

RED, which has been forced wide by
BLUE and YELLOW inside her, hails ‘No
room!’ to GREEN. Is she correct?
In turning for the mark, RED’s transom
line has swept round to create an overlap
before she enters the zone. If they meet
at the mark , GREEN is entitled to room
from RED under rule 18.2(b).
HOWEVER – if in a protest the protest
committee finds that was found that RED No
room!
was initially clear ahead, and was unsure
whether GREEN had established an
overlap in time, it is to presume that she
did not.


We’re rounding!

YELLOW enters the two-length
zone clear ahead of BLUE.
YELLOW starts to round well
wide of the mark.

BLUE, sailing faster, goes for
the gap

Is she allowed to do this?

BLUE is not entitled to mark-
room, but she can take the room
given, at her own risk.


We’re rounding!

YELLOW now luffs hard, and
BLUE hits both YELLOW and the
mark, no damage or injury. There is
a protest. No penalty is taken

BLUE claims that YELLOW did not
give BLUE room to keep clear as
required by rule 16.1, Changing
Course. YELLOW agrees!

Your decision?
Penalize BLUE?
Penalize YELLOW?
Penalize both?


We’re rounding!

YELLOW was clear ahead at the
zone, BLUE was not entitled to
mark-room. Indeed BLUE had to
give YELLOW mark-room.

Rule 18.5(b) exonerates a boat
that breaks rule 16 while rounding
a mark on her proper course.

Penalise BLUE under:
• Rule 11, for not keeping clear
• Rule 18.2(c) for not continuing to
give the mark-room YELLOW was
entitled to under rule 18.2(b)
• Rule 31, for touching the mark


We’re rounding!

GREEN would like to come in wide, to come out tight on the mark,
but RED is nearby.


We’re rounding!

GREEN would like to come in wide, to come out tight on the mark,
but RED is nearby.
So, some while later, would YELLOW, but BLUE is nearby. Are their
situations different under the rules?


We’re rounding!

GREEN has right of way YELLOW is give-way (windward),
(starboard), can go wide until BLUE must give mark-room -
required to gybe. RED must enough for YELLOW to sail her
do more than give mark-room proper course while at the mark
– she must keep clear


We’re passing!

We are BLUE, on starboard tack. RED
is not keeping clear of us. Can we get
room from YELLOW to duck RED?
Not directly. RED is required to keep
clear of us. She is therefore not an
obstruction, as defined, and so rule 19
(which applies only at obstructions)
does not apply. However, rule 14
requires us to avoid contact if possible,
and if we bear away to duck RED, then
YELLOW must also try to avoid contact
with us if she can.

In a protest, RED would be disqualified. If we in BLUE do not keep clear
of YELLOW in trying to avoid contact with RED, we will be exonerated for
breaking rule 11 because RED’s breach compelled us to break a rule.

We’re passing!

We are BLUE, on starboard tack. RED
is not keeping clear of us. Can we get
room from YELLOW to duck RED?
Not directly. RED is required to keep
clear of us. She is therefore not an
obstruction, as defined, and so rule 19
(which applies only at obstructions)
does not apply. However, rule 14
requires us to avoid contact if possible,
and if we bear away to duck RED, then
YELLOW must also try to avoid contact
with us if she can.

Definition Obstruction: …a boat racing is not an obstruction to other boats
unless they are required to keep clear of her, give her room or mark-
room, or, if rule 22 applies, avoid her.

We’re rounding!

Back to the windward mark, this
time to be rounded to starboard.

The race committee is signalling
that the next leg has been
shortened.

Here’s how it’s done


We’re rounding!

At the windward mark, this time to
be rounded to starboard.

BLUE is clear ahead at the two-
lengths zone, then tacks for the
mark. YELLOW has to avoid her.

There is a protest. Your
decision?
Penalize BLUE.
She lost her entitlement to room
under rules 18.2(b) and (c) when
she passed head to wind. It’s rule
10 (or13).


We’re rounding!

At the windward mark, this time to
be rounded to starboard.

BLUE is clear ahead at the two-
lengths zone, then tacks for the
mark. YELLOW has to avoid her.

There is a protest. Your
decision?
Penalize BLUE
Rule 18.2(c)
When a boat is required to give mark-room by rule 18.2(b), she shall
continue to do so even if later an overlap is broken or a new overlap
begins. However, if either boat passes head to wind or if the boat
entitled to mark-room leaves the zone, rule 18.2(b) ceases to apply.

We’re rounding!

RED comes into the mark high enough for
GREEN to tack for the mark inside her.

GREEN does not tack, and both have to
take avoiding action.

They protest. Your decision?
Rule 18 does not apply.
No rule requires GREEN to tack.
Penalize RED, rule 10.
18.1 When This Rule Applies
Rule 18 applies between boats when they are required to leave a
mark on the same side and at least one of them is in the zone.
However it does not apply…
(b) Between boats on opposite tacks when the proper
course at the mark for one but not both of them is to tack

We’re passing!

Back down the run, we’re near the shore.

Is RED allowed to get an overlap between
GREEN and the shore?


We’re passing!


Is RED allowed to get an overlap between GREEN and the shore?

Yes, provided at that time there is room to pass between them – Rule19.2(c). If
so, GREEN must then give her room. The shore is a continuing obstruction to
both boats. At ‘ordinary’ obstructions, the gap may not need to be so big for an
intervening boat to be entitled to room – if the outside boat can give room she
must. At continuing obstructions, the gap may be wide enough to give room, yet
too narrow to allow a legal inside overlap.


We’re passing!


Is RED allowed to get an overlap between
GREEN and the shore?
19.2 Giving Room at an Obstruction
(c) While boats are passing a continuing
obstruction, if a boat that was clear astern and
required to keep clear becomes overlapped
between the other boat and the obstruction and, at
the moment the overlap begins, there is not room
for her to pass between them, she is not entitled
to room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats
remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and rules
10 and 11 do not apply.
As stated, overlaps from astern need bigger gaps
at continuing obstructions - as we will see.

We’re passing!

We are BLUE. Further down the run, a gust catches us up with GREEN and YELLOW.

GREEN hails ‘No Room! The gap is not big enough for you to sail through!’. Is GREEN
right to try to deny room tom to BLUE?

NO. That would be true if YELLOW were a continuing obstruction. But the definition
Obstruction now says ‘A vessel under way, including a boat racing, is never a continuing
obstruction.’

If BLUE can keep clear of YELLOW (rule 11) while getting an
overlap to leeward of GREEN and If GREEN then has the room to luff
to keep clear (rule 15) of BLUE, BLUE is entitled to become
overlapped between them. GREEN must then keep clear of BLUE.

We’re rounding!
Wind 4 - 6 Knots

Does Rule 18 apply here? From previous mark

(a) When boats are overlapped the outside
boat shall give the inside boat mark-room,
unless rule 18.2(b) applies.
moment shall thereafter give her mark-room. To next mark

The boats are not overlapped, so it’s not rule 18.2(a). It is the boat clear
astern that reaches the zone first, so the last sentence of rule 18.2(b) does
not apply and will never apply. So no part of rule 18.2 yet applies

We’re rounding!
Wind 4 - 6 Knots


boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the
zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her
mark-room.

They are overlapped at positions 2 and 3. Rule
To next mark
18.2(a) now applies. YELLOW must give BLUE
mark-room – room to sail to the mark, which she
does. BLUE must keep clear – under rule 10 and
then under rule 11 after she gybes.


We’re rounding!
Wind 4 - 6 Knots


boat mark-room. If a boat is clear ahead when she reaches the
zone, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her
mark-room.

BLUE is briefly ahead, the overlap ends before
To next mark
the contact, so 18.2(a) stops applying. Then
YELLOW runs into her. 18.2(b) never applied. It’s not now a rule 18 situation.
YELLOW does not keep clear under rule 12, and the question is whether
BLUE gave her room to keep clear under rule 15. Yes, if YELLOW could
have avoided contact by bearing away when BLUE became clear ahead.

(b) If boats are overlapped when the
first of them reaches the zone, the
outside boat at that moment shall
thereafter give the inside boat mark-
room. If a boat is clear ahead when she
reaches the zone, the boat clear astern
at that moment shall thereafter give her
mark-room.

BLUE must bear away to give YELLOW room to sail to the mark, and then
room for YELLOW to sail her proper course while at the mark


We’re rounding!

mark-room.

BLUE tries unsuccessfully to break the overlap before the zone. She will be
able to give room at the mark, but at zone entry cannot immediately give
YELLOW room to sail to the mark. Does BLUE break rule 18.2(b)?
YES. Mark-room is not only room to sail a proper course at the mark, but
also room from zone entry to sail to the mark. BLUE should not have luffed.

We’re rounding!

mark-room.
When RED will reach the zone, she must give mark-room to the
three other boats. They are all overlapped on her. If she does
not, she will break rule 18.2(b). To avoid that, she must take
early action before the zone so as to be able to give mark-room.
So must the two BLUE boats, to give YELLOW room. Is there
any exception to this? Not here, since mark-room can be given

We’re rounding!

mark-room.
If RED and the BLUE boats have been overlapped for some
time, RED has to be ready to give them mark-room at the zone
YELLOW, clear astern of the other three, will have to give all of
them mark-room if she enters the zone after them, even if she
then gybes onto starboard tack with right of way under rule 10.


mark-room.
If RED and the BLUE boats have been overlapped for some
time, RED has to be ready to give them mark-room at the zone
If YELLOW has only just become overlapped from clear astern,
and the BLUE boat next to her will not be able to give her mark-
room at the zone, BLUE is not required to give it. If she can
then give it after zone entry, she must do so

mark-room.
(c) If a boat obtained an inside overlap from clear astern and,
from the time the overlap began, the outside boat has been
unable to give mark-room, she is not required to give it.
But if instead RED and the BLUE boats had overhauled YELLOW, they will
have no excuse for not giving mark-room, and should already have started to
‘move over’ to be able to give that room

We’re rounding!

mark-room.

BLUE may try to shake off YELLOW’s overlap, before the zone is
reached. If BLUE succeeds, she may sail for the mark knowing that
YELLOW must now give her mark-room. This is at the risk of failing to
shake off the overlap. If YELLOW is still overlapped at BLUE’s zone entry,
nothing exempts BLUE from her obligation to give mark-room


We’re rounding!

Ideally, both boats would like to hold their
course under spinnaker into the zone – it would
be a proper course for both of them


We’re rounding!

Ideally, both boats would like to hold their
course under spinnaker into the zone – it would
be a proper course for both of them
They cannot. YELLOW, the right-of-way boat, on starboard tack, must give
BLUE , the inside keep-clear boat, room to sail to the mark
BLUE cannot continue as far as she would like before gybing, and must
take only the room she needs to sail in a seamanlike way to the mark

We’re rounding!

room…

However, if an inside right-of-way
boat wants to take more room than
just room to sail to the mark, she may
do so (subject to not delaying her
gybe beyond her proper course), and
the outside boat must keep clear
under rule 11.


We’re rounding!

(b) If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the
outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-
room…
Once at the mark, the mark-room that has to be given is room for a boat
to sail her proper course while at the mark

A proper course is the most efficient route she would take in the
absence of the boat required to give her mark-room. This might entitle
her to go wider to come out tight on the mark, but this right begins only
once the boat is ‘at the mark’. If the inside boat did not have right of way
from zone entry ‘to the mark’, she was not entitled to sail wider during
that period, so she has little opportunity to exploit a proper course
starting from the moment she is ‘at the mark’.


We’re rounding!

18.4 Gybing
When an inside overlapped right-of-
way boat must gybe at a mark to
sail her proper course, until she
gybes she shall sail no farther from
the mark than needed to sail that
course. Rule 18.4 does not apply at
a gate mark.

The new last sentence means that
YELLOW can belatedly decide to
sail for the other gate mark and is
not required to gybe at the one
being passed


We’re rounding!

SECTION C, AT MARKS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
18.5 Exoneration
When a boat is taking mark-room to which she is
entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat failing to
give her mark-room, she breaks a rule of Section
A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her proper
course, she breaks a rule of Section A or rule 15 or
16

This gives exoneration for rule breaches that the
boat entitled to mark-room may not have been
compelled to make, so rule 64.1(c) cannot apply,
but these clauses will

We’re rounding!

18.5 Exoneration
When a boat is taking mark-room to which
she is entitled, she shall be exonerated

(a) if, as a result of the other boat
failing to give her mark-room, she breaks
a rule of Section A, or

(b) if, by rounding the mark on her
proper course, she breaks a rule of
Section A or rule 15 or 16.

GREEN was not giving RED mark-room and will be penalized. Rule 10 is not
disapplied by rule 18, but RED is exonerated under rule 18.5(a) for breaking
rule 10. Note however that there is no exoneration for RED for breaking rule
14 if there is avoidable injury or damage

18.5 Exoneration


Rule 18.2(b) requires YELLOW to give mark-room to inside overlapped
BLUE. YELLOW breaks the overlap inside the zone. YELLOW must still
give mark-room (Rule 18.2(c)). She does not. BLUE is rounding on her
proper course. BLUE is exonerated under rule18.5(a) for breaking rule 12


We’re rounding!

18.5 Exoneration



Before the mark, BLUE is (just) keeping clear. At the mark, YELLOW bears
away hard, but on her proper course, and does not give BLUE room to keep
clear. YELLOW breaks rule 16.1 but is to be exonerated. BLUE breaks rule
11 by now not keeping clear – she must expect YELLOW’s bear-away

We’re passing!

BLUE, with rule 11 right-of-way, has
to decide whether to pass the
obstruction to windward or to
leeward of the obstruction (rule
19.2(a)
If she decides to pass it to
windward, then when she changes
course to do so, she must give
YELLOW room as required by rule
16, Changing Course, to continue to
keep clear under rule 11
If she decides to pass it to leeward,
she must give room for YELLOW to
do likewise (rule 19.2(b)

We’re passing!

Because there is no ‘zone’, BLUE’s
obligation to give room depends on
whether she can do so when an
overlap begins near an obstruction


We’re passing!

Because there is no ‘zone’, BLUE’s
obligation to give room depends on
whether she can do so when an
overlap begins near an obstruction

Rule 19.2(b)
When boats are overlapped, the
outside boat shall give the inside
boat room between her and the
obstruction, unless she has been
unable to do so from the time the
overlap began.


We’re passing!

When boats are approaching an obstruction
off-wind on opposite tacks, they are
overlapped, because the definition Overlap
(which normally confines that term to same-
tack boats and opposite tack boats at marks)
extends it to boats sailing more than ninety
degrees from the true wind
GREEN, on starboard, has rule 10 right of
way and decides which way to pass the
obstruction (rule 19.2(a)). If she bears away,
she must give room to RED (rule 19.2(b)) if
RED follows, and if in bearing away she
gybes to port she must now keep clear of
RED under rule 11

We’re passing!

19.2(c) While boats are passing a
continuing obstruction, if a boat that was
clear astern and required to keep clear
becomes overlapped between the other
boat and the obstruction and, at the moment
the overlap begins, there is not room for her
to pass between them, she is not entitled to
room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats
remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and
rules 10 and 11 do not apply.
RED is a clear-astern keep-clear boat under rule 12. If she becomes
overlapped inside YELLOW and there IS room to pass between, she is
entitled to room, and she becomes right-of-way boat under rule 11
If there is no room for RED to pass between, she is not entitled to room.
She instantly becomes required to keep clear, and rule 11 does not apply

We’re rounding!

19.2(c) While boats are passing a
continuing obstruction, if a boat that was
clear astern and required to keep clear
becomes overlapped between the other
boat and the obstruction and, at the moment
the overlap begins, there is not room for her
to pass between them, she is not entitled to
room under rule 19.2(b). While the boats
remain overlapped, she shall keep clear and
rules 10 and 11 do not apply.
GREEN is astern, but is the right-of-way boat under rule 10, and not the
one required to keep clear. Rule 19.2(c) does not apply. Technically, the
general right to room for GREEN under 19.2(b) applies, but more
importantly rule 10 still applies. RED on port has to keep clear of GREEN
on starboard, and the bank or shore is not relevant to that obligation


We’re rounding!
Test your knowledge

The boats were overlapped at the
zone. BLUE bears away hard round
the windward mark, and there is
contact (that is not immediate) with
YELLOW, but no damage or injury.

YELLOW’s protest: BLUE should have given me room to keep clear when
she bore away. BLUE also should have avoided the contact.
Your decision?
Penalize YELLOW. YELLOW must not only keep clear but (if more) give
BLUE mark-room to sail her proper course while at the mark (rule 18.2(b).
BLUE may break rule 16.1 by not giving room to YELLOW, but rule 18.5
exonerates BLUE – BLUE is taking mark-room to which she is entitled
and rounding the mark on her proper course.
BLUE did break rule 14 by not avoiding contact, but cannot be penalised
as there was no damage or injury.

We’re rounding!
Test your knowledge

The same, except that they became
overlapped on the same tack when
BLUE tacked from port to starboard to
a leeward overlap, changing tack in
the zone.

YELLOW’s protest: BLUE should have given me room to keep clear when
she bore away. BLUE also should have avoided the contact.
Your decision?
Penalize BLUE. By tacking in the zone, BLUE had no right to mark-room
under rule 18.2(a). Rule 18.3, Tacking When Approaching a Mark, says
so. YELLOW must keep clear under rule 11, and does so. BLUE breaks
rule 16.1 by bearing away too hard. There is no exoneration under rule
18.5, as BLUE was not taking mark-room to which she was entitled.
BLUE did break rule 14 by not avoiding contact, but cannot be penalised
for that as there was no damage or injury.

Start show Start Section Next Section
We’re rounding!
Test your knowledge

Which one is true?

1. BLUE will not have to
gybe at the mark.
2. BLUE must gybe at the
mark only if she became
overlapped to leeward of
YELLOW from clear
astern

To n mark
ext
mark if they remain
overlapped at the mark.


Start show Start Section Next Section
We’re rounding!
Test your knowledge

Which one is true?

1. BLUE will not have to
gybe at the mark.
mark only if she became
overlapped to leeward of
YELLOW from clear
astern

To n mark
ext
mark if they remain
overlapped at the mark.


We’re rounding!
Test your knowledge

Which one of the following is true of an
inside overlapped give-way boat like
YELLOW at a starting mark?

1. She is never entitled to room

2. She is always entitled to room

3. She is sometimes entitled to room


GOING BY THE RULES

What’s cooking?
THE MAIN COURSE STARTERS
Basically and Fundamentally… What’s new for 2009 – quick guide
We’re racing! What’s new for 2009 – in detail
We’re starting! INGREDIENTS
We’re rounding! Reading the signals
We’re taking turns! Major definitions in action
We’re finishing! The Racing Rules of Sailing
We’re unhappy! The Definitions

89

Going by the Rules - Rounding Marks and Passing

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Going by the Rules - Rounding Marks and Passing

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