2. Highly malignant bone Tx characterised by
invariable formation of neoplastic osteoid and
tumor tissue
Cell of origin :common multipotential mesenchymal cell
osteoblatic
chondroblastic
fibroblastic
Neoplastic osteoid
tissue and bone
6. GROSS PATHOLOGY
Metaphyseal large tumor with destruction of inner
cortex and extends into sub periosteal space
SCLEROSING TYPE & LYTIC TYPE
Consistency---- stony hard to soft and gritty
The colour of the tumor reflects its components.
Bluish white- cartilaginous.
White- fibrous.
Yellowish white- osteoid.
7.
8. Bony necrotic areas, cystic cavities
Large vascular channels & haemorrhage
Medullary cavity extension >> found in xray
9. Eventually periosteal penetration and soft tissue
extension
Barriers to joint--- growth plate, articular
cartilage
Pulmonary deposits
10. MICROSCOPY
Microscopic appearance is variable
Absolute criteria include(LICHTENSTEIN)
Sarcomatous stroma
Direct formation of tumor osteoid and bone by
malignant connective tissue
Best evidence of malignancy is seen in the
advancing borders
11. The central portions of the tumor are routinely
the most sclerotic where formation of
neoplastic bone is most pronounced.
As the anaplastic cells become enclosed in
new bone, they become small and rounded,
and thus may be unsuitable for diagnosis.
Therefore the peripheral zones are most
suitable for diagnosis.
16. CONVENTIONAL
OSTEOSARCOMA
It is the most common type of osteosarcoma.
It is classified based on dominant
histopathology as:
Osteoblastic
Fibroblastic
Chondroblastic
17. Radiographically, the bone involved in
conventional osteosarcoma may be lytic,
sclerotic or show a mixed response.
It begins in an intramedullary location but may
break through the cortex and form a soft tissue
mass.
18. Low-grade intramedullary
osteosarcoma
indolent course with relatively benign features on
roentgenogram
As the name implies, it is located in an intramedullary
location and only erodes through the cortex very late
Microscopically, it consists of slightly atypical spindle
cells producing slightly irregular osseous trabeculae.
19. Periosteal osteosarcoma
intermediate-grade malignancy that arises on the
surface of the bone
The most common locations are the diaphyses of the
femur and tibia
It occurs in a slightly older and broader age group
Histological examination of periosteal osteosarcoma
demonstrates strands of osteoid-producing spindle
cells radiating between lobules of cartilage
23. Typical microscopic appearance of
periosteal osteosarcoma. Lobules of
malignant cartilage are separated by
malignant spindle cells producing osteoid.
24. TELANGIECTATIC
OSTEOSARCOMA
expansible, aggressive lesion simulating an
anurysmal bone cyst and composed of loculated
blood filled spaces, partially lined by malignant cells
producing sparse osteoid formation.
These features account for its radiographic features of
a purely lytic lesion which shows none of the
sclerotic changes associated with conventional
osteosarcoma.
25. Small cell osteosarcoma
It is a rare variant.
High-grade lesion that consists of small blue
cells that may resemble Ewing sarcoma or
lymphoma.
26. Cytogenetic and immunohistochemistry
studies sometimes are needed to differentiate
these lesions.
This variant seems to have a worse prognosis
than the conventional osteosarcoma.
27. Parosteal osteosarcoma
Parosteal osteosarcoma also is a rare, low-grade
malignancy
It arises on the surface of the bone and invades
the medullary cavity only at a late stage
It has a peculiar tendency to occur as a lobulated
ossified mass on the posterior aspect of the distal
femur
29. High-grade surface
osteosarcoma
High-grade surface osteosarcoma is the least common
type of osteosarcoma
It is an aggressive tumor arising on the outer aspect of
the cortex
Roentgenograms show an invasive lesion with ill-
defined borders
Like conventional osteosarcoma, the microscopic
appearance is that of a high-grade tumor with
hypercellularity, mitotic figures, and marked nuclear
pleomorphism
Unlike parosteal osteosarcoma, medullary
involvement is common at the time of diagnosis.
30. Secondary osteosarcomas
Secondary osteosarcomas occur at the site of
another disease process.
almost half of the osteosarcomas in patients
over 50 years of age.
Prognosis –poor than primary osteosarcoma
31. They include
Paget disease
Previous radiation treatment
fibrous dysplasia
bone infarcts
Osteochondromas
chronic osteomyelitis
dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas
osteogenesis imperfecta
32. Paget's osteosarcoma
Paget's osteosarcoma most commonly occurs in
patients between the sixth and eighth decades of life.
The incidence of osteosarcoma in Paget disease is
approximately 1%
Femur>humerus>pelvis>skull>tibia. Can be
multicentric
33. Pain,swelling at the site of old #
# Failure to unite
Xray: mixed blastic and lytic changes
:cortical destruction
:lung deposits
Osteoclastic multinucleated giant cells can
be seen
34. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma
Radiation-induced osteosarcoma occurs in
approximately 1% of patients who have been
treated with over 2500 cGy.
Occurs in unusual locations such as the skull,
spine, clavicle, ribs, scapula, and pelvis.
Internal radiaion- radium
External radiation- megavoltage/ orthovoltage
Mc- radiation >3000 rads for benign GCT
Highly osteogenic,sclerosing,profuse osteoid
and new bone formation
35. CLINICAL FEATURES
PAIN
Predominant symptom
Appears first
Initially slight and intermittent
With in few weeks increases in intensity
Cause of pain
Micro infarcts
Minute stress fractures
36. SWELLING
2ND most common complaint.
Present in 90% of high grade osteosarcomas
Skin over is
Stretched
Shiny
Dilated veins
Local rise of temperature
Consistency is firm to hard.
crepitus --#
Joint mobility normal initially later restricted
Constitutional Sx and signs of inflammtion
rare
37.
38. RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
Codman’s triangle –
isolated cuff of reactive
sub periosteal new bone
formation at the
boundary of the tumor
that rapidly elevates the
periosteum
39. RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
Sun burst appearance
– spicules of new
bone formation seem
radiating from a point.
It is due to new bone
formation along the
blood vessels
41. BIOPSY
Biopsy should be done only after clinical, laboratory,
and roentgenographic examinations are complete.
Regardless of whether a needle biopsy or an open
biopsy is done, the biopsy track should be considered
contaminated with tumor cells.
If a tourniquet is used, the limb may be elevated
before inflation but should not be exsanguinated by
compression. Care should be taken to contaminate as
little tissue as possible.
42. BIOPSY
Transverse incisions should be avoided
because they are extremely difficult or
impossible to excise with the specimen.
The deep incision should go through a single
muscle compartment rather than contaminating
an intermuscular plane.
Major neurovascular structures should be
avoided.
Soft tissue extension of a bone lesion should
be sampled.
43. BIOPSY
If a tourniquet has been used it should be
deflated and meticulous hemostasis ensured
before closure, since a hematoma would be
contaminated with tumor cells
If a drain is used, it should exit in line with the
incision so that the drain track also can be
easily excised en bloc with the tumor
44.
45. CT SCAN
Useful for evaluation
Differentiate b/w infection and tumor
Exact area of cortical break
Soft tissue extension, medullary spread,
proximity to NV bundle
Detect skip lesions
46. MRI SCAN
Better contrast discrimination
Can be performed in any plane
Ideal for medullary marrow assessment
47. ANGIOGRAPHY
Accurate method of of detecting and
measuring extent of occult soft tissue
extension.
Reactive zone is seen in the early arterial
phase.
.
Intrinsic vascularity is seen as the tumor blush
in the late venous phase.
48. Also assess any major vessel
involvement by the tumor.
Arterial phase is useful in detecting sub-
clinical recurrences.
It also helps in gauging the clinical
response to chemotherapy.
49. BONE SCAN
Technetium 99
Increased uptake due to brisk
osteoblastic reaction
Helpful in detecting
Skip lesions
Multicentric presentations
metastasis
50. BIO-CHEMICAL MARKERS
Serum ALP
It is increased as the tumor has neoplastic
osteoblasts
Useful in prognosis and follow up
Falls to near normal after surgical resection
Persistence indicates, metastasis, recurrence,
residual or spreading nature
51. BIO-CHEMICAL MARKERS
Osteocalcin – A
Recently identified, vitamin K dependant, calcium
binding carboxy glutamic acid containing protein
May be of value in diagnosis of heavily bone
producing types
Anti-human osteosarcoma monoclonal anti
bodies
Detected by immunochemistry
These anti-bodies to sarcoma cell surface antigens
are specific to osteosarcoma.
52. METASTASIS
Primary route is hematogenous and mainly
occurs to lungs
Other sites include
Brain
Liver
Lymph node
54. The 5 year survival rate which was below
20% is now 60-80%.
This can be attributed to the use of
Newer chemotherapeutic regimens
Mega voltage radiotherapy
Aggressive pulmonary resection
56. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Establishment of diagnosis by needle
biopsy or incisional biopsy. Due to fear of
tumor spillage frozen section if available
should be utilized.
Resection of primary tumor and
reconstruction
Adjuvants
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Rehabilitation
57.
58. AMPUTATIONS
This provides the definitive surgical treatment for
osteosarcoma.
Level of amputation is the most important factor
to be decided:
For upper end of tibia above knee amputation
For lower end of femur still controversial. Hip
disarticulation is the safer option compared to high a/k
Upper end of femur – hind quarter amputation
Proximal humerus – fore quarter amputation
59. LIMB SPARING SURGERIES
No major neuro-vascular involvement.
Wide resection of affected bone with normal
cuff in all directions.
Adequate motor reconstruction and soft tissue
coverage
60. PHASES OF THE PROCEDURE
Resection of the tumor
Skeletal reconstruction
Soft tissue and muscle transfers
64. Osteoarticular allografts
advantages: ability to replace ligaments, tendons, and
intraarticular structures.
complications:nonunion at the graft-host junction,
fatigue fracture, articular collapse, dislocation,
degenerative joint disease, and failure of ligament and
tendon attachments.
a temporary measure to preserve an adjacent physis
A proximal tibial osteoarticular allograft could be used
in an immature patient in an attempt to preserve the
distal femoral physis until skeletal maturity. This could
be converted later to an endoprosthetic reconstruction
when it becomes necessary.
65. Allograft-prosthesis composites
They avoid the complications of degenerative joint disease and
articular collapse, while still preserving the ability to attach
soft-tissue structures directly, such as the patella tendon or the
hip abductors.
They are associated, however, with fatigue fracture, infection,
and nonunion at the graft-host junction.
main indication for an allograft-prosthesis composite is an
inadequate length of remaining host bone to secure the stem of
an endoprosthesis.
66.
67.
68. Endoprosthetic reconstruction
advantage -immediate stability that allows for quicker
rehabilitation with immediate full weight bearing.
Most endoprostheses are modular, allowing for incremental
limb lengthening as an immature patient grows.
Polyethylene wear
Fatigue fractures
69.
70. Considerations for Pediatric Patients
future limb-length inequality must be considered.
For patients who are near skeletal maturity, the reconstructed
limb can be lengthened 1 cm at the initial procedure. Also,
epiphysiodesis of the contralateral limb can be done at the
appropriate age to preserve limb-length equality .
expandable prostheses currently is gaining
support.
71.
72.
73.
74. it uses energy stored in a compressed spring to allow for future
expansion of the prosthesis as the child grows.
When a leg-length discrepancy develops, the child is scheduled for an
expansion .
The procedure is done in the fluoroscopy suite with the patient under
light sedation.
The locking mechanism on the prosthesis is identified using
fluoroscopy, and an electromagnetic coil is placed over the patient's
leg at that level.
The electromagnetic coil is activated for 20 seconds, which heats an
element in the prosthesis, melting a small segment of polyethylene and
allowing controlled expansion of the spring. The leg lengths are
reevaluated under fluoroscopy, and the procedure is repeated one or
two times as necessary. We have been able to gain 0.5 to 1.5 cm during
each scheduled expansion session. Expansion sessions can be
scheduled 4 weeks apart if needed to allow the operated leg to “catch
up.” After the expansion sessions, patients usually are able to
ambulate immediately without an assistive device.
75. Group AI—Lesion in distal femur. The
distal femur, knee joint, and proximal
tibia are resected; the lower leg is
rotated 180 degrees; and the tibia is
joined to the remaining femur
76. Group AII—Lesion in the
proximal tibia. The distalmost
femur, knee joint, and proximal
tibia are resected. After rotation
of 180 degrees, the distal tibia is
joined to the distal femur
77. Group BI—Lesion in the
proximal femur sparing
the hip joint and gluteal
muscles. The upper femur
and hip joint are resected,
and the leg is rotated 180
degrees. The distal femur
is joined to the pelvis so
that the knee functions as
the hip, and the ankle
functions as the knee
78. Group BIII—Lesion in
the midfemur. The entire
femur is resected. The
tibia is attached to the
pelvis using an
endoprosthesis
81. CHEMOTHERAPY
It was previously used for end stage disease.
Now with the advent of neo-adjuvant
chemotherapy it is given for all cases both pre
and post operatively.
82. It is based on the principle that all patients
have undetectable micro-metastasis on
presentation.
Multi drug ,multi cycle therapy is used.
86. RADIOTHERAPY
Osteosarcomas were previously regarded to
be radio resistant.
Mega-voltage radiotherapy is used.
Used in surgically inaccessible areas.
Radiotherapy of osteosarcoma has not been
found to be successful in either reliably
controlling local recurrences or preventing
pulmonary metastasis.
87. 6000-8000 rads are given as 230/day or
1000/week.
In the pre operative period about 1000rads are
given which reduces the viability of tumor
cells which may disseminate in the blood
stream during the procedure.
88. Immuno-therapy
New method of treatment
Adjuvant value
Efficacy is still under study
Agents include
BCG – bacilli calmette-guerine
Cornybactirium parvum toxin
Coleys toxin – combination of heat killed
mixture of strep. Pyogenous and serratia
marcescens
Vaccine prepared from the patients own
tumor cell
89. Pulmonary mets
Pulmonary resection: chemotherapy
reduces the size of primary tx and lung
deposits, making resection easy
Large mets- lobectomy / wedge resection
Contraindications: wide spread mets
:poor general condition
:3 or more pulmonary foci