Lecture notes for medical students

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5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
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6. Good for self study also.
7. See notes for bibliography.

2. Lru dSalj ,oa Lru
tkx:drk vfHk;ku
p`stutkta-
jaIbaI. tktZ
Lh- bZ- vks- vkns’okj
xqzi
txnyiwj

3. Pa`stavanaa

4. Pa`stavanaa
stna AnaMtkala sao
naarI%va ko p`tIk hOM. stna ko
raoga yaa Salyaik`yaa raogaI ko
mana maoM yah Baya ]%pnna krto
hOM ik SarIr ivakRt hao jaaegaa
tqaa naarI%va iCna jaaegaa. stna kI
AiQak<ar baImaairyaa^
p`aNaGaatk nahIM haotI hOM ikntu

5. Lru dSalj lkaf[;dh

6. Lru dSalj lkaf[;dh
 Lru dSalj efgykvksa esa lcls tknk ik;k tkus okyk
vkSj dSalj ls efgykvksa dh e`R;q dk eq[; dkj.k
gSA
 lu~ 2015 esa Hkkjr esa 1]55]863 Lru dSalj ds
u;s ekeys lkeus vk;s ftuesa ls 75]957 efgykvksa
dh e`R;q bl chekjh ls gwbZA
 Hkkjr es Lru dSalj ls ihfM+r nks efgykvksa esa
ls ,d dh ekSr gks jgh gSA
 bldk dkj.k bl jksx dk le; jgrs irk ugha yx ikuk
gSA
 LVst&1 Lru dk thou nj 96% gSA

7. [krjs ds dkj.k

8. [krjs ds dkj.k
 Lru dSalj dk ikfjokfjd bfrgklA
 Lru jksx dk futh bfrgklA
 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;qA
 ekgokjh dk tYnh vkjaHk gksukA¼10 o"kZ dh vk;q ls
iwoZ½
 nsj ls jtksfuo`fRr A¼55 o"kZ dh vk;q ds Ik’pkr~½
 nsj ls cPPkksa dk TkUe] dksbZ cPPkk u gksukA
 fcuk MkWDVj dh lykg ds xHkZfujks/kd xksfy;ksa dk
YkEcsa le; rd iz;ksxA
 viz;kIr LruikuA
 jtksuo``fRRk ds nkSjku gkjeksu mipkj dk gksukA
 eksVkikA

9. fpUg rFkk y{k.k
•

10. fpUg rFkk y{k.k
• Aakar tqaa samaanata: saamaanyat: ek
stna dUsaro sao baD,a haota hO ikMtu yah
AMtr saUjana yaa gazana ko karNa BaI hao
sakta hO.
• AakRit : stna kI AakRit ka inarIxaNa kroM
tqaa kao[- gazana, Asamatla xao~, iKMcaava
yaa gaDZaoM ka pta lagaae^.
• %vacaa: laala rMga yaa saUjana kOMsar ko
laisaka vaaihkaAaoM maoM phu^canao sao
kao sakta hO. baD,I baD,I r@t iSarae^ kOMsar
ko AiQak r@t p`vaah ka saUcak hao saktI
hOM. saUjana yaa gaDZo kOMsar ko karNa

11. • stnaag`a tqaa vaNa-yau@t xao~:
hala hI maoM inapla AMdr QaMsa jaae,
Gaava hao jaae, laala rMga Apnao Aap
kao[- d/va inaklao, caUcauk va vaNa-
yau@t xao~ laala haoM saUjana, $saI ko
samaana prtoM JaDM,o,, caUcauk va
vaNa- yau@t xao~ imaTnao sao lagao
tao Aagao prIxaNa AavaSyak hO.

12.  stna ka AMd$naI Baaga: stna
kOMsar A@sar ek stna maoM ekakI,
kzaor, dd- riht, Ainayaimat Aakar kI
gazana haotI hO AaOr ihlaanao pr ihlatI
nahIM hO.

13. svastna prIxaNa
pirBaaYaa

14. svastna prIxaNa
pirBaaYaa
svastna prIxaNa dRiYT evaM
spSa- sao stna ko prIxaNa kI
vah ivaiQa hO ijasao maihlaa hr
mahInao svayaM kr saktI hO.

15. svastna prIxaNa ka
mah%va

16. svastna prIxaNa ka
mah%va
• maihlaae^ ApnaI AmgauilayaaoM Wara
doKtI hOM ik ]nako stna yaa CatI maoM
kao[- gazana tao nahIM pOda hao ga[-
hOM. yah Paayaa gayaa hO ik
maihlaae^ Apnao stna maoM Aa rho
80% pirvat-na svayaM pta lagaa laotIO
hOM.
• hr maihlaa ko stna Alaga Alaga haoto
hOM laoikna maUla rcanaa samaana

17. svastna prIxaNa ko idSaa
inado-Sa:

18. svastna prIxaNa ko idSaa
inado-Sa:
• svastna prIxaNa krnao maoM inayaimat
rhoM. svastna prIxaNa hr maah krnaa
caaihe. [sao 20 vaYa- kI ]m`a maoM
p`arMBa krko rjaaoinavaRit ko baad BaI
krto rhnaa caaihe.
• hr maah maaisak Qama- samaaPt
haonao ko 2 yaa 3 idna baad svastna
prIxaNa kroM.
• yaid gaBa-vatI haonao yaa stnapana

19. CONTD-
 gaBa- inaraoQak gaaoilayaa^ lao
rhI maihlaaAaoM kao ]sa idna svastna
prIxaNa krnaa caaihe ijasa idna
gaaoilayaaoM ka nayaa pOkoT p`arMBa
krtI hOM.
 svastna prIxaNa ko ilae
Aaramadayak maud/a maoM rhoM tqaa
gama- jagah maoM prIxaNa kroM
[sasao stna irlaO@sa rhta hO AaOr stna

20. CONTD-

21. CONTD-
• baIca kI tIna A^gauilayaaoM ko ga_Idar
Baaga sao stna ka prIxaNa kroM. stna pr
ek jagah haqa rKkr isa@ko ko barabar
xao~ maoM GaumaaGaumaa kr phlao
hlka dbaava ifr AiQak dbaava ifr AaOr
AiQak dbaava Dalato hue prIxaNa kroM
ifr ibanaa haqa ]zae pasa ko xao~
maoM [sa p`kar pUro stna ka prIxaNa
kroM.

22. prIxaNa ko xao~
•

23. prIxaNa ko xao~
• baahrI Baaga kaMK sao psalaI tqaa
stna ko naIcao.
• stna
• AMd$naI Baaga inaPpla tqaa
eirAaolaa.

24. ivaiQayaa^

25. ivaiQayaa^
 }Qva- }pr sao naIcao ifr naIcao sao
}pr Aato hue.

26. hue stna ko baahrI Baaga sao
inapla tk.

27. hue stna ko baahrI Baaga sao
inapla tk.

28. ihssaaoM maoM baa^Tkr ek
ko baad ek ihssao ka prIxaNa

29. ihssaaoM maoM baa^Tkr ek
ko baad ek ihssao ka prIxaNa

30. carNa


31. carNa
p`qama carNa :
KD,o haokr
 dp-Na ko saamanao KD,o haokr stna maoM
oAakar maoM pirvat-na.
oAakRit yaa isqait maoM pirvat-na
ostna kI %vacaa maoM gaDZo yaa iKMcaava yaa (saMtro k

32. iWtIya carNa
 haqaaoM kao inatMba pr rKkr jaa
ifr haqaaoM kao kmar pr rKkr sa

33. tRtIya carNa
haqaaoM kao isar sao }pr lao jaae^
yaa isar ko pICo baa^Qao.
k`maSa: dae^ va baae^ GaUmakr
stna kao doKoM. ek stna
maoM dUsaro stna kI tulanaa maoM
kao[- pirvat-na tao nahIM hO.

34. catuqa- carNa
daonaaoM stnaaoM kao
baarI baarI sao
]MgailayaaoM sao
prIxaNa kroM.ga_Idar
Baaga sao prIxaNa kroM
na ik ]MgailayaaoM kI
naaok sao.

35. pMcama carNa
 stnaag`a ka prIxaNa BaI [saI samaya kroM phla
doKoM
ik kuC d/va tao nahIM inaklata ifr AMdr kI Aao
kroM.

36. CzvaaM carNa :
laoTkr
pUro stna tqaa kaMK ka baae^M haqa kI baIca
vaalaI tIna
]MgailayaaoM ko ga_odar Baaga sao pirxaNa
kroM.

37. nahato samaya
nahato samaya svastna prIxaNa krnaa AcCa hO @y
pirvat-na
saabauna evaM panaI haonao pr sarlata sao pta lag

38. t:j djsa

39. t:j djsa
 20 o"kZ dh vk;q ls gh izfrekg ekgokjh ds pkSFks&ik¡posa fnu Lo;a Lru
dk ifj{k.k djsa
 jtksfuo`fRr efgyk,a fdlh ,d fuf’pr rkjh[k dks izfrekg Lo;a Lru dk ifj{k.k
djsa
 20&39 o"kZ dh vk;q dh efgyk,a izR;sd rhu o"kZ esa MkWDVj }kjk Lru
ijh{k.k djk,a rFkk 40 o"kZ - ls vf/kd vk;q dh efgyk,a ;g ifj{k.k
izfro"kZ djk,aA
 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh efgyk,a izfro"kZ (Mammoraphy) Lru dk ,Dljs
djk;saA
 ;fn vkids Lru esa dksbZ vlkekU; ifjorZu gS rks ’kh?kz gh MkWDVj ls
lykg yssaA
 Tkc rd vkidk f’k’kq 2 lky dk ugha gks tkrk Lruiku djuk tkjh j[ksaA
 yEcsa le; rd xHkZfujks/kd xksfy;ksa dk lsou u djsaA
 ’kkjhfjd O;k;ke djsa ,oa ruko jfgr jgsaA
 jtksfuo`fRr ds nkSjku gkjeksu mipkj u djk;saA
 viuk lgh otu cuk;sa j[ksaA
 fdlh Hkh izdkj ds rEckdw mRikn dk lsou u djsaA

40. stna kOMsar ka inadana
tqaa ]pcaar:

41. stna kOMsar ka inadana
tqaa ]pcaar:
• jaa^caoM :
svastna prIxaNa
icaik%sakIya
prIxaNa
maOm
aaog`a
ama
baayaa
oPsaI

42. ]pcaar
•

43. ]pcaar
• Salya ik`yaa
• dvaaAaoM sao ]pcaar
• isaMka[-

44. ]psaMhar

45. ]psaMhar
• Lru tkx:drk viukdj Lru dSalj ls funku
ik;saA gj ekg gqN feuV LoLru ijh{k.k djus
ls vkidks vius Lru esa gksus okys ifjorZu
dk 'kh?kz irk py ldrk gSA LoLFk thou
'kSyh dk vFkZ gS fd vius thou esa
NksVs&NksV ifjorZu yk,a ftUgsa vki
gesa’kk viuk;s j[ksaA

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vaad

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