Dr. Noura El tahawy, Lecture 2/9/2012 for D1 Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia

1. Introduction of Anatomy
By
Dr, Noura El Tahawy
Associate professor of Anatomy
Batterjee Medical College

2. Anatomy
• Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)
• Disciplines of anatomy
– Macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
– Neuroanatomy
• Approach to study of gross anatomy
Upper extremity Back
Head and neck Thorax
Abdomen Pelvis and perineum
Lower extremity

3. Anatomical Position
• Body erect
• Head, eyes, toes directed forward
• Limbs at sides of body
• Palms directed forward

5. Anatomical Planes
• Median = vertical, front to back in midline
• Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular
to median
• Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor,
perpendicular to median, coronal
• Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median

7. Median plane
Of body
Sagittal plane
Of hand
Of foot

8. Transverse
plane Coronal
plane
Coronal plane

9. Terms of Directions
• Medial = closer to median plane
• Lateral = further from median plane
• Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
• Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
• Superior (cephalic) = towards head
• Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
• Superficial = towards surface of body
• Deep = towards center of body
• Proximal = nearer origin or attachment
• Distal = further from origin or attachment

10. Terms of Movements

13. Terms of movements
• Flexion • Opposition
• Extension • Elevation
• Abduction • Depression
• Adduction • Lateral bending
• Pronation • Rotation
• Supination • Inversion
• Circumduction • Eversion
• Protraction • Hyperextension
• Retraction

14. Skeleton
• Rigid support for body and its parts
• Components of skeleton:
– Bone
– Joints
– Structures associated with joints
– Cartilage

15. Skeleton
1- The Axial Skeleton
Bonyframework of the body
consisting of :
-Skull ( head )
-Vertebral column
-Ribs and Sternum
(ear ossicles and hyoid bone also)

16. Skeleton
2 - The Appendicular Skeleton
* Bones of the Upper Limb
shoulder girdles (clavicle and
scapula), and the upper limbs (
upper extremities)
*Bones of the Lower Limb
the pelvic girdles (coxal,
innominate or hip bone) and the
lower extremities.

17. Types of Bones
• Long bones
– Diaphysis = shaft
– Metaphysis = shaft adjacent to epiphysis
– Epiphysis = contain ossification center/s
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones

18. Types of Bones
• Long bone (Fig. A .humerus.
• E. Femur)
• Short bone: carpus and tarsus.
• Irregular bone: vertebrae, skull base,
and (Fig. B .calcaneum)
• Flat bone: Skull, sternum, scapula (Fig.
C. in the skull the two parietal bones
separated by the sagittal suture)
•Pneumatic bone: paranasal sinuses
• Sesamoid bone (Fig. D. patella)

19. Bone - Functions
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Calcium storage
• Housing blood-forming cells

20. Structure of adult long bone
• Articular cartilage
• Epiphyseal line
• Periosteal membrane
• Compact Bone
• Spongy Bone
• The shaft has a central
medullary cavity which
is filled with bone
marrow.
• Central canal
containing:
Nutrient vessels and
nerves

21. Blood Supply of long Bones
* Epiphysial
* Nutrient artery
Metaphysial arteries
* Periosteal
vessels

22. Bone Markings
• Lines, ridges, crests
• Rounded elevations
– Tuberosity, trochanter, tubercle
– Protuberance
– Malleolus
• Spines, processes
• Fossae, notches, grooves
• Foramina
• Canals
• Meatuses
• Heads and condyles
• Epicondyles

23. Greater tubercle
Spine of
scapula
Coracoid
process
Crest of
lesser tubercle
Spiral groove
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Medial epicondyle

24. MCQ
• 1. Regarding the long bone all are true except
one:
• A. It consists of diaphysis, epiphysis& metaphysis
• B. It is supplied by articular, nutrient, epiphyseal&
metaphyseal arteries
• C. The metaphysis is the area that is responsible for
bone growth in length
• D. It has a medullary cavity that contains osteoblasts

25. MCQ
• Regarding the shapes of bones all are
true except one:
• A. The short bone is formed of cancellous bone with a
covering thin compact bone
• B. An Example of short bones is the carpal bones at the
wrist
• C. The best example of flat bone is the base of the skull
• D. The flat bone is formed of two laminae of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in between

26. MCQ
Regarding the Skeleton are true except one:
• A. There are two main subdivisions: Axial&
appendicular skeletons
• B. The appendicular skeleton is formed of bones
of the limbs
• C. The axial skeleton is formed of skull only
• D. The axial skeleton is formed of skull, vertebral
column, sternum& ribs

27. The bones have the following functions
except one
a. Give the shape& framework of the body
b. Provide attachment to muscles
c. Secrete some hormones
d. Protect important vital structures

28. Cartilages

29. Cartilages
PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE
• Cartilage is a type of hard connective tissue.
It is tough and resilient, It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels
and lymphatics.
• It consists of cells termed chondrocytes (mature cartilage
cells) and Matrix of connective tissue rich of fibres.
• It resists compressive forces as well as long-term effects of
pressure and friction (therefore it covers articular surfaces).
• Cartilage has a high capacity of growth by multiplication of
the chondroblasts.

30. 1) Hyaline cartilage
Costal Cartilages Laryngeal cartilages

31. 2) White fibrocartilage:
• Intervertebral disc
• Symphysis pubis
• Articular discs

32. Example of
White fibro cartilage
* Intervertebral Disc

33. 3) Yellow elastic fibrocartilage:
Ear Pinna

34. • Regarding cartilage the following statements
are true except one:
• A. It is tough & resilient connective tissue that
contain chondrocytes
• B. It does not resist compressive forces
• C. It has a high capacity of growth& regeneration
• D. It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels &
lymphatics

35. • Regarding the cartilage types the following
statements are true except one:
• A. The hyaline cartilage is translucent, glossy&
cover the articular surfaces of bones
• B. The Intervertebral disc is a hyaline a type of
cartilage
• c. The ear pinna is yellow elastic fibrocartilage
that is rich in elastic fibers
• C. An example of white fibrocartilage is the
symphysis pubis

36. Thanks