11. VULVOVAGINITIS â PATHOGENESIS OF FETOMATERNAL EFFECTS
MEMBRANE INFLAMMATION PLACENTA FOETUS
INSUFFICIENCY
TISSUE INJURY Sepsis
Infection/anoxia
FD
HYPOXIA DESTABILIZATION ACTIVATION IUGR
OF LYSO MEM OF COX/IL-6/CYT IUD
RELEASE OF
AA - PGâ
ABNORMAL UTERINE ACTIVITY
â IAP CERVICAL CHANGES
MATERNAL
SEPTICAEMIA
PPROM PRETERM BIRTH
12. QUESTION 3
WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND
FOETOMATERNAL EFFECTS OF GENITAL
HERPES?
MODE OF DELIVERY?
13. GENITAL HERPES
⢠5% of high risk pregnancies (rising trend)
⢠Caused by HSV-1 & HSV-2 (â)
⢠M-B transmission in first trimester leads to:
â Congenital defects: Microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, micro-
ophthalmia, chorioretinitis
⢠M-B transmission in later weeks causes neonatal herpes
(SEM, CNS, disseminated herpes)
⢠80% HSV positive infants are born to asymptomatic mothers.
⢠In primary infection, IgM+ in 7-10 days, IgG low avidity+ in 4 weeks.
⢠Intrauterine foetal infection is high in the absence of IgG (Placental barrier)
⢠Ascending infection from the cervix is common.
⢠PPROM predisposes to IU spread.
14. GENITAL HERPES
Rx:
⢠Acyclovir 400mg TID x 7-10 days
⢠Valacyclovir 500mg BD x 7-10 days
⢠Famcyclovir 200mg BD x 7-10 days
Obstetric management: (1998 AICOG Guidelines)
⢠No lesion â No LSCS
⢠Primary herpes â LSCS, Recurrent â LSCS +/-
⢠Invasive intrapartum procedures (FBS, CTG) and
instrumental deliveries are avoided.
15. QUESTION 4
WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL FOR
ANTENATAL SURVEILLANCE IN CASES OF
PPROM?
22. In our caseâŚ..
⢠The patient was managed conservatively for 96 hours, after which
pregnancy had to be terminated due to:
â â leakage of liqour (AFI: 2)
â Severe variable decelerations on CTG (FD)
â E/O cord prolapse excluded
⢠LSCS done, alive and healthy female baby weighing 1.8kg delivered, thin
MSL, cord friable, placenta showing e/o large retroplacental clots &
calcifications.
⢠Baby admitted to NICU for neonatal care.
⢠Puerperum uneventful
⢠Healthy mother & baby discharged on Day 14.
23. TAKE HOME MESSAGES
⢠A vaginal examination is mandatory in all antenatal cases
⢠High vaginal swab & endocervical swab in early pregnancy helps to predict
complications
⢠Most patients remain asymptomatic but can spur surprises
⢠Check couples habits
â Smoking, zarda, pan
â Multiple partners
â Increased sexual activity
â In male: DM, UTI, Seminal infections
⢠Most infections are polymicrobial
⢠Prophylactic antibiotics â complications in HR patients.
24. INTRAPARTUM SCREENING PROGRAMME
CDC recommended strategies:
⢠Strategy 1: Vaginal + Rectal swab for all patients at 35-37 weeks.
⢠Strategy 2: Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis.
⢠Strategy 3: Combination of 1+2
⢠Strategy 4: Rapid bed side testing in labour
Dosage recommended:
⢠Metronidazole 2g q24h x 2 days
⢠Benzyl penicillin 3g stat followed by 1.5g q4h x 2days (or)
⢠Metronidazole 200-400mg + Clindamycin 900mg q8h x 2 days
Intrapartum prophylaxis is effective only if given 2 hours before delivery
25. VACCINES â A LONG TERM SOLUTION??
⢠Vaccination of all women of child bearing age
is recommended.
⢠But most pathological organisms have various
strains, hence, efficacy is not yet satisfactorily
established.
27. CASE 2
A 39 year old woman with 3 children came to the hospital with
excessive bleeding P/V following 2 months amenorrhea. She felt
âunmistakably pregnantâ.
H/O POP usage + (no slip)
Cycles irregular/scanty due to POP
UPT +
Moderately heavy bleeding for 7 days.
O/E:
GC stable. Afebrile. Tachycardia +
BP-110/80mmHg, All systems stable. Pallor+, No goitre.
P/A:
Soft, Tenderness + pelvic region. No guarding. No s/o peritonitis.
Ut NS Fx free Cx excitation âve, Bleeding PV +, no clots. Os admits tip.
28. Investigations:
Hb: 11g%, B+ve, RBS: 70mg%
CUE: few Pus cells, RBC +, UPT +
Serum hCG: 215 IU, After 48 hours, S.hCG: 45IU
TVS: Ut NS ET 7mm, Left adnexa showing thin
walled ovarian cyst + 2x2cm, âfree fluid POD
Culdocentesis: No blood, 1-2ml clear fluid +
29. QUESTION 1
WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSIS?
DEFINITIVE
DIFFERENTIAL
ENNUMERATE THE DDX IN THIS CASEâŚ
30. IN OUR CASE A DIAGNOSIS OF
MISCARRIAGE + BENIGN OVARIAN CYST
WAS MADEâŚ.
31. QUESTION 2
DOES AN ADNEXAL MASS (CYST)
ALWAYS IMPLY ECTOPIC?
INCIDENCE OF ADNEXAL CYST IN EP?
DEFINITIVE FEATURES OF ECTOPIC
GESTATION?
32. DEFINITIVE FEATURES OF ECTOPIC
UNRUPTURED RUPTURED
⢠UPT + (SUBMINIMAL TITRES) ⢠SHOCK +
⢠EMPTY UTERINE CAVITY ⢠PERITONITIS ++
⢠GESTATIONAL SAC + FOETAL
POLE IN ADNEXA
⢠CULDOCENTESIS â 10ML
UNCLOTTED BLOOD
In the absence of definitive features, the diagnosis of ectopic
pregnancy can be missed.
34. MISCARRIAGE - MANAGEMENT
⢠Medical management â Misoprostol
â 600-800ug in single/divided doses
⢠Check curettage
⢠Regular follow-up with S.hCG titres/UPT â in
48 hours
35. QUESTION 4
WHAT ARE THE PROGESTERONES USED
AND THEIR DOSAGES IN POP?
CAN THEY CAUSE
MISCARRIAGES/ECTOPIC? HOW?
FAILURE RATE?
36. PROGESTERONES IN POP
⢠Norethindrone: 0.35mg
Cerazette (desogestrel
⢠Norgestrel: 0.075mg 75ug) can cause abrupt
follicular development in
certain cycles (97-99%
⢠Levonorgestrel: 0.03mg inhibition)
⢠Desogestrel: 0.075mg (75ug)
Progesterones alter tubal motility, make the endometrium hostile to
nidation, alter cervical mucous.
Failure rate: 0.5 to 1%
37. QUESTION 5
WHAT IS YOUR FURTHER
CONTRACEPTIVE ADVICE TO THIS
COUPLE OF 40-45 YEAR AGE GROUP?
39. TAKE HOME MESSAGES
⢠Contraception is no guarantee against pregnancy.
⢠Every adnexal cyst in EP does not imply an ectopic. Benign ovarian cysts
like simple follicular cyst/CL cyst should be kept in mind.
⢠By TVS â incidence of ovarian cyst in EP: 30%
⢠In unruptured ectopic a definitive Dx can be made only in 30% of cases.
⢠S.hCG levels â by 2/3 every 48 hours for 5 weeks on till 8 weeks normally.
⢠At 5 weeks, hCG level is 1000-1500 mIU.
⢠TVS scan is superior to TAS for early Dx of pregnancy site & viability.
⢠By TVS at 5 weeks, GS (>20mm) +; FP+, YS+, hCG level 1000mIU.
⢠By TAS GS is seen when hCG level is 6000 mIU.
⢠Progesterone assays are helpful in predicting miscarriage
â > 60 nmol: Healthy pregnancy, < 20 nmol: miscarriage.
41. RECENT TERMINOLOGIES
The term ABORTION is OUTDATED.
1. Pregnancy of uncertain viability:
â At 6 weeks: only a regular IU sac. FP+, no cardiac
activity.
â Nil/â bleeding PV
â UPT strongly Positive
â Rescan in 8-10 days
â Common in cases of endocrinopathies
42. RECENT TERMINOLOGIES
2. Pregnancy of uncertain location:
â UPT +
â No adnexal mass
â No IU sac/ FP â
â Rescan in 2 weeks/repeat S.hCG titers
3. Pregnancy failure:
â Recent terminology for abortion
â Falling hCG & progesterone levels
â âBlightedâ / Missed gestation
44. ABNORMAL UTERINE CONTRACTION
PATTERNS
MINOR DEFECTS
Causes:
⢠Skewed contraction ⢠CPD
⢠Hypotonus
⢠In. UA
⢠PROM
⢠Polyam
⢠Paired contraction
Minor defects
per se do not cause
foetal compromise.
Can lead to major
⢠Polysystole defects.
45. ABNORMAL UTERINE CONTRACTION
PATTERNS
MAJOR DEFECTS
⢠Hypertonus
Caused by:
CPD/POP/Abruptio/
âuterotonics
⢠Tachysystole
Lead to:
⢠Foetal compromise
⢠Risk of uterine rupture
⢠Uterine tetany
47. ACUTE ABDOMEN IN PREGNANCY
Causes related to pregnancy:
⢠Early pregnancy complications â ectopic/miscarriage
⢠Abruptio placenta
⢠Uterine fibroids (red degeneration, infection, torsion)
⢠Chorioamnionitis
⢠Uterine rupture
⢠Severe pre-ecclampsia + HELLP (epigastric pain)
⢠Severe uterine torsion
â Normal rotation by 30-40% to right occurs in 80% cases.
â If > 90% rotation: Severe torsion
⢠Ovarian tumours (cysts)
48. ACUTE ABDOMEN IN PREGNANCY
Causes unrelated to pregnancy:
⢠Acute appendicitis
⢠UTI + pyelonephritis
⢠Urolithiasis
⢠Cholelithiasis
⢠APD + peptic ulceration
⢠Intestinal obstruction & Crohnâs disease
⢠Acute pancreatitis
⢠Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
⢠Rare blood dyscrasias (sickle crisis, blast crisis)
⢠Peritonitis due to intra-abdominal hemorrhage