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Gambling use disorder process addictions
1. Leigh Falls Holman, Ph.D., LPC-S, RPTS, NCC, CSC
President-Elect, International Association of Addiction
and Offender Counselors (IAAOC)
2. “To play games of chance for money or other
rewards” (Cambridge International Dictionary,
1996).
“Any activity that has an uncertain outcome and
involves risking something of value with the hope
of increasing one’s wealth, status, or security”
(Chamberlain, 2004, p. 129).
3. “Maladaptive form of gambling behavior associated with impaired
functioning, reduced quality of life, and high rates of bankruptcy and
divorce” (Grant & Odlaug, 2014).
“Gambling behavior that causes disruptions in any major area of a
persons life” (National Council on Problem Gambling, 2000).
The compulsion of gambling increasingly takes over an individual’s
resources (time, money, energy etc.) and intrapsychic life (thoughts &
dreams).
4. Symptoms of Behavior Alcohol & Other
Drugs
Compulsive
Gambling
Cravings Yes Yes
Denial of problem’s severity or existence Yes Yes
Disruption of families Yes Yes
Effects on specific neurotransmitters Yes Unknown
High relapse rate Yes Yes
Loss of control Yes Yes
Lying to support use/activity Yes Yes
Preoccupation with use/activity Yes Yes
Progressive disorder Yes Yes
Tolerance developed Yes Yes
Used as a means of escaping problems Yes Yes
Withdrawal symptoms common Yes Yes
5. Choice:
◦ How easily it can be used with a client
◦ The type of info the assessment provides
◦ Appropriateness for use with a client
WASTE-Time Quick Screen:
◦ Paper and pencil or verbal
◦ Can be used in a general counseling setting if a client
endorses behaviors consistent with problem gambling.
6. Withdrawal
◦ “What happens to you when you are unable to engage in _______?”
Adverse Consequences
◦ “What negative consequences resulted from _______?”
Inability to Stop
◦ “Have you attempted to cut back or stop ______ without success?”
Tolerance
◦ “Have you found it necessary to increase the amount or intensity of ______ to
achieve the same effect?”
Escape
◦ “Do you _____ to escape from negative moods?”
Time Spent
◦ “Do you find yourself spending a lot of time preparing, engaging, and recovering
from ______?”
Time Wasted
◦ “Have you spent more time and/or resources on _____ than you intended?”
7. Screening instrument
20 item
Self-report
Lifetime gambling activity or Last 3 months
Score ≥ 5 indicates possible problem & need for further
assessment
http://www.addictionrecov.org/southoak.aspx
SOGS-R for Adolescents:
http://www.southwestern.org/rc/wp-content/uploads/South-
Oaks-Gambling-Screen-and-Score-Sheet-Adolescent.pdf
Spanish Version
http://www.ipgap.indiana.edu/images/documents/SOGS_span
ishversion.pdf
8. Brief clinical screening instrument
5-10 minute survey or interview – self-report
14 items (only 7 scored & weighted score)
Classifies Adults & Adolescents into 3 categories:
◦ Non-problem
◦ In Transition
◦ Pathological Gamblers
MAGS (published by Springer)
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02104901#page-2
MAGS copy:
http://www.ncrg.org/sites/default/files/uploads/docs/monographs/mags.p
df
Pathological gambling among adolescents: MAGS (n = 856 suburban
Boston HS students) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24234969
Correctly classified 96% of adolescent problem gamblers
9. Can be accessed online:
http://www.gamblersanonymous.org/ga/content/20
-questions
Score of ≥ 7 indicates problem gambling behavior
Don’t know specificity or sensitivity
11. Screening instrument designed for use by general
practitioner setting
Score ≥ 4 indicates possible problem gambling
NIH article:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC307
6109/
PDF version of instrument:
http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2010/June/docs/addic
tion_eight_gambling_screen.pdf
12. Change diagnostic category from Substance-
Related Disorders to Substance Use and
Addictive Disorders
The addition of Addictive Disorders indicate
acceptance of process or behavioral
addictions as a concept by the APA
workgroup that worked on this category.
13. Acknowledges behavioral processes can activate the
reward system and produce behavioral symptoms
similar to SUDS.
Includes Gambling Use Disorder as a diagnosis in
Section II under the Substance-Related and Addictive
Disorders category.
Includes Internet Gaming Disorder (p. 795) in Section
III.
Other process addictions must be categorized under
other diagnostic categories such as Feeding and Eating
Disorders, Impulse Control Disorders, Obsessive
Compulsive Disorders, and Sexual Disorders or
Paraphilias.
15. ◦ Clinically significant impairment or distress
◦ 4 or more criteria in 12 month period
More money to achieve desired excitement (tolerance)
Restless or irritable when tries to cut down/stop (withdrawal)
Can’t control behavior (compulsion)
Preoccupied with gambling (obsession)
Gambles when feeling distressed (emotion regulation)
Lies to conceal extent of gambling
Impaired functioning
Relies on others to provide money to continue gambling
◦ Not better explained by a manic episode
17. Distorted Thinking:
◦ Denial
◦ Superstitions
◦ Sense of power & control over the outcome of chance
events
◦ Overconfidence
“Some are impulsive, competitive, energetic,
restless, and easily bored” (p. 587).
18. “May be overly concerned with the approval of
others and may be generous to the point of
extravagance when winning.”
“Others may be depressed and lonely, and they
gamble when feeling helpless, guilty, or
depressed.”
About 50% in treatment have suicidal
ideation & about 17% have attempted
suicide.
19. Prevalence
◦ Last 12 months .2%-.3% of the general population
◦ Lifetime prevalence rate gender & ethnicity
Males: .6%
Females: .2%
African Am .9%
Whites .4%
Hispanics .3%
◦ More common among young & mid-life
◦ Risk & Prognostic Factors:
Temperament
Genetic
Course Modifiers
20. Earlier onset:
More common with males
Often begin with family & friends
Associated with impulsivity & substance abuse
HS & college students who have the disorder may grow out of it
Younger prefer sports betting
Older: Machine/bingo gambling more likely
Females: mid-late adult onset is typical
more rapid development in females
more likely than males to have depression, bipolar, &
anxiety
Low rate of treatment seeking in general <10%, but more older onset females
present for treatment than other populations
Frequency gambling can be more associated with the type of gambling than
the severity of gambling. (scratch ticket vs. casino)
Amount of money isn’t necessarily an indicator of a gambling problem.
21. Poor general health & utilize medical services at a high rates
◦ Tachycardia & angina more common in GD population even when other
substance use disorders are controlled for.
Jeopardize or loss of important relationships
Repeated lying to cover up the extent of gambling
May request money used for gambling or to pay off gambling
debts
Employment/educational activities may be adversely impacted
◦ Absenteeism
◦ Poor work/school performance
23. Genetics: research “suggests that the possession of the
dopamine D2A1 allele receptor gene may result in
deficits in the dopamine reward pathways” (Ashley &
Boehlke, p. 56).
Trauma History: Kausch et al. found 64.4%
Cognitive Distortions (next slide)
Accessibility: Gerstein et al. double risk if within 50 miles
of a casino - controversial
Co-morbid SUDs, mood, ADHD
Criminal behavior, Bankruptcy
Suicidal Thinking
24. Cogitive Distortion Example
Gambler’s Fallacy Belief that completely random events (coin toss) are
influenced by recent events
Illusions of Control Superstitious behaviors where gamble believes s/he
has a reliable means of manipulating the event
outcome in his/her favor
Magnification of
Gambling Skills
Exaggerated self-confidence
Recall Bias Tendency to remember and overestimate wins while
forgetting about, underestimating, or rationalizing
losses.
25. Level Refers to:
0 Never gambled
1 “Social” or “Recreational” gambling
Gambling does not result in significant problems
2 Wagering resulting in some gambling-related problems
At-Risk Gambling
In-Transition Gambling
Problem Gambling
3 Gambling associated with significant problems
Meet diagnostic criteria for Gambling Use Disorder
26. Phase Description
Winning •Betting is fun, exciting, social, and a way to escape
•Occasionally win large sums generally leading to betting larger
amounts and spending more time gambling.
Losing •Preoccupied with gambling
•Needs to place larger bets more frequently
•Losses increase but rationalized as a “loosing streak”
•Begin to “chase” losses, lie about extent, and experience gambling-related
difficulties.
•Begin to make and break promises to self and others to quit gambling.
Desperation •May experience health problems & relationships may deteriorate
•Feelings of desperation & hopelessness ensue
•Losses continue to mount
•Fantasizes about winning
•May steal, write bad checks, or commit other crimes to finance
gambling
Hopeless •No longer believes there is hope or help
•Gives up
•Suicidal ideation or attempts
•Jail or prison becomes a possibility
27. Gamblers seek different emotional
experiences through their gambling
activity:
◦ Escape Gamblers: Gambling
becomes a trance-like escape
◦ Action Gamblers: Gambling becomes
a powerful stimulant
28. Predisposing Factors:
Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse
Poor relationships
Losses
Values:
Denial of gambling as a problem
Maintain family trust is important
Gambling Habits:
Onset later in life
Faster progression of compulsive behavior
Seeking to escape from loneliness or boredom
Begins as a social activity and entertainment
Participates mainly in games of chance
Fewer big-win experiences
29. Emotional Consequences:
Becomes emotionally dependent on gambling
Preoccupied with gambling
Depression
Secretive about excess gambling
Guilt about both financial losses and failure to meet standards of behavior
Guild over lost time with family
Shame related to dishonesty
Fears of being revealed and disgraced
Financial Consequences:
Loss of household money
Credit card problems
Use of money from family savings or accounts
Sale of valued family possessions
Recovery Issues:
Denial that gambling is a problem
Frequently doesn’t want to stop gambling
Partner may not intervene
Family less supportive in getting help
Child care
Male dominated treatment and recovery services
30. Predisposing factors:
Family of origin
Personality characteristics
Introduction to Gambling:
Introduced by friends or family
Begins betting at an early age
Occasional gambling
Experimenting with new types of gambling
Developing a relationship with gambling
Deviant behavior
Precipitating or traumatic event
Experiences a big win
31. Winning Phase:
◦ Frequent winning
◦ Fantasizing about winning
◦ Increases amount of money bet & time spent
gambling
◦ Lies about gambling
◦ Brags about winning
32. Losing Phase:
Chases losses
Loses time from work or school
Cannot stop gambling
Begins to accumulate debts
Relationship with family & friends impacted
Frequently borrows money
Drops non-gambling activities
Becomes irritable, restless, depressed
33. Desperation Phase:
Unable to pay debts
Sells possessions or family valuables
Increases drug/alcohol use
Thoughts of committing crimes to finance gambling
Loss of job or drops out of school
Withdraws from family & friends
Blames others
Shame, guilt, despair
Thoughts of or attempts at suicide
Emotional, physical, financial breakdown.
34. Often begins when a recreational gambler wins big.
Predominantly male, view gambling as a skill to be learned
& as a desirable way to make a living without the drudgery
of employment
Experience an unequaled rush of sensation; feel powerful
& special, adrenaline rush; enjoy recognition & status
Tend to play games requiring skill like black jack, craps, or
poker; or a handicapping sporting event (like racing).
35. Often describe a system they have
Generally much more competitive personalities
Like to be perceived as a high-roller, respected &
admired, viewed as talented and skilled
Stimulated by overcoming the odds – even purposely
take irrational risks to provide more stimulation that
comes from digging out of a hole
36. Compulsive Activity
Loss of Control
Continued Use Despite Adverse Consequences
37. Stein, Hollander, & Liebowitz (1993) define compulsive
gambling as “a conflict between a gambler’s stated
intention, such as to not gamble, or to not gamble more
than X amount, and the actual behavior, which violates
the intention.”
May experience ‘fugue-like’ states where they “find
themselves engaging in unplanned, spontaneous
gambling activity” (Chamberlain, 2004, p. 135).
Triggers: internal & external
38. The Chase (1984) – the more they lose the more they gamble –
chasing losses
Double Down: double each bet they make following a loss with the
intention of winning the bet that will eliminate the loss.
Downward spiral of loss of more than intended and continuing to
gamble to try to win back the losses.
Gambling binges frequently end in exhaustion, disoriented, & an
overwhelming sense of despair and depression that is
unavoidable.
Reports of being overpowered by the impulse to gamble
Increasing pervasiveness of gambling in a person’s life to the point
that all activities center around gambling.
39. Mental health consequences include anxiety,
depression, substance abuse, loss of a sense of self,
loss of hope, feelings of shame & embarrassment, fear
of consequences, suicidal ideation & attempts.
Financial consequences, job loss
Relationship issues: abandonment of family members;
wives of compulsive gamblers are 4 times more likely to
commit suicide than the general population (Lesieur,
1993); miss family commitments; irritability,
defensiveness, verbal and physical violence.
40. “The risk for self-destructive behavior is higher [in
gambling] than with any other addiction”
(Chamberlain, 2004).
The longer they are able to hide the gambling, the
more problematic it becomes. There are no obvious
signs of intoxication, like substance dependence.
Gambling is non-linear in it’s consequences (may
have a win as they are going through a downward
spiral, where substance addiction consequences
generally progressively get worse.)
41. CBT
◦ Abstinence or
◦ Harm reduction
MI
12 Step
42. 4 Strategies:
◦ Cognitive Restructuring
◦ Developing Problem-Solving Skills (alternative responses to stress)
◦ Social Skills Training
◦ Relapse Prevention (identify, avoid, and/or cope with High Risk
Factors (HRFs)
CBT Research Studies:
◦ * Many studies compare CBT intervention with wait list or Gamblers
Anonymous, which are both non-treatment. So it’s difficult to discern
whether these studies are only indicating that treatment is better than
no treatment.
◦ Tend to be short-term follow up
◦ Placebo effect is high
43. Approach:
◦ Both directive & client-centered styles used
◦ Designed to enhance client’s motivation to initiate process of change
◦ Identify and mobilize the client’s intrinsic values and goals to stimulate
behavioral change
MI Research:
◦ MI was developed out of research on what worked for SUDs clients
◦ Raylu & Casey (2010) n=102 randomized
CBT workbook plus MI better outcomes 6 months than CBT alone or
waitlist
◦ Hodgins et al. (2001) n= 102 compared CBT workbook and workbook
plus MI and wait list
6 month follow up: frequency and amount lost were lower in MI group
2 year follow-up: 77% MI group improved
44. Self-exclusion:
Some casinos offer a program that allows
gamblers to ban themselves from the
establishment, thereby limiting HRFs
Funds-Management
Limit access to funds. Canceling CCs, removing
ATM cards and/or credit cards from wallets, direct
deposit paychecks
45. GAM-ANON – established as a program for the
families and friends of problem gamblers
Community Reinforcement and Family Therapy
(CRAFT) model adapted for gambling
◦ Use behavioral principles to reinforce non-gambling
behaviors (negative reinforcement)
46. Opiod Antagonist
◦ Most studied and efficacious class of meds for this
population
◦ Naltrexone – block mu opiod receptors and modulate
dopaminergic transmission in mesocorticolimbic pathway
Glutamatergic Agents
◦ N-acetylcystein (NAC), a glutamate-modulating agent
demonstrates potential as an intervention
Lithium and Anti-epileptics: no significant
differences
Atypical Antipsychotics: negative outcomes
Antidepressants : Mixed results
47. Journal of Addiction and Offender Counseling
Journal of Gambling Studies (Springer publishes)
Gamblers Anonymous
http://www.gamblersanonymous.org/ga/
24 hour confidential National Gambling Helpline:
1-800-522-4700
48. American Psychiatric Association . (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Washington, D.C.: APA.
Grant, J. E., & Odlaug, B. L. (2014). Diagnosis and treatment of gambling disorder. In Behavioral addictions:
Criteria, Evidence, and Treatment. K. P. Rosenberg & L. C. Feder (Eds.). Boston, MA: Elesvier.
Hinweis der Redaktion
Regina
Leigh
Leigh
Gambling Disorder:
Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four (or more) of the following in a 12-month period:
Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement. (tolerance)
Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling. (withdrawal)
Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling. (Loss of control/compulsion)
Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., having persistent thoughts of relieving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble). (obsession)
Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed). (emotion regulation)
Impaired Functioning
6. After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (“chasing” one’s losses).
7. Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling.
(Criteria 8 and 9 are least endorsed – usually most severe cases)
8. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling.
9. Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling.
B. The Gambling Behavior is not better explained by a manic episode.
Episodic:
Meets Diagnostic Criteria at more than one time point
Symptoms subsiding between episodes for several months
Or Persistent:
Continuous symptoms for multiple years
In Early Remission
After diagnosis, none of the criteria have been met between 3 and 12 months
or In Sustained Remission
After diagnosis, none of the criteria met 1 year or longer
Severity Level
Mild: 4-5 criteria met
Moderate:6/7 criteria met
Severe:8/9 criteria met
“Those presenting for treatment most often are at the moderate to severe level of severity” (p. 586).
Prevalence –
Last 12 months .2%-.3% in general population.
Lifetime prevalence rate
Males: .6%
Females: .2%
African Am.9%
Whites.4%
Hispanics.3%
More common among young & mid-life
Risk & Prognostic Factors
Temperamental:
Gambling beginning in childhood or early adolescence is associated with increased rates of gambling disorder.
GD appears to aggregate with antisocial PD, depressive & bipolar disorders, and other substance use disorders (particularly alcohol)
Genetic
Can aggregate in families related to both genetic & environmental factors
More frequent in monozygotic than dizygotic twins
More frequent among first degree relatives of individuals with moderate-severe alcohol use disorder
Development
Earlier onset:
more common with males
Youth – often begin with family & friends
associated with impulsivity & substance abuse
HS & college students who have the disorder may grow out of it
Younger prefer sports betting
OlderMachine/bingo gambling more likely
Females:mid-late adult onset is typical
more rapid development in females
more likely than males to have depression, bipolar, and anxiety
Low rate of treatment seeking in general &lt;10%, but more older onset females present for treatment than other populations
Course Modifiers
Many individuals are likely to resolve gambling disorder problems over time
Strong predictor of future gambling problems is prior gambling problems
Frequency gambling can be more associated with the type of gambling than the severity of gambling. (scratch ticket vs. casino)
Amount of money isn’t necessarily an indicator of a gambling problem.
Differential Diagnosis:
Non-disordered Gambling:
Professional gambling – risks are limited & discipline is central
Social gambling typically occurs with friends or colleagues & lasts for a limited period of time, with acceptable losses.
Manic Episode:
Loss of judgment associated with excessive gambling may occur during a manic episode.
Only give GD if the behavior isn’t better explained by mania.
Similarly, a person with GD may exhibit behavior consistent with mania when gambling but does not exhibit this behavior away from gambling.
Personality Disorders:
Antisocial PD & some other personality disorders may be more prone to GD.
Full criteria for both disorders must be met in order to diagnose both.
Other Medical Conditions:
Determine if dopaminergic medications (i.e. for Parkinson’s disease) are resulting in experiencing urges to gamble. – don’t give GD if so
Comorbidity:
Poor general health
Tachycardia & angina more common in GD population even when other substance use disorders are controlled for.
Substance us disorders
Depressive disorders
Anxiety disorders
Personality disorders