2. INTRODUCTION…
• Investigation are useful to detect alteration
in biologic function & to screen for medical
disorders causing psychiatric symptoms.
• Classification of investigation:
I. Routine Investigation
II. Electrophysiological Tests
III. Brain Imaging Tests
IV. Neuro-endocrine Tests
V. Genetic Tests
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3. I. Routine Investigation:
• A complete hemogram (total & differential blood
count, hemoglobin, ESR) & urine analysis are basic
routine tests. Leucopenia & agranulocytosis are
associated with certain medications (clozapine).
Treatment with lithium & neuroleptic malignant
syndrome are often associated with leucocytosis.
• Renal function tests: Treatment with lithium.
• Liver function tests: For all alcoholic patients
treatment with carbamazepine, valproate &
benzodiazepines.
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4. Count…
• Serum electrolytes: Dehydration, treatment with
carbamazepine, antipsychotics, lithium
• Blood glucose: Routine screen above 35 years age
• Thyroid function test: Depression, treatment with
lithium & carbamazepine.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Above 35 years of
age, treatment with
lithium, antidepressants, ECT, antipsychotics.
• HIV testing: IV drug users, suggestive sexual
history, AIDS, dementia.
• VDRL: Suggestive sexual history
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5. Count…
• Serum CPK: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
(markedly increased levels)
• Chest X-ray: Before treatment with ECT
• Drug level estimation: Drug levels are indicated to
test for therapeutic blood levels, for toxic blood
levels & for testing drug compliance. Examples
are lithium (0.6-1.6 mEq/L), carbamazepine (6-12
mg/ml, valproate (50-100 mg/ml), haloperidol (8-
18 mg/ml), imipramine (200-250mg/ml), etc)
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6. II. Electrophysiological Tests:
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures
brain electrical activity, identifies
dysrhythmias & asymmetric, used in the
diagnosis of
seizures, dementia, neoplasm, stroke, m
etabolic or degenerative disease.
• Polysomnography/sleep studies: Used in
the diagnosis of sleep disorders &
seizures.
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7. III. Brain Imaging Tests:
Computed Tomography (CT) scan: Measures accuracy of
brain structure to detect possible lesions, abscesses, areas
of infarction or aneurysm. CT scan also identifies various
anatomic differences in patients with
schizophrenia, organic mental disorder & bipolar disorder.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan: Measures the
anatomic & biochemical status of various segments of the
brain; detects brain
edema, ischemia, infection, neoplasm, trauma & other
changes such as demyelination used in the diagnosis of
dementia, to detect morphological changes in
schizophrenia patients.
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8. IV. Neuro-endocrine Tests:
• Commonly used neuro-endocrine tests are
dexamethasone suppression test, TRH
stimulation test, serum prolactin levels
serum 17-hydroxycorticosteroid, serum
melatonin levels.
V. Genetic Tests:
• Cytogenetic work-up is advised in some
cases of mental retardation.
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9. PSYCHOLOGICAL
TESTS
• Psychological testing of patients is
identify conducted by a clinical
psychologist who has been trained in
the administration, scoring &
interpretation of these procedures.
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10. Instruments for Assessment of
Symptoms…
• Brief psychiatric rating scale
• Psychiatric symptoms check list
• Clinical global impression
• Anxiety self-rating scale
• Hamilton anxiety scale
• Beck’s anxiety scale
• Beck’s depression scale
• Hamilton depression scale
• Manic state rating scale
• Yale brown obsessive compulsive scale
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11. Count…
• Suicide intent scale
• Nurses observation scale for inpatient evaluation
(NOSIE)
• Positive & negative symptoms scale (PANSS) for
schizophrenia
• Extrapyramidal symptoms rating scale
• Global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale
• Insight & treatment attitude questionnaire (ITAQ)
• The CAGE questionnaire
• Mini mental status examination (MMSE)
• Child behavior check list (CBCL)
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12. Instruments for Assessment of
Personality Traits and Disorders…
• Minnesota multiple personality
inventory
• Cattel’s 16 factors personality inventory
• Eysenck personality inventory
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13. Instruments for Assessment of
Cognitive Functioning…
• Wechsler adult intelligence scale
(WAIS)
• Sechsler intelligence scale for children
• Binet kamath test of intelligence
• Bhatia battery test for intelligence
• NIMHANS neuropsychological battery
of lobe dysfunction
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14. Instruments for Assessment of
Environmental Stressors:
• Social adjustment scale
• Marital satisfaction inventory
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15. Instruments for Assessment of
Psychodynamics:
• Rorschach inkblot test
• Thematic apperception test
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16. Role of a Nurse in Psychological
Assessment…
Psychological tests have been designed to help
clinicians. They help in:
• Measuring the extent of the patient’s problems
• Making an accurate diagnosis
• Tracking patient progress over time
• Documenting the efficacy of treatment
Nurses should become familiar with the many
standardized psychological tests that are
available to enhance each stage of the nursing
process.
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17. Count…
These tests help in providing care & measurable
indicators for treatment outcome.
For example, if the nurse is caring for a patient
with depression, it would be helpful to use one of
the depression rating scales with the patient at
the beginning of care/treatment to establish a
baseline profile of the patient’s symptoms & help
confirm the diagnosis. The nurse might then
administer the same scale at various times
during the course of treatment to measure the
patient’s progress.
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18. Count…
• A nurse should have knowledge about all the
psychological tests, which will enable her to
clarify the patient’s & relative’s doubts
regarding the psychological tests have to
undergo.
• The nurse should reassure the patient about
the safety of the tests & confidentiality of the
observations of the psychologist.
• Psychological tests are another source of data
for the nurse to use in planning care for the
patient.
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