4. Physiology of Micturition
• LUT innervation:
Somatic, parasympathetic (PNS) &
sympathetic (SNS)
• As urine fills the bladder, detrusor stretches
and allows bladder to expand.
• ~300 ml in bladder before the brain
recognizes bladder fullness.
10. • Dynamic study of transport, storage &
evacuation of urine.
• Main goal of UDS: to reproduce pt.'s
symptoms and determine their cause by
various tests.
12. INDICATIONS
• Incontinence:
-recurrent incontinence in whom surgery is
planned.
-mixed urge & stress symptoms.
-associated voiding problems.
-pts. with neurologic disorders.
-pts. with mismatch between signs and
symptoms.
13. INDICATIONS (contd..)
• Outflow Obstruction:
-pt with LUTS, at least uroflow study.
• Neurogenic bladder:
-all neurologically impaired patients with
neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
• Children with voiding dysfunction:
-kids with daytime urgency and urge incontinence,
recurrent infection, reflux, or upper tract changes.
14. Clinical role
• Characterization of detrusor function.
• Evaluation of bladder outlet.
• Evaluation of voiding function.
• Diagnosis and characterization of
neuropathy.
15. Three important rules before starting
UDS evaluation:
• 1. Decide on questions to be answered before
starting a study.
• 2. Design the study to answer these
questions.
• 3. Customize the study as necessary.
16. CYSTOMETRY
• Measurement of intravesical bladder pressure
during bladder filling(measures volume-pressure
relationships).
• Used to assess bladder sensation, capacity,
compliance, detrusor activity.
• Bladder access by transurethral catheter, or rarely
by percutaneous suprapubic tube.
• Filling medium either gas (CO2) or liquid (water,
saline, or contrast material at body temp).
• Liquid cystometry is more physiologic.
• Ideally, filling should be performed in standing
position.
17. CYSTOMETRY(contd...)
• Bladder filling either by diuresis or filling through a
catheter.
• Filling
– slow (up to 10 ml/min), physiologic
– medium (10 to 100 ml/min)
– fast (> 100 ml/min)
• Children and pts with known bladder hyperactivity require
slow fill rates.
• Reference point:- superior edge of symphysis pubis.
• All systems should be zeroed to atmospheric pressure.
• No air bubbles.
19. • Normal CMG:
- Capacity 350-600ml
- First desire to void
between 150- 200 ml.
- Constant low pressure that
does not reach more than
6-10 cm H2O above
baseline at the end of
filling.
- Provocative
maneuvers(cough, fast fill
etc.) should not provoke a
bladder contraction
normally.
- Absence of systolic
detrusor contractions.
- No leakage on coughing .
- A voiding detrusor
pressure rise of < 70 cm
H2O with a peak flow rate
of > 15 ml / s for a volume
> 150 ml.
- Residual urine of < 50 ml.
21. CMG PARAMETERS
• Intravesical pressure(Pves): Total Pressure within
the bladder.
• Abdominal pressure(Pabd): Pressure surrounding the
bladder; currently estimated from rectal, vaginal, or
extraperitoneal pressure or a bowel stoma.
• Detrusor pressure(Pdet): Component of intravesical
pressure created by forces on the bladder wall, both
passive and active.
• True detrusor pressure = Intravesical pressure -
Intraabdominal pressure.(Pdet = Pves-Pabd)
22. • Physiologic filling rate: A filling rate < predicted
maximum. Predicted maximum = body weight in kg divided
by 4 and expressed as ml/min.
• Nonphysiologic filling rate: A filling rate > predicted
maximum.
• First sensation of bladder filling: Volume at which patient
first becomes aware of bladder filling.
• First desire to void: Feeling during filling cystometry that
would lead the patient to pass urine at the next convenient
moment.
• Strong desire to void: Persistent desire to void without fear
of leakage.
23. • Compliance:
- Relationship between change in bladder volume
and change in Pdet (Δvolume/Δpressure); measured
in ml/cm H2O.
- Normal bladder is highly compliant, and can hold
large volumes at low pressure.
- Normal pressure rise during the course of CMG in
normal bladder will be only 6-10 cm H2O.
- Decrease compliance < 20 ml/cm H2O, poorly
distensible bladder.
24. Impaired compliance is seen in:
• neurologic conditions: spinal cord injury/lesion,
spina bifida, usually results from increased outlet
resistance (e.g., detrusor external sphincter
dyssynergia [DESD]) or decentralization in the
case of lower motor neuron lesions,
• Long-term BOO (e.g., from benign prostatic
obstruction),
• Structural changes- radiation cystitis or
tuberculosis.
• Impaired compliance with prolonged elevated
storage pressures is a urodynamic risk factor and
needs treatment to prevent renal damage.
25. • Urgency: A sudden compelling desire to void.
• Normal detrusor function: Allows bladder filling
with little or no change in pressure, no involuntary
contractions.
• Detrusor overactivity: Involuntary detrusor
contractions during the filling phase, spontaneous
or provoked.
• Storage greater than 40 cm H2O is associated
with harmful effects on the upper tract.
• Overactive bladder: storage symptoms of urgency
with or without urgency incontinence, usually with
frequency and nocturia.
26.
27. • Neurogenic detrusor overactivity: Overactivity
accompanied by a neurologic condition; also k/a
detrusor hyperreflexia.
• Idiopathic detrusor overactivity: Detrusor
overactivity without concurrent neurologic cause; also
k/a detrusor instability.
28. • Abdominal leak point pressure(ALPP):
Intravesical pressure at which urine leakage occurs
because of increased abdominal pressure in the
absence of a detrusor contraction.
• ALPP is a measure of sphincteric strength or
ability of the sphincter to resist changes in Pabd
• Applicable to stress incontinence; ALPP can be
demonstrated only in a patient with SUI.
• There is no normal ALPP, because patients without
stress incontinence will not leak at any physiologic
Pabd.
• Lower the ALPP, weaker is the sphincter.
29. – ALPP<60 cm H2O: significant ISD
– ALPP 60-90 cm H2O: equivocal
– ALPP>90 cm H2O: urethral
hypermobility; little or no ISD
30. • Detrusor leak point pressure(DLPP): Lowest
detrusor pressure at which urine leakage occurs in
the absence of either a detrusor contraction or
increased abdominal pressure (risk with > 40cm
H2O).
• Its a measure of Pdet in a patient with decreased
bladder compliance.
• Higher the urethral resistance, higher the DLPP, the
more likely is upper tract damage as intravesical
pressure is transferred to the kidneys.
31.
32. UROFLOMETRY
• Non invasive study.
• Measurement of the rate of urine flow over time.
• Estimate of effectiveness of the act of voiding along with
PVR.
• Influenced by
– effectiveness of detrusor contraction
– completeness of sphincteric relaxation
– patency of the urethra
• 3 methods used
– gravimetric
– rotating disk
– electronic dipstick
33. Recorded variables during UFM study:
• Voided volume (VV in milliliters)
• Flow rate (Q in milliliters per second)
• Maximum flow rate (Qmax in milliliters per second)
• Average flow rate (Qave in milliliters per second)
• Voiding time (total time during micturition in seconds)
• Flow time (the time during which flow occurred in seconds)
• Time to maximum flow (onset of flow to Qmax in seconds)
34. • Optimal voids 200 to 400cc.
• Voids < 150cc are difficult to interpret.
• Pt. should be well hydrated with full bladder, but
not overly distended bladder.
• Should be performed in privacy and pt.encouraged
to void in his normal fashion.
• Qmax & shape of curve- more reliable indicators of
BOO.
• Qmax- most reliable variable in detecting abnormal
voiding.
39. Post Void Residual Urine
• Excellent assessment of bladder emptying.
• Performed by ultrasound (bladder scan) or
catheterization.
• Normally, it is < 0.5ml, but < 10% of voided
volume is considered insignificant.
40. Urethral pressure profilometry
• Urethral pressure profile (UPP): a graph
indicating intraluminal pressure along the
length of urethra.
• Urethral pressure: fluid pressure needed to
just open a closed urethra.
• UPP is obtained by withdrawal of a pressure
sensor (catheter) along the length of urethra.
41. UPP Parameters:
• Urethral closure pressure profile is given by subtraction of
intravesical pressure from urethral pressure.
• Maximum urethral pressure is highest pressure measured
along the UPP.
• Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) : maximum
difference between urethral pressure and intravesical
pressure.
• Functional profile length: length of urethra along which
urethral pressure exceeds intravesical pressure in women.
42. • In most continent women,
functional urethral length:approx.3 cm &
MUCP is 40 to 60 cm H2O.
• MUCP is not always indicative of severity of
incontinence hence not used commonly.
44. PRESSURE FLOW
MICTURITION STUDIES
• Simultaneous measurement of bladder pressure and
flow rate throughout the micturition cycle.
• Best method of quantitatively analyzing voiding
function.
• Access to bladder via transurethral or SPC 8F or
less.
• Intra-abdominal pressure measured by balloon
catheter in rectum or vagina.
• Men should void in standing position, while
women seated on commode.
45.
46. • Detrusor pressure at maximal flow(Pdet at Qmax):
Magnitude of micturition contraction at the time
when flow rate is at its maximum.
• Pressure <100 cm H2O indicate outlet obstruction
even if the flow rate is normal.
• Normal male generally voids with Pdet 40-60 cm
H2O and woman with lower pressure.
• Pdet more accurately measures bladder wall
contractions.
47. • Indications for pressure-flow studies:
- to differentiate between pts with a low Qmax sec.
to obstruction, from those sec.to poor contractility.
- Identify pt.with normal flow rates but high pressure
obstruction.
- LUTS in pt with hx of neurologic disease(CVA,
Parkinson’s).
- LUTS with normal flow rates (Qmax > 15cc/min).
younger men with LUTS.
- Men whom LUTS s/o bladder instability rather
than flow disorder.
- Men with little endoscopic evidence of prostate
occlusion
49. VIDEO-URODYNAMICS
• UDS with simultaneous fluoroscopic image of
lower urinary tract.
• Equipment and technique:
- CMG + PFS same as before but the study is
conducted on a fluoroscopy table, and the filling
medium is a radiographic contrast agent.
• clinical applicability:
– complex BOO
– evaluation of VUR during storage &/or filling.
– neurogenic bladder dysfunction
– identification of associated pathology
50. • Primary BNO diagnosis & differentiation
from dysfunctional voiding in women: only
on VUDS.
52. ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
(EMG)
• Study of the electric potentials produced by depolarization
of muscle membranes.
• In case of UDS, EMG measurement of striated sphincteric
muscles of the perineum is done to evaluate possible
abnormalities of pelvic floor muscle function.
• EMG activity is measured during both filling and emptying.
• EMG is performed via electrodes placed in (needle
electrodes) or near (surface electrodes) the muscle to be
measured.
53. • Most important information obtained from
sphincter EMG is whether there is
coordination or not between the external
sphincter and the bladder.
• EMG activity gradually increases during
filling cystometry (recruitment) and then
cease and remains so for the time of voiding.
54. • Failure of the sphincter to relax or stay
completely relaxed during micturition is
abnormal.
• In pt with neurologic disease, this is called
detrusor-sphincter dyssenergia.
• In the absence of neurologic disease, it is
called pelvic floor hyperactivity,or
dysfunctional voiding.
