The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the spinal column. It describes the key bones, intervertebral discs, joints, ligaments, and muscles of the spine. The spine consists of 23 intervertebral discs that separate the vertebrae and allow mobility. The discs are avascular and receive nutrients through diffusion. They act to absorb compression and facilitate flexion, extension, rotation and lateral flexion. Motion of the spine occurs through a complex interplay of bones, discs, joints, ligaments and muscles.

1. SPINAL ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS Dr A Verma

2. ANATOMY Bone Column Regional Intervertebral Disc Joints Ligaments Muscles

5. Body Neural arch Bony processes

6. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC Location Structure Function Total – 23 discs ¼th of the spinal column's length Avascular Nutrients diffuse through end plates

7. DISC STRUCTURE Nucleus Annulus End plates

8. DISC FUNCTION Separation Mobility

10. JOINTS THREE JOINT COMPLEX Intervertebral Joint Facet Joints

11. LIGAMENTS

12. MUSCLES Back muscles Accessory muscles

13. SPINAL SEGMENT

14. FUNCTIONAL SPINAL UNIT

15. BIOMECHANICS OF SPINE CARDINAL MOVEMENTS Flexion-extension Compression Axial rotation Lateral flexion

16. Types of motion

17. FLEXION - EXTENSION Two components Sagittal rotation - 6 - 10° Resisted by Annulus Facets Ligaments Back Muscles Translation - 2mm Resisted by Facets Annulus

18. COMPRESSION Underestimated!!!! Produced by Body weight Back muscles

19. AXIAL ROTATION No primary rotators Range - < 3° Resisted by Facets annulus

20. SUMMARY

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