6. Immunodeficiency
Definition
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a
state in which the immune system 's ability to
fight infectious disease is compromised or
entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also
decrease cancer immunosurveillance.
7.
8. Primary Immunodeficiencies
Stem Cell
Myeloid Lymphoid
Progenitor Progenitor
Severe combined
Congenital Immunodeficiency
Agranulocytosis SCID
Monocyte Pre-B Pre-T
Neutrophil
x-linked
aγglobulinemia
xLA Mature B Thymus
DiGeorge
Syndrome d
Mature
Plasma T
Cell Memory B
Common Variable Hypoγglobulinemia
Selective Ig deficiency
9. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS:
Opportunistic infections are mild to severe
infectious diseases in a compromised host. The
infections are caused by microorganisms that
normally do not cause serious disease in healthy
people.
Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan,
Helminthic
Opportunistic Malignancies: Kaposi's
Sarcoma and Lymphomas
10. T h e 1 0 w a r n i n g s i g n s o f
i m m u n e d e f i c i e n c y
11.
12. Common variable Immunodeficiency (CVI).
Heterogynous group that cause late - onset
hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Recurrent infections between 15 - 35 yrs.
Features:
1.Low IgG & IgA .
2.Impaired antibody responses.
3.Associated autoimmune diseases
•Recurring infections involving the ears, eyes,
sinuses, nose, bronchi, lungs, etc.
•The organisms commonly found in these infections
are bacteria that often cause pneumonia
(Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, and
staphylococci).
13. IgA deficiency (1:700)
Most are asymptomatic. ( but have
increased rate of (R.T.I.)
Some have recurrent R.T.I and G.I.T.
symptoms
Increased incidence of allergic manifestations.
anti- convlusant drugs (phenytoin) may cause
deficiency .
14. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (Late-
Onset Hypogammaglobulinemia)
Onset usually in 2nd to 4th decade of life
Slow decline in all classes of immunoglobulin
Recurrent sinopulmonary infections (usually
bacterial in origin)
Gastrointestinal, endocrine, hematologic and
autoimmune disorders can be associated
May follow Epstein-Barr infection
Increased incidence of lymphoreticular
malignancies
17. SECONDARY IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY
1. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:
3. Immunosuppression In Diabetes
4. Immunosuppression In Transplant Pts
5. Autoimmune disease
6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
8. Effect of Aging On Immune Competence
9. pregnancy
18. 1. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
a) Etiology& presentation
b) Defect: Inversion of T helper/inducer cells
(OKT4) to cytotoxic/suppressor cell (OKT8) ratio
Normal T4/T8 = 2/1
In AIDS it is 0.5.
19.
20. CD4 Count
Greater than 500 / ul - Almost normal
defense mechanisms
Less than 200 / ul - Opportunistic AIDS
related infections
Less than 100 / ul - Life threatening
complications
22. 2. Cancer / Chemotherapy:
Unfortunately in cancer, both the disease
and the treatment can cause
immunosuppression :
Neutropenia
Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral factors
23. Neutropenia
Occurs approximately two weeks after the last
dose of chemotherapy
an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1,000
cells/mm3 on the way down are at increased risk
for a serious bacterial infection.
Management strategy:
1. All patients with anticipated severe neutropenia
(ANC < 0.5 x 109/l), should receive prophylaxis
against bacteria, fungi,viruses&G-CSF
2. Neutropenic patients who present with fever
require a prompt switch to an appropriate treatment
regime
24. Cyclic neutropenia
is a form of neutropenia that tends to occur
every three weeks and lasting three to six
days at a time due to changing rates of cell
production by the bone marrow.
It is often present among several members of
the same family. Treatment includes G-CSF
and usually improves after puberty.
25. 3. Immunosuppression In Diabetes
Humoral Immunity:
normal Ab levels & vaccination responses.
Impaired Cellular Immunity:
Impaired Innate Cellular Defenses:
o PMN abnormalities - adherence, chemotaxis,
o Phagocytosis.
Infections In Diabetics
rhinocerebral mucormycosis
oral &esophageal candidiasis
surgical / wound infection
T.B
29. 6. Immunosuppression Related to Steroid Use
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) have inhibitory
effects on T cells and B cells, as well as
phagocytes.
Infections depend on route of administration,
dose, & duration of therapy.
30. Infections Related to Steroid Use
increased susceptibility to all types of
infection.
Prolonged CMI suppression important for
opportunistic infection to occur.
Fever may be absent
delayed wound healing & wound infections:
steroids interfere with fibroblast proliferation &
collagen synthesis.
31. 7. Immunosuppression In Asplenic Pts
• lower C3 levels & defective responses to encapsulated
bacterial pathogens
• decreased phagocytosis
• failure to recognize polysaccharide Ag’s.
• impaired IgM synthesis early in infection.
Pathogen:
-S. pneumoniae ,H influenzae ,N. meningitidis
Sickle Cell
Functionally aspenic (ask about immunizations!)
32. 8. Effect of Aging On Immune Competence
Declining :
Innate, Humoral & Cellular Immune
Responses
Increased Susceptibility to Pneumonias &
Chronic Infections
34. Initial Evaluation of Possible
Immunodeficiency
Make sure that what seems to be infections are not
really: ATOPY, ALLERGY, ASTHMA
Exclude other conditions
Hold off on any live viral vaccines or transfusions until
situation well defined
Document that there have been multiple infections
Look for other, non-immune features of
immunodeficiency: rash, hypocalcemia, facial
characteristics
Family history
35. Initial screening tests for
immunodeficiency
CBC: WBC,function
Quantitative immunoglobulins: IgG, A & M
Total lymphocyte count
T-cell enumeration, with subsets
CD4, CD8
Evaluate for current infections:
CULTURES, ESR, CRP, X-RAYS.
36. Tests for B cell,antibody deficiency:
Total ,lymphocyte count
Total serum immunoglobulins
IgG subclasses, Antibodies for pervious vaccination
Immunoglobulin function& survival
Tests for cellular deficiency:
Total lymphocyte count
T-cell enumeration, with subsets CD4, CD8
Functional assays: antigens response to mitogens,
cytokines assay.
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction for Tuberculin and
Candida antigen
37. Tests for other deficiency:
Phagocyte:
i. Neutrophil count
ii. NBT test for screening.
Complement:
Total and specific complement
count.
39. 1. IVIG .( IV infusion of immunoglobulin.)
For : a. agammaglbulinaemia . b. CVI. c. WAS
2. Periodic antibiotic treatment.
3. Bone marrow transplantation .
For : a. SCID . b. WAS.
4. Enzyme replacement .
For : ADA deficiency.
5-CSF.(colony stimulating factor ) For : neutropenia
6. Thymus transplantation .
For : DiGeorge syndrome.
7. IFN – gamma . For : CGD.
8-gene therapy
40. 1) Which one of the following does 3) Which of the following
not predispose to superficial tests may assess
Candida albicans infection?
cellular immune
A Pregnancy
B Lymphoma
dysfunction;
C Diabetes mellitus a) CD4, CD8.
D Vegetarian diet
b) Total serum
2) Which of the following is not
commonly associated with immunoglobulins
marked secondary antibody
deficiency? c) IgG subclasses
a) Multiple myeloma.
d) Immunoglobulin
b) autoimmune diseases.
c) HIV infection. response
d) hypersplinism.