(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
Tropical Diseases
1. Tropical Diseases
Dr. Noorulhaque Shaikh
MBBS; DA; DNB(Anaesthesia)
Fellow Critical Care Medicine
SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre
Dhamangaon, Nashik
Moderator: Dr. Ruchira Khasne
HOD Critical Care Medicine
SMBT IMS & RC
Dhamangaon, Nashik
2.
3. Introduction
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to
tropical and subtropical regions.
The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a
cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation..
Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector.
These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and
animals.
Most often disease is transmitted by an insect "bite", which causes transmission of the
infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange.
Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases, and many do not have cures.
Human exploration of tropical rainforests, deforestation, rising immigration and increased
international air travel and other tourism to tropical regions has led to an increased incidence
of such diseases to non-tropical countries.
4. Introduction
Caused by diverse pathogens,majority being parasites
Associated with: poverty and deprived environments in Tropics
Most are ancient and have plagued humanity for centuries
• Disappearing as living conditions and hygiene improving
• Mostly affect people living in: Remote rural areas or Urban slums of tropical countries
• Found in places with Low Socio-Economic progress, where:
Substandard Housing,
Lack of access to safe Water and Sanitation
Filthy Environments
Abundant Insects and other Vectors contribute to efficient transmission of infection
5. Tropical Diseases Common in India
● Dengue: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the
dengue virus transmitted by species of Aedes mosquitoes, principally A. aegypti
● Helminths: parasitic worms, are large multicellular organisms, which can
generally be seen with the naked eye when they are mature (eg.Tapeworm,
Schistosomiasis, Ascariasis, filariasis)
● Leishmaniasis: caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, and
transmitted by the bite of certain species of Sand Fly.
● Leprosy(or Hansen's disease):chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium
leprae. Leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and
mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external symptom
6. Tropical Diseases Common in India
● Lymphatic Filariasis: parasitic disease caused by thread-like parasitic filarial
worms called nematodes, all transmitted by mosquitoes.
● Malaria: Caused by a Protozoan parasites transmitted by female Anopheles
mosquitoes
● STD: Sexually transmitted infections (notably Syphilis, Gonorrhoea,
Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis B, HSV, HIV and HPV)
● Tuberculosis:
● TB-HIV coinfection
7. NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases
Term refers to group of mainly chronic, debilitating and often stigmatizing diseases
that primarily affect the poorest of the poor.
Living in remote rural and deprived urban settings of tropical and subtropical
countries.
10. Dengue Fever, also known as BreakBone Fever, is
an infectious tropical diseases caused by the dengue
virus.
Dengue virus belongs to Flaviviridae Family.
The flaviviridae are Positive Sense, Single Stranded
RNAviruses.
11. AEDES MOSQUITO
Dengue is transmitted by several
species of mosquito within the genus
aedes principally Aedes Aegypti
Distinct feature is black and white
stripes on its body and legs
Bites during the Day.
12. Ae. aegypti females will often feed on several persons during
a single blood meal and, if infective, may transmit dengue
virus to multiple persons in a short period of time even if
they only probe without taking blood.
Ae. aegypti prefers to lay its eggs in artificial water
containers, to live in close proximity to humans, and to
feed on people rather than other vertebrates.
Desert coolers, Drums, Jars, Pots, Buckets, Flower
vases, Plant saucers, Tanks, Cisterns, Bottles, Tins,
Tyres, Roof gutters, Refrigerator drip pans, Cement
blocks
13. With increasing spread of the vector mosquito
throughout the tropics and sub tropics, large areas
of the world have become vulnerable to the
introduction of dengue viruses.
An infection can be acquired via a single bite. A
female mosquito that takes a blood meal from a
person during the initial 2-10 days of dengue
infection, becomes itself infected with the virus in
the cells lining of its Gut
14. About 8–10 days later, the virus spreads to other
tissues including the mosquito's salivary glands and
is subsequently released into its saliva. The virus
seems to have no detrimental effect on the
mosquito, which remains infected forlife.
The virus has four different types (DEN1, DEN2,
DEN3 & DEN4); infection with one type usually
gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only
short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent
infection with a different type increases the risk of
Severe Complications
15. Factors ResponsibleFor The Resurgence
Of Dengue
Population growth
Unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization
Inadequate & Interrupted water supply-- leading
to storage of water
Deficient waste watermanagement
Failure of effective mosquito controlmeasures
16. Risk Factors
Virus strain (DENV 2 and 3)
Pre-existing anti-dengue antibody
Immuneenhancement
Previous infection
Maternal antibodies in infants
Hyperendemic transmission: Two or more serotypes circulating
simultaneously at high levels
Endemic: only one serotype prevalent in the area
Age: more severe in children
Ethnicity: Africans have less severe illness
Chronic diseases (bronchial asthma, sickle cell anaemia and diabetes
mellitus)
18. PERSONS EXPOSED TO DENGUE VIRUS
SERUM ANTI BODIES NEUTRALIZE THE VIRUS OF SAME TYPE.
SUBSEQUENT INFECTION -- ANTIBODIES FORM COMPLEXES
BUT DO NOT NEUTRALIZE THE NEW VIRUS.
THESE COMPLEXES FACILLITATES THE ENTRY OF THE VIRUS
INTO THE MONONUCLEAR CELLS BY BINDING WITH THE Fc
RECEPTORS.
20. Thrombocytopenia
Infection of human haematopoietic cellsinhibits
megakaryocytopoieses
Increased peripheral destruction of antibody coated
platelets
Platelet destruction in the liver and spleen.
Platelet dysfunction(Qualitative defect)
22. WHO 1997/2011 CASE DEFINITION OF DENGUE AND
LEVELS OF SEVERITY
DENGUE FEVER
Probable
An acute febrile illness with 2 or more of the following:
1. Headache
2. Retro-Orbital pain
3. Arthralgia
4. Rash
5. Hemorhagic manifestations
6. Leukopenia AND
Supportive serology (a antibody titre ≥ 1280), a comparable IgG
assay ELISA titer or (+) IgM antibody on a late course or acute
convalescent phase serumspecium.
Confirmed: by Lab Criteria
23. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
Fever, or history of fever lasting for 2-7 days
Hemorrhagic tendencies evidenced by at least one of
the following
1. Positive Tourniquet Test
other
2. Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Purpura
3. Bleeding from the mucosa, GIT, injection sites or
location.
4. Hematemesis orMalena
Thrombocytopenia (≤1,00,000 cells/cumm)
24. Evidence of Plasma Leakage due to increase vascular
permeability manifested by atleast one of the following:
1. a rise in hematocrit ≥20% above average for age sex
and population.
2. a drop inthe hematocrit following volume
replacement treatment ≥20% ofbaseline.
3. signs of plasma leakage such as Pleural Effusion,
Ascites and Hypoproteinemia.
25. DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME
All of the four criteria for DHF must be present plus evidence
of circulatory failure manifested by
Rapid and weak pulse, &
Narrow Pulse Pressure(<20mmHG)
OR
Hypotension for age &
Cold clammy skin and restlessness
27. Tourniquet test
Blood pressure (BP) cuff should be inflated on the upper
arm of the patient to a point mid way between systolic and
diastolic pressure for 5 min, and the number of resulting
petechiae in 2.5 cm2 on the volar aspect of the forearm just
distal to the antecubital fossa should be counted
A test is considered positive when 20 or more
petechiae are observed in the 2.5 cm2
Test reflects both capillary fragility and
thrombocytopenia
May not be positive in severe shock associated with DSS
Earlier DHF, now part of DF without warning signs
28. Unusual Manifestations ofDengue
Acute liver failure and encephalopathy which
may be present even in the absence of plasma
leakage
Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis
Encephalitis and rarely AIDP(Acute Inflamatory
Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy)
Severe Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
29. Disease Course
FEBRILE PHASE
Sudden onset high grade fever.
Non specific constitutional symptoms like
headache, myalgia, arthralgia, facial flushing etc.
It lasts for2-7 days.
Mild hemorrhagic manifestation may occur.
Monitor for the warning signs.
30. CRITICAL PHASE
The warning signs marks the beginning of
the critical phase (plasma leakage)
Patients condition worsens when the
Temperature drops to 37.5- 38C.
It usually lasts for 24-48 hours.
Progressive leucopenia, thrombocytopenia are
present.
31. RECOVERYPHASE
Gradual reabsorption of fluid in 48-72 hours.
Bradycardia are common during this stage.
WBC count usually starts to rise before platelet
count improves.
Signs of fluid overload (respiratory distress
from massive pleural effusion and ascites,
pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure)
32. STEP-WISE APPROACH
STEPI
• Overall assessment
• History-physical exam-routine lab-denguespecific lab
• Assess disease phase and severity
STEP II
STEP III
• Notification
• Management decision (A/B/C)
33. Laboratory Manifestations
Hematocrit / Packed cell volume:
Measured by capillary centrifugation or automated
analyzers
Crude estimate = Hb× 3
Capillary values may be 5-10% higher than venipuncture
values
May be altered by bleeding/volume replacement
Increase in Hct by 20% DHF or plasma leakage
When previous value NA > 45% is significant
34. Other Manifestations
Peripheral Smear and TLC
Normal, Leukocytosis Leukopenia
Lymphocytosis and Atypical lymphocytes
Thrombocytopenia
Automated Platelet Counters : Giant platelets;
pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA induced
platelet aggregates).
between day 3 - 8 following the onset of illness
35. Other Manifestations
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyponatremia
Mild increase in AST, ALT upto200-250
> 1000 Hepatic involvement and Severe Dengue
↑ PT,APTT
↑ Urea / Creatinine
Mild albuminuria
Reduced Serum Complement
36. Role of Ultrasonoraphy in Dengue
Fluid accumulation:
Pleural effusion: Right side or B/L
Ascites
Pericardial effusion
Acalculous Cholecystitis
GB wall thickening and pericholecystic fluid
>3mm ↑ severity
Hepatosplenomegaly
38. Laboratory criteria for confirmation of dengue fever
Isolation of the dengue virus from serum or autopsy
samples
Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in IgG or IgM
antibody titres to one or more dengue virus antigens in paired
serum samples
Demonstration of dengue virus antigen in autopsy tissue,
serum or CSF samples by immunohistochemistry,
immunofluorescence or ELISA
Detection of dengue virus genomic sequences in autopsy
tissue serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
39. Serological tests for dengue are not much helpful for the
clinical management except in a minority of cases where
the diagnosis is in doubt. It is mostly done to establish the
diagnosis for epidemiological information.
40. Dengue NS-1Antigen
NS-1 is a non structural protein associated with
intracellular organalles and transported to the
surface by secretory pathways.
More efficient with acute phase sera of primary
infection as compared to secondary dengue
infection
Soluble hexameric form found to circulate in the
blood of patients with acute dengue
ELISA has been developed for specific detection
of Dengue NS-1 typeAntigen.
41.
42. Serological tests available for Dengue
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
Neutralization test
Indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test
Complement fixation
Dot blotting
Western blotting
Rapid immunochromatography test
ELISA
43. MAC-ELISA ( IgM-Antibody Capture ELISA )
Cross reactivity between other circulating
flaviviruses.
Can not be used to determine the type of virus.
Antigens used for this assay are derived from
the denguevirus envelope protein
MAC-ELISA has a sensitivity and specificity of
approximately 90% and 98%, respectively but
only when used five or more days after onset of
fever.
44. IgG ELISA
Utilizes the same viral antigens as the MAC ELISA
Similar principle
10 Dengue: negative IgG in the acute phase and a
positive IgG in the convalescent phase of the infection
20 Dengue: positive IgG in the acute phase and a four
fold rise in IgG titer in the convalescent phase
Requires paired sera with at least 7 day interval
between the two samples
46. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
Requires paired sera with at least 7 day interval
between the 2 samples
Cross reaction with other flaviviruses
HI assay does not differentiate between IgM and IgG
10 dengue: low-undetectable levels in acute sera
HI titer < 1:1280
20 dengue: 4 fold rise between 2 samples with peak
titers > 1:2560
47. Rapid Tests
Various tests are available
Most based on “Immunochromatography”
Give results in 30-60 minutes.
Various commercial kits are available
Variable sensitivity and specificity
Accuracy in testing for IgM antibodies is lower
than ELISA.
However, their accuracy in testing for IgG
antibodies seems to be greater than ELISA
Can not be used for reporting or in surveillance
48. 10 Dengue vs 20 Dengue
10 Dengue 20 Dengue
NS-1 High Low
IgM High Low /undetectable
IgM/IgG ratio >1.2 <1.2
HI titer < 1:2560 > 1:2560
IgG paired sample
ELISA
-ve +ve Both sample +ve
with 4 fold rise
49. Final Interpretation of Diagnostic tests
Highly suggestive
IgM + in a single serum sample
IgG + in a single serum sample with a HI titre of 1280 or greater
Confirmed
PCR +
Virus culture +
IgM seroconversion in paired sera
IgG seroconversion in paired sera; or
Fourfold IgG titer increase in paired sera
50. Treatment
Management is relatively simple, inexpensive and
very effective in saving lives so long as correct and
timely interventions are instituted.
Main Pathological Abnormality is Loss of plasma
volume from the vascular compartment because of
increased capillary permeability.
Early and effective replacement of plasma losses with
plasma expander or fluid and electrolyte solution results
in a favorable outcome in most cases.
52. Management Decisions
Depending on the clinical manifestations and
other circumstances,
GroupA: Sent Home
Group B: In-hospital management
Group C: Require emergency
treatment
53. Group A Outpatient treatment
Who?
Able to take orally
Pass urine adequately once every 6 hrs
No warning signs particularly at defervescence of fever
What to do
Review daily for disease progression ( TLC, Hct and warning
signs)
ORS, juice and other fluids
Paracetamol (max 3gm/day)
Instruct to come back in case of warning signs or decreasing
urine output
54. Group B In hospital management
Warning Signs
Abdominal pain or
tenderness
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation:
Plu.Eff, Ascites
Mucosal bleed
Lethargy, restlessness
Liver enlargement >2 cm
↑ Hct with
thrombocytopenia
Co-existing Conditions:
Pregnancy, Diabetes, renal
failure, infancy, old age,
obesity, chronic hemolytic
diseases.
Social Circumstances
55. Dengue without warning signs
Encourage oral fluids
Start NS orRLat
maintenance rate
If not tolerated
Give minimum volume requiredto
Maintain good perfusion
and urine output
*IV fluids for fewhrs
*switch to oral fluids as
soon aspossible
Continue IV fluid as per next slide
No warning
signs
patient
improving
Warning signs or
↑ Hct
56. 3–5 ml/kg/hr for 2–4hr
isotonic solutions such as NS or RL
5–7 ml/kg/hr for 1-2 hrs
Obtain Hct
2–3 ml/kg/hr
Obtain Hct and reassess
clinically
Hct same or
rising minimally
2–3 ml/kg/hr for 2-4 hrs
Minimum fluid to maintain
good perfusion and urine
output =0.5 ml/kg/hr.
Reduce IV fluid as Hct decreases
and patient improves
*IVFluid for24-48hrs
Vital signs
worsening;
Hct rising
57. Monitoring
Vital signs and peripheral perfusion 1–4 hourly
Urine output 4–6 hourly
Hematocrit before and after fluid replacement,
then 6–12 hourly
Blood glucose, and other organ functions as indicated
Till the patient is out of critical period
58. Group C: Require urgent treatment
in a high dependency unit
Early presentation with shock (on days 2 or 3 of illness)
Severe plasma leakage and/or shock
Undetectable pulse and blood pressure
Severe bleeding
Fluid overload
Organ impairment (such as hepatic damage,
cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy, encephalitis)
59. Fluid Resuscitation
Fluid resuscitation in severe dengue is different from fluid
administration.
Larger volumes of fluids administered for a limited period
Goal is to improve central and peripheral circulation and
maintain end-organ perfusion.
Degree of intravascular volume deficit in dengue shock varies.
Input/output ratio is of no utility for judging the adequacy
of fluid resuscitation.
Instead of 5-7ml/kg/hr give @ 10-20 mkl/kg/hr, if HCT dec
consider BT, if same, then maintenance dose of IVF, if increas
then give bolus again.
60. Hypotensive Shock
isotonic crystalloid or colloid 20 ml/kg for 15 min
Clinical Improvement
Crystalloid/colloid 10 ml/kg/hr
for 1 hour
IV crystalloid 5–7ml/kg/hr for1–
2hrs
3–5 ml/kg/hr for 2–4hrs
2–3 ml/kg/hr for 2–4hrs
Patient improves, Hct
stable:
↓IVF to maintenance
level stop after 48hrs
Monitor Hct 6 hrly
YES NO
Review HCT
HCT ↑orhigh
2nd Bolus: Colloid10-
20ml/kg over 30 min to 1hr
Improvement
NO
Repeat 2nd HCT
HCT ↑orhigh
3rd Bolus: Colloid 10-
Consider occult/
significant bleed
BT
HCT ↓
HCT ↓
20ml/kg over 1hr
NO
Repeat Hct
61. Monitoring of patient in severe
Dengue (DSS)
Alertnesss level and comfort
Vital signs and peripheral perfusion: 15–30
minutes 1–2 hourly
Urine output: hourly 1–2 hourly
Hematocrit: before and after fluid boluses until stable
and then 4-6 hrly
ABG: 30 min to 1 hrly until stable and then as indicated
Blood glucose: before fluid resuscitation and repeat
as indicated
KFT, LFT as indicated
62. Interpretation of Hematocrit
↑ Hct + Unstable vitals Active Plasma Leakage
↑ Hct + stable vital signs no need for extra IV
fluids
↓ Hct + stable vitals + adequate output
haemodilution and/or reabsorption
↓ Hct + unstable vitals Continued hemorrhage
63. Fluids to be used in Dengue
Crystalloids: use isotonic solutions
NS ( Osm= 308mOsm/L)
suitable option for initial fluid resuscitation
large volumes hyperchloraemic acidosis
RL ( Osm= 273mOsm/L)
may not be suitable for resuscitation of patients with
severe hyponatremia
Can be used after initial fluid resuscitation with NS
avoid in liver failure and in patients taking metformin
64. Fluids to be used in Dengue
Colloids
Dextran
Starch
Gelatin
Haemaccel
Benefits:
Distributed in vascular compartment
Increase oncotic pressure
Disadvantages:
May effect coagulation (vWF/Factor VIII)
Allergic reactions
May cross into the interstitium Reverse osmosis
65. WHO-2012:
Use Crystalloids first ( NS preferred as
initial resuscitation fluid over RL).
Colloids may be used in hypotensive patients
who do not respond to a bolus of crystalloids or
PP<10mmHg.
Colloids may also be used in patients with
obvious fluid overload but vital signs are
not stable and high Hct.
Avoid hypotonic fluids like 5% D, N/2
66. When to stop IV fluids
IV Fluid therapy can be stopped when Hct drops to
45% in adults, 40% in children and adult females and
35% in infants.
Stable blood pressure, pulse and peripheral perfusion
Afebrile for more than 24–48 days (without the use
of antipyretics)
Resolving bowel/abdominal symptoms
Improving urine output
67. Risk factors of major bleeding
Prolonged/refractory shock;
Hypotensive shock and renal or liver failure and/or
severe and persistent metabolic acidosis;
Use of NSAIDs
Pre-existing peptic ulcer disease
Anticoagulant therapy
Any form of trauma, including intramuscular injection.
68. Clinical indicators of severe bleeding
Persistent and/or severe overt bleeding in the presence
of unstable haemodynamic status
↓ Hct + unstable vitals after fluid resuscitation
Refractory shock that fails to respond to consecutive
fluid resuscitation of 40-60 ml/kg
Hypotensive shock with low/normal hematocrit
before fluid resuscitation
69. Treatment of haemorrhagic
complications
5–10ml/kg of fresh-packed red cells
Or 10–20 ml/kg of fresh whole blood (FWB)
Fresh Whole blood is preferred
Where possible Use fresh blood/Packed Cells
In cases of severe bleeding, use of blood is
preferable instead of platelets and FFP
70. Issues in Platelet transfusion
Platelet rich plasma (PRP) when managing
thrombocytopenia
Platelets present a strong antigenic stimulus
Evoking an exaggerated immune response
Further immune mediated platelet destruction
71. Criteria for Platelet Transfusion
Platelet counts of dengue patients fluctuate in
an unpredictable manner despite platelet
transfusion
Prophylactic platelet transfusions are not
necessary
Stable patients with Platelet Count <10,000/cc*
Patients with Platelet Count < 20,000/cc with
minor bleeding
Patients with Platelet Count < 50,000/cc with
significant bleeding
72. Platelet Concentrate vs Apheretic
Platelets
Platelet Concentrate(Random Donor) Apheretic Platelet(SDP)
5 x 1010/unit 3.5 x 1011
1 unit increases by 5k-10k/µL 1 unit increase by 30k-60k
Loss of platelet function little loss of platelet function
Differential centrifugation from freshly
drawn blood units
by platelet-pheresis technique
Cheaper Costly
More exposure to TTI Less exposure to TTI
73. Dose of Platelet Transfusion
If using Platelet Concentrate:
10-20 ml/kg or 4 units/m² BSA over 1 hour
If using apheretic platelet:
1 unit of apheretic platelet over 1 hr
WHO does not recommend use of FFP in bleeding in
Dengue
74. Fluid Overload: Causes
Excessive and/or too rapid intravenous fluids
Incorrect use of hypotonic rather than isotonic
crystalloid solutions
Inappropriate use of large volumes of intravenous fluids
in patients with unrecognized severe bleeding
Inappropriate transfusion of FFP, PRP and Cryoprecipitate
Continuation of intravenous fluids after plasma leakage
has resolved
Co-morbid conditions: CHD, IHD, COPD,CKD
76. Management of fluid overload
O2 Inhalation
Critical Phase
Out of Critical
Phase
Hemodynamic
ally stable
Reduce IV
fluids
Avoid diuretics
Shock with
low Hct
May have occult
bleeding slow
cautious BT
Reduce IV fluids
May give furosemide
0.1–0.5 mg/kg OD or BD
Shock with
high Hct
Consider
colloids
77. Criteria for discharging inpatients
Absence of fever for at least 24 hours without the use
of antipyretic therapy
Return of appetite
Visible clinical improvement
Good urine output
Stable haematocrit
Passing of at least 2 days after recovery from shock
No respiratory distress from pleural effusion or ascites
Platelet count >50 000 per mm3.
78. Prevention of mosquito bite
• Install Iron Mesh at doors and
Window
• Sleep under mosquito net
• Use mosquito repellant coil
/mats
• Apply mosquito repellant oil/
cream on skin
• Cover your body with clothes as
much as possible
• Allow indoor insecticide spray
by health staff
• tetravalent, live attenuated,
recombinant vaccine, which is
currently in Phase III clinical
trials.