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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” Synagogues of Slovakia
ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” .  ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืจื™ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ,  ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื . Slovakia. A wonderful mountainous country, paradise for hikers and nature lovers.
ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช  ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช  ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ )  ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื”  !
ื” - Vysoke Tatry  (" ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื˜ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ")  ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ .  ืืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคึผื•ึนืคึผืจึธื“ ,  ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื .  The Vysoke Tatry (โ€œHigh Tatrasโ€) is one of the challenging areas for hiking. Like many others, I arrived there via the gateway city of Poprad, which is located at the foot of the mountains.
ืืžืฆืขึดื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช .  ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืจื“ ืื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ,  ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ,  ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช . Poprad is mainly accessible by train. Its railway station is quite small in European scale, but something in the sight of the platforms and the coaches created an unexplained uncomfortable feeling.
ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืœืงื™ืจ ืฉืคื›ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื .  A short stroll and a glimpse to the wall suddenly shed a new light on this place.
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ,  ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” .  Following the meeting with this Jewish side, I decided to alter my trip itinerary and explore a bit of the remains left by the Jewish community of Slovakia.
ื›ืžืื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคื•ืคืจื“ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ึนืฉื™ืฆึถื” .  ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ,  ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ืฅ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ... The city of Koshice, about a hundred kilometers east of Poprad. Decorated houses aside concrete blocks from communist times, and a majestic structure in betweenโ€ฆ
The Pushkinova street Synagogue ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช  ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคึผื•ึผืฉืงื™ื ื•ึนื‘ึธื”
Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited.  Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar  Warning
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืข " ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื . The cubist style synagogue was designed by a Christian architect and was built during the twentieth century twenties.
Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited.  Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar  Warning
ย 
ืคืจื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” Decorations on the entrance doors
ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืจืื– ' And on the vitrages
ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื— ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” .  ื›ื™ื•ื ืื’ื‘ ,  ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื  ( ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื” ...). A memorial plate on the front is dedicated to the Jews of Koshice who were deported to the concentration camps. Today, a small Jewish community still lives in Koshice (together with several Israeli students who attend veterinary school thereโ€ฆ).
ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืกึฐืคึผื™ืฉึฐืกืงื” ืคึผื•ึนื“ึฐืจึธื“ึฐื™ึถื” ,  ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื  " ืกืคื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ".  ืชืฉืืœื• ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื™ืจื” ?  ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื : I continue to the town with the impossible name Spishske Podhradie, which is dominated by the impressive Spissky Hrad (Castle):
ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ,  ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ,  ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืกืคื™ืฉ . Downtown, at the foot of the castle, stands the only sustained synagogue left in the Spish region.
ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช  ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช  ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ )  ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื”  !
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -19,  ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ -1906.  ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื—  ( ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ),  ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื .  The synagogue was built in the late 19 th  century, and rebuilt in 1906 after a fire. It stood neglected for many years (in the photo), until renovated in the mid nineties.
Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited.  Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar  Warning
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืžืฉ   ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ,  ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขื•ืœ .  ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ื ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ,  ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช .  ืขื ืงืฆืช ืคื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™  " ืกื™ื ึธื’ื•ึนื’ึธื” ืงึฐืœื•ึผืฆึถ ' ื” "  ืคื•ืชื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ,  ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข ... The synagogue serves as a small museum, but it turned out to be locked due to lack of visitors. I had to call a representative from the town hall for helpโ€ฆ with no English speaker on sight, I had to find the words that will โ€œopen the doorsโ€ for me: โ€œSynagoga Clucheโ€โ€ฆ
ื ืคื ื” ืขืชื” ืœื‘ื ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ,  ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื .  ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ,  ืื’ื‘ ,  ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ,  ืืš ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ . We now turn to Banska Bistrica,  a town which served as a center for the partisans who fought the Nazis.  The house seen in the picture was probably used by Jews at that time.
ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช  ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื” - Nizke Tatry .  ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื . A vivid evidence to the activity of the partisans lies deep in the forests of the โ€œNizke Tatryโ€ mountain range. A steep trail through the forest leads to a shelter used by the partisans.
ืžืจืื” ืžื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ " ืืžืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื "  ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” . The sights immediately bring to life the descriptions told by holocaust survivors who took part in the  struggle during the war.
ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืจื›ืก ื” - Nizke Tatry   ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืคึผื˜ื•ึนื‘ึฐืกึฐืงื™ ืžื™ืงื•ึผืœึธืฉ ,  ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืœืชืคืืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” . The town of Liptovsky Mikulash is situated north of the Nizke Tatry range.  Just behind the main town square you can find this impressive structure.
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ... But take a look at the back of the buildingโ€ฆ
ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช  ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช  ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ )  ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื”  !
ื•ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ... And from the insideโ€ฆ
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -19  ื•ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื . The synagogue was built in the mid 19th century, and was partially renovated about ten years ago.
Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited.  Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar  Warning
ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช Decorations on the walls
ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืชืงืจื” Ceiling view
ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช  ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ,  ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช  ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ )  ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื”  !
ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืชื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ,  ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ,  ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช . ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ,  ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื— ,  ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืคื ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืœืงื”ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื .  We head back to Koshice to visit yet another synagogue which is located in the Jewish community complex.  This is the facade of the beautiful synagogue, which stands neglected waiting for renovation and visitors.
ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืš ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืช ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ,  ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ . The colorful murals inside the synagogue hall have barely survived, and so is the ark.
" ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื™ืจ ืชื–ืขืง " โ€“  ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ,  ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• . A memorial plate is located near the synagogue entrance, and can be seen in the next slide, which concludes this presentation.
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http://www. guyshachar .com ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื :  ื™ื•ืœื™  2003 ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช :  ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜  2004 Travel and photography: July 2003 Presentation compilation: August 2004 Guy Shachar ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ,  ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช : Ordering lectures, pictures, and viewing additional presentations:
ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื  ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช :  ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื• / ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื• / ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื” ืžืฉืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื• / ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ,  ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื ืฉืžืจ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ . ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ื—ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื• / ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ  ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื )  ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ,  ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ . Legal Notice and Disclaimer You may: Send this presentation via email and/or keep it in your personal computer and/or post it on a web server and/or present it in front of an audience, providing that the original presentation file is used, without any alterations.  This presentation is protected by copyright laws. Editing the presentation and/or using the material within it (including photographed and written material) is prohibited, unless permitted by a specific written permission from the copyrights holder, Guy Shachar.

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Slovakia Synagogues

  • 1. ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” Synagogues of Slovakia
  • 2. ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” . ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืจื™ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” , ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื . Slovakia. A wonderful mountainous country, paradise for hikers and nature lovers.
  • 3. ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช , ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช , ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ) ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื” !
  • 4. ื” - Vysoke Tatry (" ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื˜ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ") ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ . ืืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคึผื•ึนืคึผืจึธื“ , ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื . The Vysoke Tatry (โ€œHigh Tatrasโ€) is one of the challenging areas for hiking. Like many others, I arrived there via the gateway city of Poprad, which is located at the foot of the mountains.
  • 5. ืืžืฆืขึดื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช . ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืจื“ ืื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ , ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ , ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช . Poprad is mainly accessible by train. Its railway station is quite small in European scale, but something in the sight of the platforms and the coaches created an unexplained uncomfortable feeling.
  • 6. ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืœืงื™ืจ ืฉืคื›ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื . A short stroll and a glimpse to the wall suddenly shed a new light on this place.
  • 7. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ , ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื” . Following the meeting with this Jewish side, I decided to alter my trip itinerary and explore a bit of the remains left by the Jewish community of Slovakia.
  • 8. ื›ืžืื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคื•ืคืจื“ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ึนืฉื™ืฆึถื” . ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื , ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ืฅ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ... The city of Koshice, about a hundred kilometers east of Poprad. Decorated houses aside concrete blocks from communist times, and a majestic structure in betweenโ€ฆ
  • 9. The Pushkinova street Synagogue ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคึผื•ึผืฉืงื™ื ื•ึนื‘ึธื”
  • 10. Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited. Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar Warning
  • 11. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืข " ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื . The cubist style synagogue was designed by a Christian architect and was built during the twentieth century twenties.
  • 12. Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited. Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar Warning
  • 13. ย 
  • 14. ืคืจื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” Decorations on the entrance doors
  • 16. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ื— ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” . ื›ื™ื•ื ืื’ื‘ , ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ( ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื” ...). A memorial plate on the front is dedicated to the Jews of Koshice who were deported to the concentration camps. Today, a small Jewish community still lives in Koshice (together with several Israeli students who attend veterinary school thereโ€ฆ).
  • 17. ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืกึฐืคึผื™ืฉึฐืกืงื” ืคึผื•ึนื“ึฐืจึธื“ึฐื™ึถื” , ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื " ืกืคื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” ". ืชืฉืืœื• ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื™ืจื” ? ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื : I continue to the town with the impossible name Spishske Podhradie, which is dominated by the impressive Spissky Hrad (Castle):
  • 18. ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” , ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื” , ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืกืคื™ืฉ . Downtown, at the foot of the castle, stands the only sustained synagogue left in the Spish region.
  • 19. ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช , ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช , ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ) ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื” !
  • 20. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -19, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ -1906. ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื— ( ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ), ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื . The synagogue was built in the late 19 th century, and rebuilt in 1906 after a fire. It stood neglected for many years (in the photo), until renovated in the mid nineties.
  • 21. Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited. Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar Warning
  • 22. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ , ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขื•ืœ . ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ืขื™ืง ื ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” , ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช . ืขื ืงืฆืช ืคื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืžื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ " ืกื™ื ึธื’ื•ึนื’ึธื” ืงึฐืœื•ึผืฆึถ ' ื” " ืคื•ืชื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช , ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข ... The synagogue serves as a small museum, but it turned out to be locked due to lack of visitors. I had to call a representative from the town hall for helpโ€ฆ with no English speaker on sight, I had to find the words that will โ€œopen the doorsโ€ for me: โ€œSynagoga Clucheโ€โ€ฆ
  • 23. ื ืคื ื” ืขืชื” ืœื‘ื ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืฆื” , ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื . ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” , ืื’ื‘ , ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื , ืืš ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ . We now turn to Banska Bistrica, a town which served as a center for the partisans who fought the Nazis. The house seen in the picture was probably used by Jews at that time.
  • 24. ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ ื” - Nizke Tatry . ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืชืคืชืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื . A vivid evidence to the activity of the partisans lies deep in the forests of the โ€œNizke Tatryโ€ mountain range. A steep trail through the forest leads to a shelter used by the partisans.
  • 25. ืžืจืื” ืžื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ " ืืžืฆืข ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื " ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื” ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” . The sights immediately bring to life the descriptions told by holocaust survivors who took part in the struggle during the war.
  • 26. ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืจื›ืก ื” - Nizke Tatry ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืคึผื˜ื•ึนื‘ึฐืกึฐืงื™ ืžื™ืงื•ึผืœึธืฉ , ื‘ื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืœืชืคืืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” . The town of Liptovsky Mikulash is situated north of the Nizke Tatry range. Just behind the main town square you can find this impressive structure.
  • 27. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ... But take a look at the back of the buildingโ€ฆ
  • 28. ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช , ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช , ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ) ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื” !
  • 30. ย 
  • 31. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -19 ื•ืฉื•ืคืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื . The synagogue was built in the mid 19th century, and was partially renovated about ten years ago.
  • 32. Opening and/or altering this presentation is prohibited. Any use of the material from the presentation is prohibited, unless written permission is obtained from the copyrights holder โ€“ Guy Shachar Warning
  • 35. ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช , ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช , ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ) ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื ื–ื”ืจื” !
  • 36. ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืชื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ืฆื” , ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื ื•ืกืฃ , ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช . ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช , ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื— , ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืคื ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืœืงื”ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื . We head back to Koshice to visit yet another synagogue which is located in the Jewish community complex. This is the facade of the beautiful synagogue, which stands neglected waiting for renovation and visitors.
  • 37. ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืš ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืช ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ , ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ . The colorful murals inside the synagogue hall have barely survived, and so is the ark.
  • 38. " ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงื™ืจ ืชื–ืขืง " โ€“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” , ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• . A memorial plate is located near the synagogue entrance, and can be seen in the next slide, which concludes this presentation.
  • 39. ย 
  • 40. http://www. guyshachar .com ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื : ื™ื•ืœื™ 2003 ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช : ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2004 Travel and photography: July 2003 Presentation compilation: August 2004 Guy Shachar ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช , ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช : Ordering lectures, pictures, and viewing additional presentations:
  • 41. ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช : ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื• / ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื• / ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื” ืžืฉืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื• / ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ , ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื ืฉืžืจ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ . ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ื—ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื• / ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ( ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื ) ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื , ื’ื™ื ืฉื—ืจ . Legal Notice and Disclaimer You may: Send this presentation via email and/or keep it in your personal computer and/or post it on a web server and/or present it in front of an audience, providing that the original presentation file is used, without any alterations. This presentation is protected by copyright laws. Editing the presentation and/or using the material within it (including photographed and written material) is prohibited, unless permitted by a specific written permission from the copyrights holder, Guy Shachar.