Here are the answers filled in: Which side? Highways, Freeways, Motorways... The first thing to be considered is that fact that Americans drive In the UK, highways are VERY on the RIGHT and in specific in how you refer to them. For example, Britons you drive on the LEFT. Now if that isn't confusing the 635 is pronounced the "six thirty-five" and enough, even the road markings NOT the "six three five" or the "six hundred are opposite. In and thirty five". Highways in Commonwealth AmericansYELLOW lines signify countries begin with M for Motorway. the center

1. Warm up: If, by American rock group Bread

2. Modal Verbs (Part I)
Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are a type of auxiliary verb or
helping verb. English has ten modal verbs:
can could
may might
shall should
will would
must
ought to
Modals express the mood of a verb, such as ability, possibility, necessity, or another
condition. They are used with a main verb to form a sentence or a question. Modals are
not conjugated, have no tense, and cannot be used without a main verb.
When used with modal verbs (except ought), main verbs always remain in the infinitive
without to.

3. Structure
In a positive statement the word order is subject + modal + main verb.
subject modal main verb
They can come.
Mike should walk.
In a negative statement the word order is subject + modal + not + main verb.
subject modal main verb
They can not/can’t come.
Mike should
walk.
not/shouldn’t

4. In questions, the word order changes to modal + subject + main verb.
modal subject main verb
Can they come?
Should Mike walk?
Wh- question modal subject main verb
word
When can they come?
Why should Mike walk?

5. Now let’s play a game. Make these statements true to you by changing them into
negative or positive, or just by keeping them the same. Then ask your partner questions.
e.g
I can play the drums.
I can’t play the drums. Can you play the drums?
I can’t cook.
I can cook. Can you cook?
1- I can drive a car. 7- I can eat three hot dogs in a row.
2- I can’t travel to NY this weekend. 8- I can make ice cream.
3- I can’t do the cleaning next Sunday. 9- I can’t ride a bicycle.
4- I can fly a kite. 10- I can’t sing and dance at the same
5- I can play soccer like Lionel Messi. time.
6- I can’t dance like Gabi Amarantos.

6. Let’s watch a video. It’s taken from the popular sitcom The Nanny.

7. Alright. Now it is time we bring back some sibling rivalry. Take a look at the pictures and
challenge your partner to know whether you are better than him/her at doing these
things!

8. Can
The modal can indicates ability or possibility:
Tom can help you.
Wild animals can be dangerous.
Dining out can be costly.
In questions, the modal can requests permission to do something or to ask about
possibilities:
Can I help you?
Can Mike come over for dinner?
Who can answer the next question?
When can we get back the results?

9. Could
Could indicates possibility or ability in the past:
I could have told you that.
It could have been a disaster.
When I was young, I could run very fast.
Could speculates about future possibilities. In the following examples could and might
are synonymous.
It could / might rain tonight.
That could / might be dangerous.
In yes-no questions, could speculates about present possibilities:
Could she be the murderer?
Could this be a mistake?

10. It can also make a request. In these examples could and can are synonymous, but could
is more polite.
Could / Can you open your window?
Could / Can you help me move this sofa?
Could indicates an option:
We could go see a movie.
I could become a doctor.

11. The modal could is also used to form the conditional. The conditional contains an if clause
and a result clause. Could is placed in the result clause.
In these examples, could expresses hypothetical situations:
If I had time, I could play tennis with you.
We could study together, if you want to.
If it weren't raining, we could go on a picnic.
Could mentions something that didn't happen because a certain condition was not met:
If we had left sooner, we could have taken the train.
I could have passed the exam if I had studied more.
I'm glad we took umbrellas. We could have gotten soaked.

12. Now let’s listen to a song. It’s called Without Your Love, and is sung by British singer
Roger Daltrey. It was a huge hit in 1980. Remember to circle all examples of modal verbs
you find in the lyrics, including the ones you already knew before this class!

13. Now, let’s watch a video from the song Pinball Wizard, by the British band The Who.
Here’s a question for you: can you identify who is singing the lead vocals to this song?
Hint: It’s cool to think of it as something that was recorded 11 years before Without Your
Love!

14. Talking Time
Can you sing?
Can you play any instrument?
If you had some free time, and could spend it trying to learn music, would you do it?
Could you set aside some practice time to stage gimmicks (tricks, moves, gestures and
stances musicians make/take on the stage) if you had to? Would you do it in front of a
mirror, a camera, your family or alone?
Do you think you could leave a successful career and fame behind, as it affected your
personal life negatively?
Could you forget your home, and feel like a rolling stone?
Can you list your top five (remember to explain your reasoning)
Singers?
Bands?
Actors?
Sports people?
Business people?

15. Talking Time
What things can you do easily? (sports, jobs, entertainment, etc.)
Do you think you could run your own business?
If you could run a business, what kind of venture would it be?
If you won U$ 1,000,000 on a state lottery, could you risk it all and start off in business?
Can you make any predictions regarding the future of your company?
Can you think of a really catchy name for it?
Can you say the name of one person you would like to hire as a spokesperson for your
company?
Could you spend a substantial amount of money on advertising, if you felt it necessary?

17. Talking about the Future - Will / Going To
Here are presented some of the most usual ways speakers use will and be + going to to
talk about the future.
will + verb (base form) will + verb (base form) will + verb (base form)
Examples: Examples: Examples:
It will snow tomorrow. The concert will begin at 8 Will you marry me?
o'clock. I'll help you with your
She won't win the
When will the train leave? homework after class
election.
Used for scheduled events. In Used for promises
Used for predictions this case, present simple and
(based on previous personal will are similar, but will sounds
experiences) more formal.
Examples:
The class begins at 11.30.
The plane leaves at 6 o'clock.
(scheduled public events such
as train and plane schedules,
course schedules, etc.)

18. will + verb (base form) will + verb (base form)
Examples: Examples:
I'll make you a sandwich. He will telephone as soon as
They'll help you if you want. he arrives.
Will you visit me when you
Used for offers come next week?
Used in combination with
time clauses (as soon as,
when, before, after)

19. Be going to Verb (base form)
Examples:
Frank is going to study Medicine.
Where are they going to stay when they come?
She isn't going to buy the new house after all.
The future with 'going to' is used to express planned events or intentions. These events or
intentions are decided on before the moment of speaking.
NOTE
'Going to' or '-ing' are often both correct for planned events. 'Going to' should be used for
not-so-near-in-the-future intentions (example: He's going to study Law)
Present Continuous used for planned or personally scheduled events. Usually used
with principle verbs such as: come, go, begin, start, finish, have, etc.
He's coming tomorrow afternoon.
What are we having for dinner?
I'm not seeing the doctor until Friday.

20. Be going to Verb (base form) Examples:
Oh no! Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Be careful! You're going to drop those dishes!
Used for future predictions based on physical (usually visual) evidence.
Common future time expressions include:
next (week, month, year), tomorrow, in X's time (amount of time, i.e. two week's time),
in year, time clauses (when, as soon as, before, after) simple present (example: I will
telephone as soon as I arrive.) soon, later

21. Future Continuous
Use the future continuous to speak about an activity that will be happening at a precise
point in time in the future.
Examples:
I'll be playing tennis at four this afternoon.
When you arrive in Boston, I'll be sleeping soundly in my bed.
What will you be doing this time next week?
Future Perfect
Use the future perfect to express something that will have been done up to a precise
point in time in the future.
Examples:
She'll have read the book by the time you arrive.
I'm afraid we won't have finished by the end of tomorrow afternoon.
What will you have studied by the time you finish college?

22. Structure - Future with will
S + will + verb (base form) = positive
Examples:
I'll make you a sandwich.
They'll visit soon.
It'll rain tomorrow.
S + will not (won't) + verb (base form) = negative
Examples:
She won't come next week.
It won't take a long time.
We won't sing that song.
Will + S + verb (base form) = question
Examples:
Will you give me a hand?
Where will she stay?
When will we leave?

23. Structure - Future with 'going to'
Conjugate the helping verb "be" 'going to' verb (base form).
Examples:
You are going to stay with them.
She is going to visit Paul.
They are going to move soon.
Conjugate the helping verb "be" not going to verb (base form)
Examples:
I'm not going to stay very long.
We aren't going to visit our friends in Paris.
They aren't going to get a new job.
Question word conjugate the helping verb 'be' subject going to verb (base form)
Examples:
What are you going to do?
Where is he going to stay?
When are they going to leave?

24. Structure - Future with '-ing' (present continuous)
Conjugate the helping verb "be" and verb -ing.
Examples:
I'm meeting him tomorrow.
She's having lunch with Tom.
They're flying to Lisbon next week.
Conjugate the helping verb "be" not verb -ing.
Examples:
She isn't having a meeting tomorrow.
You aren't playing tennis this weekend.
They aren't going to the party.
(Question word ) + conjugate the helping verb 'be' subject verb -ing
Examples:
Are you attending the meeting on Friday?
Is he coming to the party?
Are they giving a presentation?

25. Talking Time
Which of the actions shown in the images below are most likely to be part of your
next vacation/holidays? Use will/be going to/present cont./future cont./future
perfect/etc to tell your partner about your next vacation.
skiing kite surfing picnicing

26. Talking Time
Which of the actions shown in the images below are most likely to be part of your next
vacation/holidays? Use will/be going to/present cont./future cont./future perfect/etc to
tell your partner about your next vacation.
romantic dinner / travelling to the beach in Greece
safari hunting

27. Talking Time
Which of the actions shown in the images below are most likely to be part of your next
vacation/holidays? Use will/be going to/present cont./future cont./future perfect/etc to
tell your partner about your next vacation.
Reading / Partying / Sleeping

28. Tallking Time
Now, using the previous images as material for supporting details, tell your partner in
detail what your next vacation will/is going to be like. You may use additional
information if you will.

29. Tune Your English Up!
Let’s watch two videos by The Beatles: I’ll Follow The Sun and You’re Gonna Lose That
Girl. Identify which structures the songwriters used to talk about the future in each
song. Circle the ones that make predictions based on personal experience, and
underline those that make predictions based on outside (visual) evidence. Discuss the
lyrics with your partner, considering the following topics:
-Song meaning
-What the songs are about
-Who the characters are
-Whether they sound autobiographical or not
-Similarities in theme shared with other songs
-To what extent the songs evoke personal experiences
-Style

32. Should - Shouldn’t / Must - Mustn’t / Have
to - Don’t have to / Should have done -
Shouldn’t have done / Must have done -
Mustn’t have done
Quick Grammar Tips
could do something -> It's possible for someone to do something.
must do something -> It's absolutely necessary for someone to do something.
need to do something -> It's important to do something.
have to do something -> It's absolutely necessary for someone to do something
and someone else requires it.

33. Should - Shouldn’t / Must - Mustn’t / Have
to - Don’t have to / Should have done -
Shouldn’t have done / Must have done -
Mustn’t have done
Quick Grammar Tips
mustn't do something -> It's forbidden for someone to do something. It’s
similar, but a lot stronger, to can’t do something, which is more frequent.
couldn't do something -> Someone is unable to do something.
don't have to do something -> It isn't necessary for someone to do something.
shouldn't do something -> It isn't a good idea for someone to do something.
should do something -> It's a good idea for someone to do something.

34. Should - Shouldn’t / Must - Mustn’t / Have
to - Don’t have to / Should have done -
Shouldn’t have done / Must have done -
Mustn’t have done
Quick Grammar Tips
might do something -> It's a possibility that someone might do something.
must have done something -> you’re almost sure someone did something.
mustn’t have done something -> you’re almost sure someone didn’t do
something.
should have done something -> It would be a good idea for someone to do
something in the past, but you know that the person did not do it.
shouldn’t have done something -> It wouldn’t be a good idea for someone to
do something in the past, but you know that the person did it.

35. Talking Time
Let’s watch a video by British comedian Rick
Gervais. It’s titled Top Ten Stupid Things Americans
Say to Brits.

36. Talking Time
Now, use the following images to start a discussion on the
most frequent conversation piece shown in the video.
Remember: you are expected to use the proper modal
verbs presented in the Quick Grammar Tips section!

37. Talking Time
Now, bring in your very own Top 5 Innapropriate Things You Shouldn’t Say To Someone
You Have Just Met. Be funny!
e.g
You look awful in this pink gown, but your
earrings are really pretty!

38. Talking Time
Now, it’s time we learn how to make polite
introductions in English. Let’s watch another
video!

39. Talking Time
Alright! Try to remember what you should - shouldn’t say/do when introducing
yourself or others to people. Discuss your findings! Think of how these tips
differ from your those presented in guides from your own country and culture.
Is there any difference? How different is this from your own culture?

40. Talking Time
Let’s keep talking about some things you should-shouldn’t /must-mustn’t / have-don’t
have to do in the US and in Britain. First, how about sharing a laughter or two? Watch
the video!

41. Reading Time
Try to guess what goes in the gaps: The US-
The UK, or Americans-Britons.
Which side?
Highways, Freeways, Motorways...
The first thing to be considered is
that fact that ___________ drive In the ___________, highways are VERY
on the RIGHT and in specific in how you refer to them. For example,
____________ you drive on the the 635 is pronounced the "six thirty-five" and
LEFT. Now if that isn't confusing NOT the "six three five" or the "six hundred
enough, even the road markings and thirty five". Highways in Commonwealth
are opposite. In countries begin with M for Motorway.
__________YELLOW lines signify In the __________ a "Dual Carriageway" is a
the center of the road and white road with 2 lanes going in each direction.
the edge while exactly the Striped pedestrian crosswalks in the
opposite occurs in most __________ are called Zebra Crossings,
Commonwealth countries because of the stripes.

42. Tolls
In the _________ freeways or highways
where you pay a toll are called "Turnpikes". In
_________ countries they are called toll
roads or toll ways. BEWARE ________ visitors Shifting gear
to the ________! Traffic laws in _________
not only differ from state to state, but they In _________ most vehicles have an
differ VASTLY! For example the school zone automatic transmission while in _______
speed limit in California is 25 mph, but in the majority of cars are manual. This is
Maine it is 15 mph, while in Texas it is 20 especially the case with rental cars. It is
mph. Motorcycle crash helmets MUST be as impossible to rent a manual in the
worn in California and New York but are not States as it is impossible to rent an
necessary in Arizona, Florida, Texas or Maine. automatic in an economy or compact
In ___________traffic laws are set by central class in the UK. Cars in America generally
government and apply throughout the have a higher spec (extras, such as power
country without exception. windows and cruise) than cars in the
Commonwealth of the same price.

43. Drive through
Everything in __________ is a
"Drive-Through". Fast Food, such Drive safely!
as McDonald's, Burger King and
even Chinese drive-throughs. ___________ are safe and courteous drivers on
There are also drive-through the whole, and but for a few notable exceptions
banks and ATMs, drive- (New York, Boston) will invariably allow merging
through drycleaners, drive- drivers in. Some of the worst drivers in
through pharmacies, drive- ___________ are found in Texas and
through liquor stores and Florida, while the most courteous are in
cigarette stores. Drive-throughs California! Most drivers in _____________ are
are not as common in the courteous, with a few exceptions in certain
___________ although rapidly other Commonwealth countries in Asia and
increasing in popularity. Africa. In South Africa, "Black Taxis" are
notorious for their deliberately poor and
downright dangerous driving practices.

44. Reading Time
Let’s read an article taken from BritishExpats.com about the cultural differences
between the US and the UK.

45. Talking Time
Now, discuss the text with your partner. This is supposed to be an open talk on
the UK-US Cultural Differences topic.

46. Reading Time
Let’s read a blog post by writer Isabella Snow titled 10 Annoying Things
American Tourists Shouldn't Do. It might give us some clues on how tourists
sometimes behave badly. Then, discuss with your partner what you should-
shouldn’t do when travelling abroad.

47. Talking Time
Let’s watch a video titled Donald’s Off Day, starring Disney’s character Donald
Duck

48. Discussion topics:
1- What was Donald so excited about?
2- What should Donald have done upon realising the weather was simply awful
and he could not leave home?
3- Should he have taken the radio broadcast so seriously?
4- In your opinion, what should he have done after finding out his nephews
were tricking him into believing he was about to die?
5- Should we always seek professional advice when we feel something is not
ok?

49. Talking Time
Now, let’s watch a video made by Walt Disney Productions during World War II titled
Education for Death.

50. Talking Time
Now, discuss with your partner the following topics
1- What is this animated short movie about?
2- When do you think it was produced?
3- For what reasons?
4- Who was the target audience to this kind of production?
5- Do you think it was effective in its purpose?
6- What should world leaders have done to prevent the Nazi Party from taking
over Germany?

51. 7- In your opinion, should people be always granted freedom of speech,
regardless how dangerous their ideas might be?
8- Do you think we must fight any kind of idea or belief that claims a certain
race is superior to others?
9- Do you have to prove your ancestors were Brazilian to be considered a
Brazilian citizen?
10- How sorry must the German people have felt as they got to know all the
atrocities they had backed up during the Third Reich?
11- Should the world keep an eye permanently on every country that has once
been involved in wars and genocide?
12- Is it possible that political movements like Nazism or Communism might
come to life once more in the XXI Century?