Middle Passage Essay

Middle Passage Research Paper
The Middle Passage was a long and dreadful stage of The Atlantic Slave trade where millions of
Africans were shipped to the New World. Large ships filled with crew left Europe and headed to
Africa for goods, which led to the Triangular Trade system. Everyone involved had a different
experience and also each individually faced many hardships during this inhumane part of history.
According to the Portuguese High School textbook slaves voluntarily left Africa and boarded ships
heading to America. Portugal was the first European country to join the Middle Passage.
Portuguese people avoided conflict by trying to justify the successive waves of the slaves but sadly
did not succeed as there were many negative outcomes from the large amount of slaves migrating.
The Portuguese textbook used soft, short words to affect how you read the material, putting off a
more humane aspect of the Middle Passage. The textbook puts off an image that is not as gruesome
and inhumane as many other primary sources do.
Reading different primary and secondary resources all followed a theme, except the information
from the history textbook. The slaves were by far the ones who suffered the most during the Middle
Passage emotionally and physically. During the slaves journey to wherever their captain...show more
content...
Alex Falconbridge –one of the many slave ship doctors that was employed in the Guinea trade– felt
empathy towards the slaves. Being a slave ship doctor was almost as low as being a slave.
Becoming a slave ship doctor meant that you were absolutely desperate for income. You were in
need of money to support your family –if you had one– and yourself. Sometimes the voyages were
so risky you may not have the chance of returning. In the Portuguese Textbook it had no recognition
of the slaves suffering or being in such a distressed situation, or acknowledgement of how the slave
ship doctors participated during their
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Middle Passage by Olaudah Equiano One of the most interesting arguments that modern apologists
makes for the practice of race–based slavery in the Americas is the fact that slavery existed in Africa
during that time period and that Africans were complicit in the Trans–Atlantic slave trade. What is
fascinating about Olaudah Equiano's discussion of the Middle Passage is that, as a man who had
been enslaved in Africa prior to being shipped as a slave to the Americas, he was in a unique
position to describe slavery in Africa with his introduction to European–influenced slavery in North
America. His perception was that the immense brutality of the Middle Passage foreshadowed the
dehumanization of slaves in the Americas, which was more inhumane than the treatment he had
received as a slave while in Africa. Furthermore, he did not suggest that this brutality was linked to
the race of the traders, though that seemed to have been his initial impression, but to the nature of
the Trans–Atlantic trade. Therefore, Equiano's writings suggest that shipping Africans across the
ocean for slavery was part of the dehumanizing process that helped fuel the practice of slavery in
America. Initially, Equiano had a tremendous amount of worry related to the appearance of the
slave traders and that initial discomfort was based upon racial differences. "Their complexions too
differing so much from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke, (which was very different
from any I had ever

Consequences Of The Middle Passage
With South Carolina's fertile land that was great for growing crops, such as rice, indigo, and
cotton, it wasn't long before slaves began being brought into the colony. Many people came to South
Carolina from the Barbados and already had a well–developed slave system in place, so they brought
it with them. While some slaves came from the Barbados, most of the slaves were brought over from
Africa, and more specifically, the west coast of Africa. From Africa, they travelled to the New
World via Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was part of the triangular trade that existed between
America, Europe, and Africa. It was an extremely harsh boat ride in which slaves from Africa were
brought to the West Indies. The Africans were tightly packed

Analysis Of The Middle Passage Passage
Stolen from Africa, brought to America, fighting on arrival, fighting for survival." I have sung
along to this Bob Marley lyrics for years without recognizing how much power and truth his
words represent (Bob Marley, 2017). Slaves were treated like animals and owners had no
disregard for their lives, working them from birth to death. Not all slaves believed that their fate
was set in stone, those brave few found ways to resist. The Middle Passage voyage that African
slaves were subjected to was immensely dehumanizing. Before boarding the boats, slaves were
"examined" by surgeons, branded and held in a holding pen until the slave ships arrived. These
ships were nicknamed "floating tombs" because of the deaths that occurred during the voyage ("
Atlantic Slave Trade"). These boats were cramped, overcrowded and unsanitary. The male slaves
were kept nude to try and "embarrass them" and they were made to dance as a form of exercise. In
addition, food portions were very sparse and infrequent (Dr. Godshalk's Presentation on the Atlantic
Slave Trade).
Slaves attempted to resist the mistreatment and dehumanizing, but the slave traders were often a
step ahead and attempts to resist resulted in the slave's death. One way in which the slaves tried to
resist was by refusing to eat and drink in an effort to starve themselves. The slave traders had a tool
called the Speculum Oris that was used to hold the slaves' mouths open (Dr. Godshalk's Presentation
on the Atlantic Slave Trade).

The Second Middle Passage
Historically, the Second Middle Passage refers to the era of time and action of which slaves were
traded and sold between U.S. states. This is referred to as the Second Middle Passage as the first
one was quite similar to it–– the original Middle Passage refers to the time and process in which
slaves were first brought to the U.S. from Africa and even the West Indies. Up until December 18,
1865, when the law abolishing slavery in the U.S. was adopted, slavery remained a viable means of
torture that would allow free labor and money for Southern Colonists. For a portion of time, the
U.S. relied on the backs of slaves to carry on their whole production processes and maintain
economic balance. Overall, the Second Middle Passage was called so due to the majority of
similarities between that era and the original Middle Passage, such as the same brutal process in
which slaves were attained, the auctioning of slaves, and the number of slaves traded and sold within
the domestic slave trade statistics.
Through the same brutal process as the original middle passage slave trade, slaves were forcibly
kidnapped and tortured in order to be brought to the U.S., or traded within the U.S. as well. Slaves
originally were kidnapped and stolen from their tribes or towns in Africa and put onto boats in large
number in order to be shipped across the Atlantic ocean to the America. Document B mentions that
"a lot of slave speculators in Cheste to buy some slaves for some folks in Alabama...I

The Extreme Cruelty of the Middle Passage Essay
There is no other experience in history where innocent African Americans encountered such a
brutal torment. This infamous ordeal is called the Middle Passage or the "middle leg" of the
Triangular Trade, which was the forceful voyage of African Americans from Africa to the New
World. The Africans were taken from their homeland, boarded onto the dreadful ships, and scattered
into the New World as slaves. 10– 16 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic during the
1500's to the 1900's and 10– 15 percent of them died during the voyage. Millions of men, women,
and children left behind their personal possessions and loved ones that will never be seen again. Not
only were the Africans limited to freedom, but also lost their identity in...show more content...
Alexander Falconbridge writes that "a woman was dejected from the moment she came on board,
and refused both food and medicine; being asked by the interpreter what she wanted, she replied
'nothing but to die', and she did die" (Howarth). The enslaved Africans did not want to go through the
anguish and would rather have committed suicide or starve themselves to death. They were
physically beaten and were under great emotional pain from being torn from their families ("The
Wreck of the Henrietta Marie"). This floating prison transported the exhausted Africans under
excruciating surroundings. The ships were regular vessels updated and restructured to carry human
cargo. They were mostly 50–125 feet long and 8 to 15 feet wide, averaging 100 to 300 ton. The
larger ships held about five hundred slaves, while the smaller ones transported less than one
hundred. During the concluding years of the slave trade, the large ships were able to carry more
than a thousand slaves. They were crammed like "loaves of bread on a shelf" with only six or
seven square feet for their bodies to lie down (Postma 23). The men were fettered two by two and
firmly confined to prevent potential rebellion. The women and children had more space to move
only because they were not strong enough to break the chains. The majority of the women were
forced to help with onboard chores and in the preparation of food. Many of the slave ships
contained drums so the slaves would be able

The Middle Passage Essay
The Middle Passage (or Trans–Atlantic Slave Trade) was a voyage that took slaves from Africa to
the Americas via tightly packed ships. The trade started around the early 1500s, and by 1654 about
8,000–10,000 slaves were being imported from Africa to the Americas every year. This number
continued to grow, and by 1750 that figure had climbed to about 60,000–70,000 slaves a year.
Because of the lack of necessary documents, it is hard to tell the exact number of Africans taken
from their homeland. But based on available clues and data, an estimated 9–15 million were taken
on the Middle Passage, and of that about 3–5 million died. While the whole idea seems sick and
wrong, many intelligent people and ideas went in to making the slave trade...show more content...
Meanwhile in the Americas, European empires were growing, and they realized that they needed a
more efficient work force. They had tried using Native Americans, but they usually died from
European diseases. Europeans couldn't work because of the diseases that the tropical climate gave
them. It seemed like Africans would be the perfect solution to their problems. They were used to the
tropical climate and immune to its diseases, had experience in agriculture, and there was already a
market for them. This introduced the slave trade to North America, and in 1619 the first New World
slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia. Most of the earlier slaves to journey the trans–Atlantic
Slave Trade were from Windward Coast and Senegambia (Present–day Mauritania), but later
expanded all along the coast of Africa. The Atlantic Slave Trade was also given the name "Middle
Passage", since it was the middle leg in the Triangular trade. The Triangular trade was a trade
system among Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europe made manufactured goods such as
textiles, gun powder, firearms, iron and copper bars, alcohol, cloth and brass kitchen ware. These
were traded in Africa for slaves, gold, and silver, which were transported to the Americas, where
they were exchanged for tobacco, fish, lumber, flour, sugar cane, cotton, and distilled rum. This
merchandise was then brought to Europe, where the cycle began again. The Triangle Trade was very

Essay on Middle Passage
INTRO Examination into the true heart of experience and meaning, Charles Johnson's Middle
Passage looks at the structures of identity and the total transformation of the self. The novel talks
about the hidden assumptions of human and literary identity and brings to view the real problems of
these assumptions through different ideas of allusion and appropriation. As the novel tells Rutherford
Calhoun's transformation of un–awareness allows him to cross "the sea of suffering" (209) making
him forget who he really is. The novel brings forth the roots of human "being" and the true
complications and troubles of African American experiences. Stuck between posed questions of
identity, the abstract body is able to provide important insight into...show more content...
As the fundamentals of the text work to show explanations of meaning and motive the text tends to
confront its own contradictory claims to imagination and inaccuracy. These three different areas use
allusion and appropriation to set up the text's body and its essences of questioning the self. The
body occupies an important part of Middle Passage, for small moments such as Rutherford's
hiccuping whenever he seems to get himself into a philosophical dilemma (125–260) to the
enfolding of death and unconsciousness that marks Rutherford's most profound transformation:
"Then I fainted. Or died. Whatever. (171)" The boundaries between body "non–body", between
individual experience and universal process, break down in the novel's process to loose the reliance
on the body for its identification. This lose of identity brings forth Rutherford's shifting perspective
on gender relations, and the encounter with the Allmuseri. Rutherford's grasp on the boundaries of
life and death, gender shifts from the more automatic opinion of social givens–"Of all the things that
drive men to sea, the most common disaster, I've come to learn, is women" (1) leads him to the
access of experience and awareness: ". . . my memories of the Middle Passage kept coming back,
reducing the velocity of my desire, its violence, and in place of my longing for feverish love–making

In discussions of the Atlantic slave trade, the term "Middle Passage" often arises. The Middle
Passage was the route of sea going journeys of Africans taken from their Native land, to the shores of
the Caribbean and America, where they were invariably destined to an existence of institutional
slavery. The journey was one of the most horrific aspects of the morally deplorable system of
slavery. One cannot, of course, mention the Middle Passage without eliciting the horrors of tightly
packed men, women and children chained together, to keep them from rebelling, or from choosing
the suicidal fate of jumping overboard. Death was a constant threat as disease, murder, starvation,
suicide, asphyxiation and severe depression rampantly claimed the lives of both African slaves and
white crewman. The portrait painted of the Middle Passage relies on a myriad of published
documents, including abolitionist publications, as well as accounts of the journey written by vessel
crewmembers and Africans transported as slaves, such as Olaudah Equiano.
No contemporary argument regarding the Middle Passage can deny its horrific immorality. The
simple fact of humans being stolen from their homeland and transported as cargo to the slave
markets of the New World defies any concept of moral acceptability. To illustrate the inhumanity of
the Middle Passage journey, it would seem only logical to appeal to the account of one who
suffered through such a profound ordeal. Olaudah Equiano, kidnapped as a boy

Middle Passage
From the 16th century to the 19th century, millions of African men, women, and children forced to
voyage aboard a ship for approximately two months only to become a slave to the European people.
This catastrophic event known as the Middle Passage, which not only spread the Africans across the
world, but also transmitted raw materials and manufactured goods. The voyage began from Europe to
Africa then Africa to the Americans. The main countries that precipitated in this exchange included
Portugal, England, France, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Brandenburg, the
Caribbean, and the Americans Also known as theAtlantic slave trade, the men and women
separated, with the women located toward the stern and left unchained while the men chained and
forced to lie shoulder to shoulder and located toward the vessels' bow. The conditions on the slave
ships were revolting and appalling due to the condense spacing of several slaves being on one ship,
foul and putrid air, seasickness, and the heat was oppressive. These suffocating conditions and lack
of sanitation formed fatal diseases. The death rate of the slave ships reached about 25% in the
seventeenth century due to various diseases, including smallpox, syphilis, fever, measles, scurvy,
and dysentery. The combination of disease and inadequate food lead the slaves...show more content...
The Africans culture, traditions, and lifestyle would have remained in Africa and as well the people.
The United States population wouldn't contain so many African Americans as it does now nor
would it be as diverse or economically successful. The continent, Africa itself wouldn't be in poverty,
war, and wouldn't be as dysfunctional. If given the chance, the nation would be in control,
successful, and well developed as the countries that are present today. The United States wouldn't
have to representation as the land of the

Conditions In The Middle Passage
In the Middle Passage, people experienced it in different ways. According to Dr. Falconbridge, a
surgeon on the slave ships, "It is not in the power of the human imagination to picture to itself a
situation more dreadful or disgusting... The floor of their rooms was so covered with blood and
mucus because of the flux that it resembled a slaughter – house." What he meant was that the
conditions on the Middle Passage were nearly unbearable because of the poor treatment to the
slaves and the lack of concern for their environment. If the conditions for the surgeon was as bad as
it was, the conditions for the slave must be the worst, and that is exactly what it was. Writings from
Olaudah Equiano, a slave born in West Africa, say that,

What Is The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage comprised of the journey across the Atlantic that connected Africa to the
Americas. It was known mostly by captains from New England and England, a system of trading
routes developed between Europe, Africa, and North America and became known as the triangular
trade. The ships that were involved in these triangular lanes carried goods among the three
continents. This triangular trade took advantage of the fact that none of these regions were
economically self–sufficient. Each of these regions depended on the other two regions for goods
they were not able to provide for themselves.

Essay On The Middle Passage
There are not very many detailed accounts from people who have experienced the Middle Passage
firsthand. One of those is the autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah
Equiano (1789) written by Olaudah Equiano. In this chilling book, he describes the awful
conditions he was faced with while on a ship across the Atlantic as a slave from WestAfrica to the
West Indies, known as the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was a horrible way to transport
slaves and there was no regard for human life on these ships. Millions of West Africans experienced
these horrors for more than three hundred years (1500–1860) (Berlin 1). It has also been estimated
by Curtin, a historian, that of those 20 to 30 million Africans only 9 to 12 million survived the
voyage (Guillaume 1). This voyage...show more content...
Although not all of them agreed, it took quite some time for anyone to speak out. Around the 1830s,
abolitionists came out to the public, at least in the North. As Guillaume describes the slave trade: "It
is a phenomenon that forever changed life on both sides of the Atlantic. It established the
socio–economic and cultural foundations for what would become the United States, and it continues
to determine how we value or disdain African–Americans and other people in this hemisphere"
(Guillaume 1). Colonists started to realize they could get free labor if Africans were shipped over
to them to do the rough work none of them wanted to do. Like working on sugar, tobacco, cotton
plantations, and many other types of hard labor, the kind people think of immigrants doing in
America to this day. They also helped in the process of mining gold and silver but reaped none of
the benefits. This also helped develop the idea of the "single world" which connected Europe, West
Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean Islands mostly (Lovejoy,

Slavery: Experiences In The Middle Passage
Experiences in the Middle Passage As a student, history teachers usually lecture about Slavery.
However, teachers never really go into depth about it. In reality, no one today really knows how
brutal that time period was for the slaves, themselves. It is recognized that slaves were not treated
as humans, and their living conditions were horrible. Therefore, slaves were definitely mistreated
and wrongly represented on ships. Many can agree that around the 1700's, African Americans
were seen as different. People back then could've described them as aliens or bizarre creatures.
Often, African Americans were never even referred to by their names. Slaves were labeled as men,
women, and boys, along with a price. The invoice of goods shown in source

Effects Of The Middle Passage
Around the 20 million people who were taken from their homes and sold into slavery, half didn't
make it to the African coast, most of those people dying along the way. The captives were about to
embark on the infamous Middle passage. Then the first leg of the voyage carried a cargo that often
included iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, and gunpowder. They landed on theAfrica's slave coast and
the cargo and stuff was traded for Africans. Africans who had made the Middle Passage to the
plantations of the New World did not return to their land to tell what happened to those people who
suddenly disappeared. Sometimes the Africans were told by white men that they were to work on
the field, But they didn't believe it because it took barely any time

Techniques In Middle Passage
Reading Portfolio
Middle Passage is a novel filled with different techniques such as allusions, foreshadowing, humor,
character transitions, and many other techniques. Charles Johnson, the author of this amazing novel
wanted the readers to acknowledge the past and present events. He connects the past and the present
with many different examples. One example is when the police hit Santos for no reason. This
comparison is made very clear and simple enough for the readers to understand that police brutality
continues to this day. Charles Johnson uses such vibrant words to make the reader feel, smell, hear
everything that was going on in the novel. It's as if this book comes to life throughout his
descriptions, and the techniques used that...show more content...
The Allmuseri believe that what is inside the crate that is being carried in The Republic is the
driving force of the universe. However, Falcon does not care about that, Falcon thrives to become
famous, and to have wealth. He does not care about the people or anything; his desire is to leave a
footprint, a mark in history.
In class we discussed that Falcon treated everyone horrible, and the slaves in the ship took every
breath almost as it would be their last breath.
This is what slavery was all about throughout history not mattering where we were to be found.
Although there really is a difference. Enslaved on a slave–ship is much more extreme. The horrible
sleeping conditions, the claustrophobic space, beatings of the slaves for no reason, mal–nutrition.
These are the devastating conditions that slaves on a slave ship endured each day of the passage.
In Middle Passage Rutherford Calhoun is a character of deceit, intellect and a manipulator.
However, there is a transition that Rutherford undergoes in the novel. A freed slave Rutherford in
1830 Rutherford did not have any wealth, he was in debt and also sacred for his life. Isadora is
Rutherford's intimate interest, but he Rutherford was afraid of being in a relationship with anyone
because of the differences between the Isadora and Calhoun. It is interesting that Rutherford fled
from the help that Isadora tried to provide him. The deal was that Rutherford Calhoun would marry
Isadora

Middle Passage By Charles Johnson
The book Middle Passage by Charles Johnson tells a story about the triangular slave trade which
took place early in America 's history. This book was written with such close attention to detail that
it gave the reader a sense of what life was like on board a slave boat. Johnson 's writing style
included many different techniques including the use of varying structure, imagery and language.
All of these devices helped create a very successful story about slavery.
This book tells the story about Rutherford Calhoun. He is a newly freed slave and finds himself in
New Orleans. This is where he meets Isadora, a sweet and loving school teacher. She soon falls in
love with him and wants to help him. She talks about marrying him and it scares him. He tells her
that he will never get married. Rutherford meets Squib at a bar and learns that he is a cook on
board a slave boat. He gets on board and they allow him to stay. The rest of the book tells the story
of what it was like on board. The boat carries 40 Allmuseri tribes people from Africa who are
treated poorly. Their culture is taken from them along with everything else. The slaves plan a
revolt against the captain, and they gain control of the boat. Bad weather, destroyed the boat and
everyone is thrown into the ocean. Rutherford and a few others are rescued by another ship. He
soon find out the Isadora is on board. Because of his long journey at sea, he is a changed man.
Isadora and Rutherford get back together, and live

Middle Passage Thesis
Imagine waking up in a near pitch black room, overwhelmed by the smell of death and despair,
chained to a board squished in with hundreds of others. As strange as it might seem, at one point
that was a reality for some and the suffering they would have to endure hadn't even begun to begin.
These people were victims of the Atlantic Slave trade and were on their way to the Americas to be
bought and sold and forced to work. Exploited and abused these people would go on to become a
huge part of what made the United States and our history. The "Middle Passage" as it is called was
a huge part in shaping the history of the Americas. In the time of European Colonization the want to
for more land, power, and goods was at an all time high and many...show more content...
One of these reasons is that there are people whose ancestors were forced to suffer and endure
great hardships without any form of compensation. While on the other hand there are people who
believe since what happened was hundreds of years ago and nobody alive today was responsible,
enslaved, or owned any slaves that it's futile to give reparations to people who never suffered.
Either way the lasting effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade is still visible today not in a physical
sense but in a cultural sense from the beginning of the slave trade all the way to the American
Civil War in which over 600,000 people died for a cause that under which included keeping the
institution of slavery or whether to end slavery for good. As such it is important for us to teach
about what happened during this span of time as so these mistakes are never repeated and it is
understood the pain and suffering that was forced on those who were wrongfully enslaved. Over
the course of the Atlantic Slave Trade it has been estimated that 100 million people were forced
to live in slavery, in which it was inevitable that something of this scale would only end in a
violent and bloody conflict and it was just that that brought about a bloody and violent end to
slavery. Be it that slavery is not over worldwide it is here in western democracies that a valuable
lesson was learned, that lesson being that we are all

Middle Passage Dbq
1st Paragraph – In discussions of the Atlantic Slave Trade, the term "Middle Passage" often arises.
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were
shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic Slave trade. The journey was one of the most
horrific aspects of the morally deplorable system of slavery. Death was a constant threat as diseases,
starvation, asphyxiation and severe depression rampantly claimed the lives of African and the ship's
crew. Throughout this essay you will understand the tragic journey of the slaves and what hardships
they had to go through.
2nd paragraph– According to Document C, another reliable source, is an excerpt from the Slave
Ship Doctor. Alexander Falconbridge, who served as a doctor on the slave ships claims that,
"Their food is served up to them in tubs, about the size of a small water bucket. They are placed
around these tubs in companies of ten... If negroes refused to take sustenance, I have seen coals of
fire, glowing hot, put on shovel, and placed so near their lips, as to scorch and burn them." This
shows that when Falconbridge was treating the slaves he figured out the reasons as to what caused
their injuries. In the Slave Ship Diagram in Document D, it portrays how the compartments in the
boat were tightened up. Since...show more content...
In paragraph 2, it states that, "First there was not enough room in the boats. They suffered from
heat, thirst, and lack of hygiene. Even the whites had difficulty with these things." This reveals how
the Africans suffered but it does not go into depth about how the whites were treated. Referring
back to "Autobiography of Equiano", he included how the white person died and how they treated
him after. Based on the knowledge of slavery, we can imagine the way the Africans were being
punished, but we did not know how the whites had

Perhaps nothing is more horrifying for any human being than to be considered and treated as a
trading property that can be transported across the Atlantic Ocean, as experienced by a myriad of
Africans in the past centuries. Black African men, women, and children became the innocent victims
of one of history's most abominable chapters of humanity, where the European people embraced
such unbelievable cruelty and insensitivity. To forcibly be taken into captivity and be densely
packed onto ships over a long period of time in a slave–trading voyage influenced their view of
themselves as inferior beings who must do what was asked and shall never complain. Therefore, this
essay argues that the condition on–board, as well as the inhumane treatments throughout the Middle
Passage, served as a foundation that fostered fear and trauma upon an African slave's life in servitude
in the New World. The transatlantic slave trade was an economic system involving all the major
European maritime nations, most notably the British North American colonies, which prevailed
from the sixteenth century and went effectively unchallenged for three centuries. It was often known
as the Atlantic Triangular Slave Trade due to its three–sided route in connecting the peoples and
economies of three continents – Europe, Africa, and the Americas. A variety of manufactured goods
from Europe were traded with an enormous number of people in Africa to be imported and work
under a harsh labouring environment of the

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Middle Passage Essay