This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, complications, and treatment options. Specifically, it covers: 1) The factors that can influence the development of hypertension such as age, race, family history, excess weight, inactivity, sodium intake, stress, diabetes, and kidney disease. 2) The signs and symptoms of hypertension including that it is often asymptomatic but can damage organs if left untreated. Severe hypertension may cause chest pain, difficulty breathing, nervousness, or sweating. 3) Treatment and prevention strategies like reducing sodium intake, increasing potassium intake through foods, exercise, managing weight, and limiting alcohol. Certain foods like chocolate and alo

1. By- Dipankar Dey

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5. Blood pressure is the amount of force on the
walls of the arteries as the blood circulates
around the body
5

6. 80

14. Artery
The outermost layer is composed of connective
tissue made up of collagen fibres.

15. Inside layer is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue
Dilation of Artery

16. Circulation of Blood Containing Red Blood Cells & White Blood Cells

17. Accumulation of macrophage W.B.C. and promoted by LDL
Cholesterol (yellow dots) under the base line of Intima.

18. The body's immune system responds to the damage to the artery wall
caused by oxidized LDL by sending specialized white blood cells to
absorb the oxidized-LDL forming specialized foam cells.

19. The cholesterol plaque causes the muscle cells to enlarge and form
a hard cover over the affected area. This hard cover is what causes
a narrowing of the artery, reduces the blood flow and increases
blood pressure.

20. Arteriosclerosis

21. The white blood cells that move in to repair the damaged artery
make the lining sticky, more fatty deposits adhere, and the plaque
gets bigger.

22. Eventually chemical substances destroy the plaque

23. The plaques that have built up in the arteries break off and get clotted. This
blood clot may block off the already narrow artery causing a Heart Attack.

24. When the normal regulatory mechanisms fail, hypertension
develops.
Hypertension is so dangerous because it gives off no warning
signs or symptoms
Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk
of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.

25. • 95% ‘not known’
• 5% underlying disease
 Genetics 40%
 Environment 55% (lifestyle)

26. Signs & Symptoms
Primary Hypertension is called the “Silent killer”,
because it is frequently asymptomatic- meaning
“without symptoms”.
But internally, it can quietly damage the heart, lungs, blood
vessels, brain, and kidneys if left untreated.
Severe Hypertension may have symptoms, such as:
Chest pain,
Difficulty breathing,
Nervousness,
Sweating,
Difficulty sleeping.

27. Salt and
Sodium
Treatment of Hypertension

28. Factors Influencing
The Development of Hypertension
1. Age :
2. Race :
3. Family History:
4. Excess Weight :
6. Sodium intake :
> 25 BMI
Less active individuals are 30-50% more
likely to develop hypertension.
5. Inactivity :
Blood pressure of certain population is
affected by salt consumption
You have a greater risk if a family member
(Parents or Sibling) has high blood pressure
Young adulthood & middle aged men (>40 yrs
of age). For Women after the age of 50 yrs.
In people who have a gene that makes
them salt-sensitive, are likely to develop
hypertension.

29. 7. Low Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium Intake
Factors Influencing
The Development of Hypertension
8. Tobacco Use
9. Alcohol Intake
10. Stress
11. Diabetes
12. Kidney Disease
13. High Cholesterol

30. Complications

31. Daily Sodium Intake
1 Tsp salt = 6 grams
and contains about 2.4 g of Sodium
(and 3.6 g of chloride).
• Recommendation:
Everyone reduce daily sodium intake to 2.4 g.
• Those with high blood pressure get reduce Sodium to
≤ 1.5 g a day.

32. Some Foods with a lot of Sodium
Potato chips,
Salted crackers,
Biscuits,
Pancakes,
Fast foods,
Pastries and cakes,
Pickles,
Soy sauce,
Cheeses,
Commercially prepared soups,
Frozen or canned peas,
Sausages.

33. POTASSIUM INTAKE
A good balance between Sodium & Potassium is 1:3
For 1.5 g Sodium you should aim for
4.5 g Potassium.

34. • Meat and Potatoes are Healthy
--nothing beats a potato for potassium -- roast, bake, mash
• Winter foods like sweet potatoes,
• Roasted veggies
• Soups with natural meat broth and veggies, tomatoes,
• Fishes are rich in K+
• Fruits - berries, bananas, citrus, melons, grapes, raisins,
apricots
• Nuts - peanuts, almonds
Some Foods with Potassium

35. Chocolate
Possibly Effective for Hypertension !
Dark or Milk Chocolate 50-100 grams/day:
- lowers diastolic by 2.8 mmHg in normal &
hypertensive people.
- modestly lowers systolic by 4.7 mmHg and
- provides 213-500 mg of cocoa polyphenols,

36. Chocolate
Myths
• Chocolate is loaded with saturated fat and is bad for
your cholesterol.
Fact: Stearic acid, the main saturated fat found in milk chocolate is
unique. It doesn’t raise cholesterol levels like other types of
saturated fats.
In fact, eating chocolate bar has been shown to increase HDL
(good) cholesterol levels.
• Chocolate lacks any nutritional value.
Fact: Chocolate is a good source of magnesium, copper, iron and
zinc. It also contains polyphenols (antioxidant) that have been
associated with a decreased risk of coronary disease.

37. Effects of Aloe Vera on Hypertension
• Aloe Vera juice dilates capillaries and enhances blood circulation.
• Aloe Vera extract if injected into the blood, greatly multiplies the
oxygen transportation
• Aloe Vera has been shown to:
1. Decrease total cholesterol levels, triglyceride, phospholipid levels.
2. Increase HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) levels
• If there is too much Bradykinin (a group of protein) in blood, it can
weaken and damage blood vessels. Carboxypeptidase, an ingredient in
aloe vera, can inactivate Bradykinin.
• Homocysteine in blood can damage the lining of your arteries. It also
increases the risk of a blood vessel blockage.
Vitamin B12 in aloe vera helps break down homocysteine into harmless
amino acid.

38. Thank youControl Your Blood Pressure With
Pukhraj Aloe Vera Juice