Introduction to Research, Research Process, Research problem, objectives of research

1. Introduction to Research
Dr. Dipali P. Meher
Ph.D, NET, M.Phil(CS), MCS
Aassistant Professor
PES Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016
dipalimeher@moderncollegegk.org
One Week Faculty Development Program
on
"Research Methodology and IPR"
Organized by
G H RAISONI COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE, PUNE

2. ‘’
▣ Introduction to Research
▣ Problem Definition
▣ Setting Objectives of Research
▣ Research Design
▣ Sampling Techniques
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Agenda

3. ‘’
Introduction to Research
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Research is came from the Old
French term " recerchier "
It is a compound word "re-" +
"cerchier( or searcher)

4. What is Research ?
search for knowledge
a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic
An art of scientific investigation
 Clifford Woody says that - research comprises of
 Defining and redefining problems
 Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data
 Making deductions and reaching conclusions
 Carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
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5. A Piece of research: example(Dealing with a puncture)
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6. A Piece of research: example(Dealing with a puncture)
Research Task Everyday thinking
Identify a problem How Can I deal with my punctured tyre ?
Gather data Obtain prices of new tyres
Analyze the data What is the cheapest?
Interpret the data That’s more than I want to pay. I need more information
Gather more data Is it repairable?
Obtain prices for tyre repair
Analyze the data Can it be repaired?
What is the lowest cost?
How does the cost compare with a new tyre?
Interpret the data Repairing it is possible
Repair will cost 0% of a new tyre
Repair rather than replace means I can still offer to go out on Friday night
Draw Conclusion I will ger it repaired at Tyres –from xyz mechanic/ garage
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7. Research is the creation of new
knowledge, using an appropriate
process to the satisfaction of the users
of the research.
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8. 6 Ps of Research
Participants
Paradigm
Purpose Presentation
Product
Process
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9. Products of a Research Process
(Davis and Parker, 1997)
 New or improved concepts or theories
 New or improved analysis
 New or improved methodology
 New or improved evidence
 An in-depth study of a particular situation
 An exploration of a topic, area, or field
 A critical analysis
The above list is not exhaustive.
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10. Research Process Formulating
the Research
Problem Extensive
Literature
Survey
Development of
Working
Hypothesis
Preparing the
Research
Design
Determining
Sample
Design
Collecting the
Data
Execution of
the Project
Analysis of Data
Hypothesis
Testing
Generalization/
Interpretation
Preparation of
Report/Thesis
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11. Model of Research Process
Experience
and
Motivation
Literature
Review
Research
Questions(s)
Conceptual
Framework
Survey
Design &
Creation
Experiment
Case Study
Action
Research
Ethnography
interviews
Observation
Questionnaires
Documents
Quantitative
Qualitative
Data Generation Methods
Data Analysis
Strategies
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Usually
1:1
often
1:N

12. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Survey Design & Creation Experiment
Case Study Action Research Ethnography
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13. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Survey
Example : For instance, as an
organization looking to find out how
many persons are using your product
in a particular location, you can
administer survey research to collect
useful quantitative data. Other
quantitative research methods include
polls, face-to-face interviews, and
systematic observation.
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14. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Example : - Artefacts
Models Methods Procedures
Algorithms software hardware
Design & Creation
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15. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Example :
After second dose of vaccination very
few peoples are affected by covid-19
Experiment
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16. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Example: foot ware sale in Australia
ASMA Group of institutes
Case Study
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17. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Example: Would different types of
learning enhance student
understanding.
CBCS course pattern is the best
example
Action Research
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18. Model of Research Process: Strategies
Example : stack overflow
Ethnography
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19. Data Generation Process
interviews
observation
Questionnaires
Documents
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20. Types Of Research
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21. Research Method Vs Research Methodology
Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are
used for conduction of research.
Research methods or techniques use in performing research operations
all those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of
studying his research problem are termed as research methods.
Such as data collection, analysis methods and accuracy methods used to
measure accuracy in data as well as in result.
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.
(analysis and accuracy methods)
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22. Research Method Vs Research Methodology
RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods are the methods used by researchers to
collect data to conduct research on a particular research
topic.
A Research methodology is systematic approach to solve the
research problem and to reach a new conclusion.
The objective of the research method is to find the solution. The objective of the research methodology is to determine the
solution by applying correct procedures of research.
Research methods are useful to apply during the latter stage of
the research process.
Research methodologies are applied in the initial stage of the
research being conducted.
Research methods are small part of research methodology. A Research methodology is a multi-dimensional concept.
Research methods consist of various techniques where various
studies and experiments are used to conduct research and
reach an appropriate conclusion.
Research methodologies are used applied during the initial
stage of the research to explain the purpose of chosen methods
and how they will serve its function.
Research methods consist of different investigation techniques. Research methodologies is a systematic strategy to achieve the
decided objective.
Research method encompasses of carrying out an experiment,
survey, test and so on.
Research methodology encompasses different techniques
which are used during the performance of the experiment,
surveys, and test, etc.
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23. ‘’ Problem Definition
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24. A research problem means finding answers to questions or
strengthening existing findings to bridge the knowledge gap
to solve problems.
purpose of a Research problem statement
A problem statement in research seeks to achieve the following:
 Introduce the importance of the topic in the research proposal.
 Position the problem in an appropriate context.
 Provide a framework to analyze and report results.
Research Problem
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25. Characteristics of a Research Problem
 Covers the essential needs or issues
 The problem is stated logically and clearly
 The research is based on actual facts and evidence (non-hypothetical)
 The research problem generates and encourages research questions
 It fits the budget and time frame
 Sufficient data can be obtained
 The problem has an unsatisfactory answer( if solved early) or is a new
problem
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26. Characteristics of a research problem statement
 It must address the gap in knowledge.
 It must be significant to the extent that it contributes
positively to the research
 It must help in further research
 With the data collected, you must understand the problem
clearly
 It must be in the researcher’s interest should and suit his/her
time, knowledge, skills, and resources
 The problem-solving approach must be ethical
 Customary research methods can be applied
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27. Components of a Research Problem
 Relevance of the study
 Title of the study
 Operational definition of the variables
 Objectives of the study
 Delimitations of the study
 Scope and limitations of the study
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28. Necessity of defining the research problem
A problem clearly stated is a problem half solved.
What data are to be collected?
What characteristics of data are relevant and need
to be studied?
What relations are to be explored?
What techniques are to be used for the purpose?
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29. Technique Involved In Defining A Problem
Statement of a problem in a general way
Understanding the nature of problem
Surveying the available literature
Developing the ideas through discussions
Rephrasing the research problem
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3
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30. ‘’
Setting Objectives of Research
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31. Objectives of Research
research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
(exploratory or formulative research studies)
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a
group (descriptive research studies)
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else (diagnostic research studies);
 To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (hypothesis-testing
research studies).
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32. How to Write Objectives of Research?
Action words should be oriented towards outcome.
There should be logical sequence to research objectives
Example:
 To identify a problem
 To develop a solution
 To design and implement a solution
 To assess its impact
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33. ‘’ Research Design
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34. Research Design
The preparation of the design of the research project,
popularly known as the “research design”
Questions like what, where, when, how much
A research design is the arrangement of conditions
for collection and analysis of data in a manner that
aims to combine relevance to the research purpose
with economy in procedure.
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35. Research Design- Questions
 What is the study about?
 Why is the study being made?
 Where will the study be carried out?
 What type of data is required?
 Where can the required data be found?
 What periods of time will the study include?
 What will be the sample design?
 What techniques of data collection will be used?
 How will the data be analysed?
 In what style will the report be prepared?
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36. Features Of A Good Design
A research design appropriate for a particular research
problem, usually involves the consideration of the
following factors:
(i) the means of obtaining information;
(ii)the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff,
if any;
(iii) the objective of the problem to be studied;
(iv) the nature of the problem to be studied; and
(v) the availability of time and money for the research
work.
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37. Factors in Research Design
Confounded relationship
Research hypothesis
Control
Dependent and
independent variables
Extraneous variable
Experimental and non-
experimental hypothesis-testing
research
Experimental and control groups
Treatments
Experiment
Experimental unit(s)
Factors in Research Design
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38. ‘’
▣ What is HYPOTHESIS?
A proposed explanation made on
the basis of limited evidence as a
starting point for further
investigation.
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39. Simple and Complex Hypothesis
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Simple hypothesis is the statement which refers the relationship between
two variables.
Example: the lower level of hemoglobin the higher is the risk of infection
among body, smoking leads to cancer
Complex Hypothesis is the statement which refers to the relationship
between more than two variables
Example: satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and staying
in rural area rather than younger and staying in urban area.

40. ‘’ Sampling Techniques
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41. Sampling
What is Sampling?
it is the process of obtaining information about an entire population by
examining only a part of it.
What is sample?: truly representative of population characteristics without
any bias
The items selected to constitute is technically called a sample.
Item selection process is called sampling design.
The survey conducted on the basis of sample is described as sample
survey.
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42. Need For Sampling
 Save time and money.
 Less expensive than a census study
 Produces results at a relatively faster speed.
 Sampling may enable more accurate measurements
 Only way when population contains infinitely many
members.
 Sampling usually enables to estimate the sampling errors
and, thus, assists in obtaining information concerning some
characteristic of the population
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43. Fundamentals about sampling
 Universe/Population
 Sampling frame
 Sampling design
 Statisitc(s) and parameter(s)
 Sampling error
 Confidence level and significance level
 Sampling distribution 43

44. Sampling Techniques
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46. Probability Sampling
▣ ‘random sampling’ /‘chance sampling’
▣ every item of the universe has an equal
chance of inclusion in the sample
□ Simple Random Sampling
□ Systematic Sampling
□ Stratified sampling
□ Multi-stage sampling
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47. Probability Sampling- Simple Random Sampling
Every element has an equal chance of getting selected to be the part sample. It is
used when we don’t have any kind of prior information about the target population.
Example : Random selection of 20 students from class of 50 student. Each student
has equal chance of getting selected. Here probability of selection is 1/50
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48. Probability Sampling - Systematic Sampling
▣ the most practical way of sampling is to select every ith item
on a list
▣ In systematic sampling only the first unit is selected
randomly and the remaining units of the sample are selected
at fixed intervals
▣ Example , if a 4 per cent sample is desired, the first item
would be selected randomly from the first twenty-five and
thereafter every 25th item would automatically be included in
the sample.
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49. Probability Sampling - Stratified sampling
▣ Used in population which is from
hetero-geneous group
▣ divides the elements of the
population into small subgroups
(strata) based on the similarity in
such a way that the elements within
the group are homogeneous and
heterogeneous among the other
subgroups formed.
▣ The elements are randomly selected
from each of these strata.
▣ We need to have prior information
about the population to create
subgroups.
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50. Probability Sampling Methods- Multi-stage sampling
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51. Probability Sampling
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52. Non-Probability Sampling
▣ Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique
in which the researcher selects samples based on the
subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random
selection
□ Convenience Sampling
□ Quota Sampling
□ Judgmental or Purposive Sampling
□ Snowball Sampling
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53. Non- Probability Sampling- Convenience Sampling
Here the samples are selected
based on the availability. This
method is used when the
availability of sample is rare and
also costly. So based on the
convenience samples are selected.
Facebook polls or questions can be
mentioned as a popular example for
convenience sampling.
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54. Non- Probability Sampling- Judgmental or Purposive Sampling
This is based on the intention or the
purpose of study. Only those
elements will be selected from the
population which suits the best for
the purpose of our study.
If we want to understand the
thought process of the people who
are interested in pursuing master’s
degree then the selection criteria
would be “Are you interested for
Masters in..?”
All the people who respond with a
“No” will be excluded from our
sample.
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55. Non- Probability Sampling- Quota Sampling
▣ depends of some pre-set standard. It selects the representative sample from
the population.
▣ Proportion of characteristics/ trait in sample should be same as population.
▣ Elements are selected until exact proportions of certain types of data is
obtained or sufficient data in different categories is collected.
▣ Example If our population has 45% females and 55% males then our
sample should reflect the same percentage of males (criteria age > 50).
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56. Non- Probability Sampling - Snowball Sampling
▣ This technique is used in the situations where the
population is completely unknown and rare.
▣ Therefore we will take the help from the first element
which we select for the population and ask him to
recommend other elements who will fit the description of
the sample needed.
▣ So this referral technique goes on, increasing the size of
population like a snowball.
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57. Non- Probability Sampling-Snowball Sampling
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58. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
What makes people to undertake research?
Motives:-
 Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e.,
concern over practical problems initiates research;
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
 Desire to be of service to society;
 Desire to get respectability
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59. References
https://www.slideshare.net/drjayeshpatidar/writing-research-objectives
Kothari, C. R. (2008). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (2nd ed., pp. 109-
110). New Delhi: New Age Inter- national (P) Limited.
Briony J Oates. 2006. Researching Information Systems and Computing. Sage Publications
Ltd.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-problem/
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/cluster-sampling/
https://towardsdatascience.com/sampling-techniques-a4e34111d808
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/snowball-sampling/
https://www.marketing91.com/research-method-and-research-methodology/
https://www.slideshare.net/DharmasenaPb/lesson-5-research-objectives-82750729
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60. Thank You
You can find me at
dipalimeher@moderncollegegk.org
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