Project management and proposal

1. IPJ410s
Open book test
8 Sept Assignment open book multiple choice
(20 questions) Management and project
Negative marking if you guess negative mark – 3%
After each lecture he sets the questions. Practical
Questions.
10 Sept Test 1 (not cost)
Comprehension and ability understand

2. Project Management
• A project is a temporary endeavour to
undertake a unique project or service.
• A project is a human activity undertaking to
achieve clear goal against a time scale.

3. Features of a project
1. It has a start and an end date (defined time frame)
2. It has Stake holders
3. It includes uncertainty
4. Well defined goals( tangible product or service as
whole)
5. Unique product and service
6. Minor attributes to a product involves humans one or
more. Involve one hour or many years. Formally
tracked(time) bench mark or milestones formal
agreement.

4. Project Management
• Project management is the application of
knowledge, tools and technics to project
activities to meet project goals.
• Project Management is the discipline of
planning, organising, leading and controlling
resources to meet project goals.

5. • Resources are things that go into product and
service.
• Consumable resources: cement and bricks
• Non-Consumable Resources: Human, Tools

6. Project Constraint
• Elementary level has triple constraint
–Cost
–Time
–Scope (example quality)
• Procurement is not core

7. Major requirement of
Project Manager
• Project manager has to achieve project goals
while honouring preconceived project
constraints and other constraints (resource
constraint, risk constraint, stockholders needs
“Consumer satisfaction”)
• The basic challenge of a project manager is to
optimise the allocation and integration to
meet predefined objectives

8. Project Lifecycle
1. Initiation (feasible study, conceptualisation
phase)
2. Planning Phase (design and development
stage)
3. Execution Stage / phase Construction and
Implementation phase
4. Control and Monitoring (monitoring
deviations)
5. Closing phase (Project review,
commissioning, handover to stakeholders

9. Question: Differentiates between
project and project management ?

10. Types of development Projects
1. Derivative project: change the silver paint on
a car manufacturing .
2. Platform project “next generation” or “future
extended project”
3. Research and development “Visionary
project “ High risk” and well documented.

11. Project Manager Responsibility
• Sole responsibility for the successful
completion of the project
• Or
• Solely responsibility of the planning, control,
organising, of a successful project

12. Responsibilities of Project Manager /
Leader / Director
1. Describe clear project goals and objectives
(understanding the goals)
2. Ensuring feasible project plan for everyone
3. Creating a focus and committed team
4. Monitoring performance against plan
5. Controlling the project changes
6. Keeping Clients (Stockholders) informed and
committed to the project.
7. Resolving priority
8. Resolving interpersonal conflicts

13. The performance and
effectiveness of a project manager
1. Outcome of project does project
meet desired specification
2. Schedule is the project on time
3. Resources are within the
specified budget.

14. Characteristics of Project Managers
1. Ability to lead and develop people
2. Ability to work independently
3. Ability to handle stress
4. Ability to solve problem
5. Ability to communicate

15. Skill required by Project Manager
1. Leadership skill
2. Negotiating skills (compromise, give and take
, come to an agreement)
3. Influencing skill (convince to change idea)
4. Budgeting skill
5. Communication Skill

16. Selecting a project
1. Financial Consideration
– Cash flow, borrow, payback date, Return on
Investment
2. Personnel Consideration
– HR consideration like pilot, geo engineers,
3. Market Consideration
– Customer acceptance,
4. Production consideration
– Equipment and facility
5. Administrative Consideration
– Impact and compliance on the International,
National and local LAW.
– vulnerability of one supplier like the supply of
cement.
– Disaster Recovery Plan “Plan B”

17. Questions: Mister Adams has undergone
training in public relation as far as his training he
under gone public relations in France and ….his
skills required .Describe se
• Do you think he has the required skills discuss?
• He acquired 3 skills and lack a,b,c……
Mention the skill of the a Project Managers

18. Question: Your company is producing PCB board , the same
company is producing a new product line of appliances in
designer colours with distinctive features for kitchens in small
spaces. This new product will be offered indefinitely starting
with the spring catalogue release.
• Is this a project or ongoing operations. Discuss [10]?
The person asking is unfamiliar with Projects. First say what is
a characteristic project. This is a new project because
It has a start and an end date (Starts now and ends spring.)
It has Stake holders (the same stake holder of th
It includes uncertainty
Well defined goals(tangable product or service as whole)
Unique product and service
Minor attributes to a product involves humans one or more.
Involve one hour or many years. Formally tracked(time) bench
mark or milestones formal agreement.

19. Question: Briefly outline ”advanced listing” the major criterion you will
consider in project selection for your company.
• If you want to select a project what is your selection
1. The person. Financial Consideration
Cash flow, borrow, payback date, Return on Investment
2. Personnel Consideration
HR consideration like pilot, geo engineers,
3. Market Consideration
Customer acceptance,
4. Production consideration
Equipment and facility
5. Administrative Consideration
Impact and compliance on the International, National and
local LAW.
vulnerability of one supplier like the supply of cement.
Disaster Recovery Plan “Plan B”

20. Project Management Knowledge Areas
• Best Practice “outline”
1. Project Time Management
I. How do we manage the time
II. Activity
a. Definition
b. Activity sequence
c. Activity time
2. Project Cost Management
I. Resource Planning
II. Cost Estimation
III. Bottom up, bottom down
IV. Cost Control
3. Project Scope Management
I. What should be in the project.
II. Scope Definition
III. Scope authorisation (who has the authority
IV. Scope Change Manage (If changes come up, how do you manage it)
4. Project Quality Management
– (Describes the process required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs which it was undertaken.) (Try to meet customer
satisfaction and even supersede.
5. Project Human Resource Management.
I. (how do you carry out recruitment)
II. Team development.(need for training) or Team work
6. Project Communication Management
I. How information should be disseminate. ”to pass on information
II. Information collection, Distribution and reporting and meeting minutes
7. Project Procurement Management.
I. How to acquire goods and services outside the project.
I. Procurement planning.
II. Buying the roofing and the building has not yet started and the roof will only be done next year.
8. Project Risk Management
1. Identify Problems and major areas and quality the problems. And how to mitigate “lighten the impact of the degree of havoc)the problem

21. Project Management Knowledge Areas
• Best Practice “outline”
1. Project Time Management
I. How do we manage the time
II. Activity
a. Definition
b. Activity sequence
c. Activity time
2. Project Cost Management
I. Resource Planning
II. Cost Estimation
III. Bottom up, bottom down
IV. Cost Control

22. Project Management Knowledge Areas
• Best Practice “outline”
3.Project Scope Management
I. What should be in the project.
II. Scope Definition
III. Scope authorisation (who has the authority
IV. Scope Change Manage (If changes come up, how
do you manage it)
4. Project Quality Management
– (Describes the process required to ensure that
the project will satisfy the needs which it was
undertaken.) (Try to meet customer satisfaction
and even supersede.

23. Project Management Knowledge Areas
Best Practice “outline”
5. Project Human Resource Management.
I. (how do you carry out recruitment)
II. Team development.(need for training) or Team
work
6. Project Communication Management
1. How information should be disseminate. ”to pass
on information
2. Information collection, Distribution and reporting
and meeting minutes

24. Project Management Knowledge Areas
• Best Practice “outline”
7. Project Procurement Management.
I. How to acquire goods and services outside the
project.
I. Procurement planning.
II. Buying the roofing and the building has not
yet started and the roof will only be done next
year.
8. Project Risk Management
1. Identify Problems and major areas and quality
the problems. And how to mitigate “lighten the
impact of the degree of havoc)the problem

25. Project Time Management
• Network diagram
– Flow Chart that describes the order in which activities should be carried out in
a project.
• Uses: It helps project managers to graphically represent schedules.
• Analyse
• Adjustment
– Dependency
• Mandatory Dependency (Hard Logic)
• Discretionary Dependency (Soft Logic)
• External Dependency (Parallel or Series)
– Characteristics of activities
• Time duration
• Start date and finish date
• Activities need resources
– Requirements of Network Diagram
• List activities
• and then see the dependency
• Work Breakdown Structure
– Decomposes the scope of the work into manageable work packages.
– Work packages broken down into activities.
• (activity is the work required to move from one event/stage/milestone/key-date to the
next in a project)
• Event is a significant occurrence in a project

26. Program Time Management Software
• PERT- Program Evaluation and Review Technique
– Event (represented by Circle)
– Activities (represented by a Line with arrow head)
• CPM-Critical Path Method
– Activities are represented by a BOX
– Later Start, Latest Finished
– Earlier start date is the earliest an activity can be started.
– Earliest Finish date is the earliest date you can finish an activity.
– Latest Start Date is the latest date you can Start an activity and
still finish the project within the required date.
– Latest Finish Date is the latest date you can Finish an activity
and still finish the project within the required date.

27. Critical Path
• Critical Path is the sequence of activities in a
project that take the longest time to
complete.
• Slack or Float is the amount of time you can
delay the earliest start of activities with out
delaying the finish date of the project.
= Duration of Critical Path – Duration of Path B.

28. Critical Path

29. Project Time Management :Duration
Compression
• Schedule Compression usually happens when the end
of the project is predetermined or fixed.
Or
If after the performing the CPM “Critical Path Method”
going to take longer than the
• Options to solve time:
– Fast Tracking disadvantage: increases project risk.
“Implication High risk of quality can be compromise”
Advantage is shortening the project Duration.
– Crashing involves adding/increasing more resources. The
major disadvantage is cost and not the quality. Not used
when project is in a devised or financial complications.

30. Project Risk Management
• Identifying
• Analysing
• Responding to and Managing Risk

31. Conditions for greater Project Risk
1. The larger or more complex a project the greater
the risk
2. The longer the duration of a project the greater
the risk.
3. The newer the “one in time” “latest” technology
the greater the risk.
4. The less experienced the greater the risk.
5. The longer the time span between project
planned and project start date the greater the
risk.

32. Risk Identification
1. You can identify risk by recognising Risk Triggers “ Risk
Symptoms“.
2. By Brain Storming calling all stakeholders and discuss.
3. By Delphi Technique is brain storming using
collaboration, emails and most are autonomous.
4. By recognising factors. One risk factor that can lead to
one or more risks. “ no feasibility has been carried out
is a risk factor, No detail back ground information ”
5. Well Documented Project Plan

33. 1. Technical risk is associated with uncommon
technology. “New Equipment, Programs”
2. Organisational Risk. “Diversion of Funds”
3. External Risk
1. Laws and regulations that suddenly pop up
4. Catastrophic risk
1. Risk from Nature

34. Response to Risk
1. Elimination or avoidance in advance. Best
Practice.
2. Transference or deflection or giving the risk
to an other party.
3. Mitigation is to reduce the impact of the risk.
4. Contingency Plan “use and have reserve
resources.”
5. Risk Acceptance.

35. Managing risk
• Outsourcing by having Insurance.

36. Project Quality Management
• Deliverable meet desired standards.
• Project out put is fit for the purpose.
• Terminologies
• Criteria for describing quality used grades of
– Quality: is the degree in which an set of inherent
features fulfil the product requirements.
– “quality is fulfilling the clients requirements”
– Grade: is the ranking of items with the same function
use but do not share the same requirements for
quality. “Grade is the function of the futures of a
product”

37. Discuss the below
• A low quality product is a problem
• A low grade product is not a problem.

38. Quality control Tools
• Inspection
• Trend Analysis
– Using historical data for future performance
• Control Chart
– Measure data over time and display in a graphical
form
• Bench marking
– Involve comparing previous similar activities and
to provide a standard for performance
measurements.

39. Benefits of Meeting Quality
Requirement
1. Reduction of losses in resources through
rework
2. The product is fit for use.
3. Corrective actions are carried out where
necessary.
4. Productivity is higher.
5. Cost is lower.

40. Project Human Resource Management
• Team building
– Is getting diverse group of people together to
work together in the most effective manner.
• Team has positive Synergy.

41. Team Formation Stages
1. Forming Stage “ team formation stage” being
introduced .
2. Storming Stage
3. Norming stage team members now know
each other and work together
4. Performing stage where team members are
start performing and being effective.

42. Motivation Theories
• “Motivational Theory within Performance Stage and under
human resource management.”
1. Hygiene factors
2. 13th cheque
3. Free Study loans
4. Benefits that motivate people.
5. Expectation theory
– An Expectation to a positive outcome.
6. Achievement Theory
– Postulates that people are motivated out of the need
to be successful
7. Environment
8. Title and status

43. Leadership and Management
• 2 major extreme theories
1. Theory X “ Dictators”
– believe people are lazy
– People have no desire to work
– People are motivated through Punishment
2. Theory Y
– Believe that people are creative.
– People are interested in their work
– They are committed with the right environment

44. Conflict and Conflict resolution
• Conflict is a process when party A perceives
that Party B has negatively effected or about
to effect something that party A cares about.

45. Sources of conflict
1. Semantic differences “difficulties”
2. Selective perception
“the way you preceive other people due to upbringing or
media prior to perception”
3. Personality Type
4. Value differences
5. Size
6. Organisational Structure

46. Conflict Resolution
1. Conflict Avoidance
I. Withdrawing from the conflict “ignore”
2. Conflict Accommodating
I. Let the weaker accept the conflict and continue with work
3. Conflict Smoothing
I. Play down the differences in the conflict and emphasis the
common interest. “issue is made trivial” there is still the cold
war
4. Conflict Compromise
I. Force conflicting parties to sacrifice some thing to balance.
5. Conflict Collaboration
I. Search for mutual beneficial outcome.
6. Conflict Confrontation
I. “Best Approach” let people know who is wrong and solve
issue.

47. Project Scope Management
• Is the process required to ensure that the
project includes all the work that must be
done to successfully complete the project.
• Project scope is the work that has to be
accomplished.

48. Project Scope Management
documents
1. Project Charter (Document that recognises
the existence of the project and created by
the sponsors)
I. Project charter identifies the Project manager.
II. Project charter describes the authority vested
on the project manager.
III. Project charter describes the boundaries of the
project and project manager

49. Components of a project charter
1. Project Description
2. Project objectives
3. Project goal is ultimate
4. Project deliverables
5. Project need “why the project exists”
6. Project cost estimates
7. Project resources
8. Roles and responsibility of key team members.
9. List of key stack holders
10. Feasibility study.

50. Scope statement
• Scope Statement is drafted by the Project manager’s team
“the purpose of the scope statement is to document the
functions and plan of action and derivable.”
• Components of the scope statement
– Project Justification it has been proven to be feasible and
legitimate.
– Project Product Description
– Project Deliverables “Project and time”
– Project requirement
– Project sponsors
– Project cost estimates.
– Project name for legitimate reference

51. Scope change control
• Request change: The team, the client, the
sponsors as a result of cogence plans. Vendor
issue. All changes must be formally written to
keep record.
• Prepare document for change control.
1. How to submit change request./ the policies
and procedures to request a change in the
project.
2. How to manage change control

52. When a change request is received
1. Evaluate the impact of the change and asses
the change request and keep an open mind.
2. Look for alternative
3. Communicate!! Meet the stockholders and
update if change has been accepted or
declined.

53. Project Procurement Management
• Procurement is the process of acquiring goods and services.
• Policy and procedure
1.Procurement scheduling
2. Procurement Planning
3. Procurement Supplier / vendor list
4.Procurement Tender / quote
5.Procurement Transport
6.Procurement Insurance
7.Procurement Insurance
8.Procurement Storage

54. Procurement scheduling
• When to buy what where
Procurement Planning
 Save on storage space by not buying too far in
advance.
 Pay for plumbing too far in advance is not wise.
Procurement Supplier / vendor list
 Who will be your supplier local vs import

55. Procurement Tender / quote
I. Who will be your supplier local vs import
II. When to tender and when to quote and then 3
quotes or 1 quote.
Procurement Transport
• Cheap
• Risk reliability
• Reliability
• Time Truck / train

56. Procurement Insurance
• Insuring transport or in transits and storage
Procurement Storage Facility
• Do not store.
• Order just in time

57. Project Cost Management
• Sponsors and clients
• Schedule and Budget are important
documents

58. Budget
• Budget
– Monitoring
– Controlling
– Success is within the budget.
– Carry out budget without cost estimates and need
insight on material and knowledge of the project
tasks.

59. Project Cost Management
• Types of Cost:
– Direct cost
• Labour on an activity, data logger, equipment cost ,
– Indirect Cost (overhead)
• Offices electricity, Tax return, Auditing, feul.
– Material cost, Equipment Cost, Procurement Cost.

60. Project Cost Management
• Budget
– Types of Cost Estimates
• Resources
– Material
• Time
• Risk
– Legitimate
Scope

61. Types of Estimate
• Expert Judgement (expert Knowledge)
• Analogue estimate (Top down estimate)
– Management looks at previous history and benchmark on that.
• Parametric estimate
– Quantitatively based on rate or estimation method (quantity work * rate)
• Bottom Up estimate
– (very time consuming) cost associated with each activity. Data is gathered at
lower level
• 3 Point Estimate
– Use 3 different estimate and use norm (optimistic “on time and best cost” ,
Likely “ norm” and pessimistic “ worst condition” estimate)
• Vendor Bid Analysis
• Contingency Reserve Analysis “ conservative and use contingency”
– Putting an extra 10 or 20 % for reserves incase somting happens

62. Accuracy of Cost Estimate
• Time
• Experience
• Approach
• Technic

63. Budget Uncertainty
DESCRIPTION CURE
Inflation trend: Rise in general goods and
commodity over a period of time.
RESERVE APPROUCH
Change in resources Change procedure
Natural Disaster Insurance
Increase specification by client “change request Scope change procedure”
Mandated change
“New labour law, Government law
change”

64. Project Communication
• Should hold people accountable and be specific and to
the man and get commitment and feed back also get
written feedback ”record” also important and urgent
• Verbal
– Formal (official) “technical instruction over phone,
– Informal “ not taken serious”
• Written
– Formal (official) report, proposal, status report
– informal
• Non Verbal / Written
– Eye contact “greeting culture” , signs

65. Communication Gap
– Common causes
• Information overload “instruction is very long with a lot
of other info” Beat around the bush
• Hidden Agenda
• Bias “Prejudgement”

66. Research
• Systematic system to resolve problems
• Searching facts and solutions
• Seeking
– Gathering is a part of research
• Analysing
• Interpreting

67. Test 2
• Questions expected: advantages and
disadvantages. (pro and cons) merits and
demerits
• No scenarios

68. Not Research
• Gathering is a part of research
• Information presentation is not research
• Describing is not research
• Analysing Research
• Research is not reasoning based on your experience.

69. Research Types
1. Experimental Research
– Observation for scientific purpose
– Testing, Cause and effect between variables under controlled
conditions
2. Historical Research
– phenomenon / events from the past “Volcano irruption”
3. Survey Research to collect facts about prevalence
4. Ethnographic Research
– Anthropology study humans in natural environment and way
of life.
5. Phenomenological Research
– Focused on peoples perception and not on culture (what is the
blind peoples about the people around them)
6. Action Research initiated to solve immediate problem and
guidelines for best practice.

70. 17 sept

71. Action Research
• Boards are always faulty at ATM and what to
do to solve or preventions rather than replace.

72. • Primary Data is the raw data that you
generated. From questionnaire.
• Secondary Data is data retrieved from a
source.

73. Approach to research
1. Deductive approach
– Pick theory
– Looking at theory or hypothesis then
– Test the validity
2. Inductive approach
– Reverse look at problem and generate a theory
3. Positivist approach
– Is a philosophy that focus on scientific methods. It is
objective with facts and figures.
4. Interpretiuism approach is subjective to
experience and feeling.

74. Research methodology
“ set of systems and rules how to do
“approach” something”
• Quantitative research Methodology
– Involves and require collect and analysis of numeric
data are used to obtain information of the
world.(measurement) like yes(1) or no(0).
• Qualitative research Methodology
– Involves and require collect and analysis of the use of
narrative “descriptive” data to obtain information of
the world. Eg. Words, images, artefacts , recordings.
• Mixed Research Methodology

75. • Difference between quantitative and
qualitative research methods
Quantitative Qualitative
Numbers Words, observation
approach Objective Subjective
Deductive Inductive
Focused or concentrates on Causes and effects Research on search for reason

76. Quantitative pros and cons
Quantitative Advantages Disadvantages
It can be applicable generalised Possible to have large and
divergent amount of data,
which may be difficult to
analyse, resulting in
frustration
Can be repeated with same result
Replicable
Offers precision control through
the use of reliable instruments.
Provides specific procedures
Creative process

77. Qualitative pros and cons
Qualitative Advantages Disadvantages
Provides rich data, self explanatory
unlike seeing numbers
Can not be or difficult to
generalised.
Has wide application, involve
children, handicap, illiterate.
Not replicable
Time consuming
Can be bias by including
collectors own prejudgement.

78. Research design

79. Research Topic
• Research topic
– Topic can be captivative
– Must interesting you
– Interesting to supervisor
– What was your research about.
• Relevant for future
– Methodology
– Time availability
• Research should be linked to theory

80. Describe terminology
• Theory:
– “non practical”, speculation, is a tested and testable concept to
explain a phenomenon or occurrence.
• Hypothesis:
– Is an explanation to a phenomenon subjected to a test.
• Null hypothesis:
– In an underline assumption made about a population. The
validity of which is a subject to statistical test.
• Population is a collection of elements about which we wish
to make inference.
• Sample is a subset or port of a population.
• Pre-empting
• Prelimenary

81. 17 sept end
• Secondary opportunity questions
– Secondary data are error prone? Discuss
• Date
• Purpose
• Source
• validity
– Research test there is no discuss

82. DATA Terminology used
• Data is raw unprocessed information /facts
• Information is data collected and is suitable for
problem solving.
• Quantitative data-In the form of numbers
• Qualitative data is in the form of narrative data
• Primary data is collected by the 1st hand
experience.
• Secondary data is data collected from the
published source.

83. Questions
• Is there a fair distribution of project
distribution in Erongo Region. Research
• Data is reliable but not valid is true
• Validation, generalise, triagleisation, reliable,
reliable

84. Data collection
• Data collection
– Why am I collecting data
– What exactly am I looking for
– When
– Where am I going to collect data.
– How am I going to collect with what instrument.

85. • Collection of primary data is
– Expensive
– Time consuming
– No sense if relevant data is available.
• Secondary data is
– Data may be pathed

86. Secondary Data
• Criteria / Conditions of valuating secondary data.
– Dates of collection “might be outdated”
– Purpose and content
– Source Credibility
– Data Validity
• Authentic / genuine refers to the extent which the data are
what they are believed to be.
– Data Reliability
• It relates to the extent to a particular Data collection
approach yield the same result at different times.
Consistency

87. Data
• Data Generalisation
– The extent to which the resort from data can be
extended to other situations.
• Data Triangulation
– To ascertain data by using two or more methods
to validate data.

88. Data
• Choice of data collection method
1. Availability “
2. Time
3. Cost
4. Ethical issues
5. Legal issues “infringe on company policy”

89. Reference

90. literature

91. research

92. • Identify a project for IPJ4B
• Link this to IPJ4B

93. Data collection Method
• Questionnaire
– Versatile
– Cheap
– Closed ended (yes or no)”1,2,3,4,5,6,
• Education
– School
– Graduate
– Post Graduate
– Open Ended ( opinion)

94. Data Collection
Questionnaire
Close ended vs open ended nb exam
Close Ended Open ended
Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages
Not suitable for enquiries Easy to answer and
not time consuming
Time consuming to
answer
Suitable for open
enquiry
No richness only
anticipated response
Easy to summaries Difficult to
summaries
Reveal a richness
of information
People might miss
understand the response
Easy to Analyse Data Difficult to analyse
data
Good for
identifying
unexpected

95. Data Collection
Interviews
• Interview Guide
– Brief Questions
– Avoid ambiguous words
– Structured interviews
• Closed ended
• Fixed time
– Unstructured interviews
• Open ended
• Random and broad questions “general”
• Long “protracted” period of time

96. Data Collection Interviews phases
• Interview Phases
– Introductory phase
• Do not act superior
• Simple language
• Aim on interview
• Interview must be clear
– Exploratory phase
• Get facts
• Listening and note facts actively
– Ask responded if there is any question and thank
you
– Concluding phase
• Summaries the interview

97. Data collection Interview
Advantage Disadvantage
Motivate “personal interaction and
reform ”
Respondent bias
Flexibility “ in the line of question” Fear and miss trust
Feedback validity Difficult to elicit participation due to
busy job schedule
Provides rich data

98. Data Collection Observation
• Watching and listening to an activity
– In behaviour that perception
– Participant observation
• The researcher part takes in the research
– Nonparticipant observer
• View how doctors act and record
Advantage Disadvantages
Useful to collect in depth rich data Time consuming
Has a wide application “children,
handicap, illiterate”
Observer must be trained
Questions can be explained Researches bias can be introduces
Help Identify subtle and hidden
problems

99. Data Collection online
Advantages disadvantages
Cost saving Restricted to certain group of people
e.g. elderly
Time saving Not enough rich data

100. Test 2
• Assignments on monday
• Last week of October

101. 2014/09/29
• Todays lecturer is very important.

102. Referencing
• Preference to the reference (why do you choose this
author)
• Referencing is anything you use in your research to support
your argument.
• Referencing vs Bibliography
• Bibliography include material that you consulted but not
necessary used to support argument. Bibliography is not
• APA Citation
• In-text citation “paraphrasing” “According to Angula &
Puleni “(2010)
• “Reseach is a sys….”(Johnson, 2010)
• Use Authentic and accredited source

103. • Annotated Bibliography is a bibliography in
which each items have annotation, which is a
summary of how each source is useful to the
author.

104. Use of Referencing
1. Lends credit to work
2. Acknowledge previous work of author.
3. Demonstrates read widely
4. Helps reader to check validity of your
argument.
5. Helps you to show the reader where you
have used someone else idea.

105. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is not just copping an other ones
work but also using information without
referencing

106. Style of referencing
• American Psychology Association
• Harvard Style
• MLA
• IEEE

107. Harvard Style Reference
• Reference provides
– the originator
– Date when book is published
– Name title
– Book, journal, news paper,
– ISSN “international standard serial number”
• For articles or series issues
– ISBN “international standard book number”
• For books

108. Literature
• Issues or field on the basis of research evidence
• Shed light on the topic selected for investigation
• 1. authors and works
• 2. To identify opposing point of view
• 3. To identify new research theories
• 4. To increase your knowledge of your research
study.

109. Research Proposal
• Wide left space for binding
• Paragraph spacing must be equal.

110. Research Proposal
• Title Page
• Table of content
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Reference

111. Research Proposal cover page / Title
page
• Research topic (
• Student name
• Student number
• Supervisor / lecturer name
• Submission / Due date (20 Oct 2014)

112. Research Proposal
• No cover letter
• Limitation is constraints and challenges and
should not be included in the proposal.
– Time , money,
Delimitation should be in the proposal is the
amount of work to be done. (boundaries)
Do not refer to “I” use the author

113. Research Proposal Table of content
• Table of content
– Well aligned

114. Proposal
• Introduction “chapters”
a) “paragraphs” This must provide an over view of the
research issues to be considered.
b) In the overview states the following :
• Research concerns
• Research disagreement and controversies (area where other
people disagree.
• Research on unanswered questions
c) Formulate a statement of the research
• Is there a relation between teachers qualification and
student performance?
d) State the significance of the research
a) Will the research infringe the division makers.
e) Delimitation should be in the proposal is the amount
of work to be done. (boundaries)

115. Proposal Literature review
• Literature review
a) Demonstrate what you have researched
b) Indicate what remains un- Investigated.
c) Point to unanswered questions and arguments
d) Reveal the need for further research
e) Identify theoretical and methodological weakness
f) Be critical and analytical
a) How does this literature relates to the topic
b) What explicit assumptions are made
c) What implicit assumptions are made.
d) How sound are these assumptions and how logical.
e) What value under pins the assumption made the
literatures
f) What alternative conclusion can you draw from the
literature.

116. Proposal methodology
• Methodology
a) Research design “research plan that will be used to conduct
the studies” quantitative or qualitative “observation”
b) Population revers to the group you are going to carry out.
c) Sample method
d) Research instrument tools to be used to collect data.
e) Procedures collect data from nampower and have access to
those equipment
f) Research ethics about the ethical issues and confidentiality
will be confidential. The participants will be protected. Not
disrupt normal activities.
g) Data Analysis strategy like anova,
h) Budget refers to the approaches used and how it will effect
the budget, travel accommodation, hours spent , email cost ,

117. Proposal
• Reference
– Literature
– biography

118. 14/10/6
• Product already approved
• Product to easy

119. Project Proposal
• Title Page
• Table of content
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Conclusion
• Reference

120. Proposal cover page / Title page
• Research topic (
• Student name
• Student number
• Supervisor / lecturer name
• Submission / Due date (20 Oct 2014)

121. Project Proposal
• 1Repeat as for research proposal (title page)
1. Introduction
– Provide overview of the project
– State the objective
– Provide background information
2. Literature review
a) Give a review of how this problem has been handled by
other in the past.(ex. old wind turbine vs new turbine)
b) Analyse the method used by other (describe)
c) Analyse the products by other advantages and
disadvantages.( and environmental impacts)(describe)
d) Criticise the other products method and product

122. Proposal review
4. Proposed Solution
– Proposed your method to solve the problem
– Give emphases to areas not tacked by the literature
reviews.(avoid mentioning in literature review)
– Give emphases on how the new solution or method
will deliver from others.
– Identify the functional requirements
– Identify the technical requirements /
• Weight, size, colour, specifications, power consumption
– Functional block diagram (rectifying unit(with
reference text), filtering unit, smoothing unit. / flow
chart for your proposed solution. (no complete
circuit design to component level)

123. 5. Project budget
– Possible funding
– Global estimate not accurate. Get idea of cost
from literature review.
6. Time Line ½ page
– Estimate not accurate.
7. Conclusion ½ page
8. References(APA) (own page)

124. Data Analysis sampling
1. Simple random Sampling
2. Stratified Sampling
– Strata (group) then random sample within group
• Proportionate stratified sampling
• Disproportionate stratified sampling
3. Cluster Sampling

125. Non Probability: you can not predict
the outcome sampling
1. Quota Sampling (study the attitude of Angolan
students wrt job issues)
2. Judgemental Sampling
1. Purposive going straight to the people you think will
give you the right answer.
3. Snowball important when there is hidden
people to be studied. like prostitutes (involves
an appropriate case so it can be one sample)
your that one sample to link to other to increase
sample size.

126. sampling
• Sample error is between resort of population
and selected sample
• Population result
• Non sample errors do not emanate from
chosen sample “data capturing”

127. Data analysis
• The process to transform data into information
• Decision based on information
• Process of analysing data involves 4 key roles
1. Distillation (summaries of data) adding distilled
water
2. Classification (grouping data to help understand
order)
3. Identification enables to identify the relationship
seamlessly.
4. Analysis is to communicate the research findings.

128. • Coding method is in distillation role
• Peripheral is just brushing the on the topic

129. • Descriptive statistic
• Inferential statistics
• Multivariate statistic

130. Chi-square

131. • 20 oct proposal
• 27 oct tutorial
• 29 oct test (methodology and research)

132. ANALYSITIC TOOLS
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS can be
mathematically used to summarise large
amount of data.
– Measure of centre tendency
• Mean (average)
• Median (
• Mode
• Miu and x bar
– Measurement of dispersion
– Measurement of relationship

133. As a measure of centre tendency
• Mean
– Advantages of mean it takes all data in account.
– Disadvantage of mean is extreme is generalised and
can mislead scope
• Median
– Advantage of median not effected by extreme out
layers
– Disadvantage it ignores most of the scores (data)
• Mode (data of highest frequency)
– Advantage provides most needed easy to work out
not effected by extreme scores
– Disadvantage information of exact value obtained is
ignored.

134. • Mean>media>mode

135. Measure of centre tendency
• Bell shape
• Skewed left
• Skewed right

136. Measure of dispersion
• How smoothly is the data spread. How it
variability.
• Range (2,5,7,9)
– 9-2=7
• Variance see reliability in other form
– To select most loyal customer
• Standard deviation
– 1

137. • Range
– Advantage is easy to calculate
– Disadvangtage
• Variance sigma
 2
2
x
i N
1
iance
var



 



coefficientof var iation

mean


138. Calculation

139. Hypothesis
• Inferential statistics
– An approach of inferential statistics to test sample
evidence, whether a claim about true value of a
population parameter is valid or not valid is
known as hypothesis testing.
– (to prove the claim )
• Sample data is gathered
• Sample data is analysed
• Sample data is tested for validity (part of hypothesis)

140. Hypothesis Testing process (4 steps)
1. Formulate the statistical hypothesis (H1)
– (what questions you will ask)
2. Compute the sample test statistics
– Chi square X2or SNSS what tool are you using
3. Derive a decision rule to accept or reject the
null hypothesis. (H0)
4. Draw conclusion

141. Chi square
• Chi square statistics is a statistical measure
used to measure hypothesis. Chi square
statistics test a null hypothesis by comparing a
set of observed frequencies obtained from a
sample to an expected frequencies.
• Chi square distribution table software build in
 

 
2
2
1
2
2
0
;
;
fo fe
tableValue accept H alternative
fe
fo fe
tableValue accept H null
fe
  

  



142. Using chi square to test hypothesis
1. Formulate the hypothesis
2. Draw the contingency table
3. Calculate the chi square using formula
4. Determine the degree of freedom
5. Determine the significant level (alfa level) (accuracy)
6. Use the chi square distribution table to determine the
chi square value
1. X2>table = Alternate or X2<table = null
7. State conclusion in terms of hypothesis
– If calculated x2 is greater than the tabulated x2 accept
the alternate hypothesis

143. 27 Oct
• Assignment open book

144. Tutorial 2 nov
• 10 question multi
• Research and project management

145. Oct 29
• Exam closed book and about research

146. Example Chi analysis
• We want to know whether boys or girls get
into trouble more often in a certain school. A
research was carried out and part of the data
obtained is tabulated below. The table shows
the frequency of boys and girls who got into
trouble in this school under consideration
Trouble No Trouble
Boys 46 71 117
Girls 37 83 120
83 154 237

147. Chi square
• Hypothesis
• Table
• Contingency table must get total for
– degree of freedom 3x2=2; 4x4=9
• X 2

148. • H0=Boys are not more likely to get into trouble in this school than girls
• H1= H0=Boys are more likely to get into trouble in this school than girls
trouble No trouble
boys 83x117=9711/237
=40.97
154x117=18018/2
37=76.03
girls 154x120=18480/2
37=42.03
154x120=18480/2
37=77.97
    2

2 2"
     2 0 5.03 36.36 37 "4.97
40.97 76.03
f fe
fe

 
2   0.618 0.329  0.587  0.324 1.86

149. ANOVA
Just for info
• Analysis of variance is used to analyse the
relationship between input and outputs. It is
often used to determine variation.

150. Interpretation
Not in exams
• Use charts for easy reading and quick
reference and to prevent boredom.
• Give clear
• Pie chart
• Bar chart

151. Charts
• When using a bar or pie chart then explain
why this form of chart is used.