SEMESTER 2 kd 2 anatomy

1. Osteologi

2. 2
Fungsi Tulang
1. Penunjang (Support)
– Tulang2 ekstremitas inferior, cingulum pelvicum, columna vertebralis
– Mandibula pada gigi
– Tulang lainnya yang menunjang organ dan jaringan
1. Perlindungan (Protection)
– Cranium melindungi otak
– Costae dan sternum melindungi paru-paru dan jantung
– Vertebrae melindungai corda spinalis
1. Pergerakan (Movement)
2. Penyimpan mineral dan jaringan lemak (adiposa)
– 99% kalsium tubuh
– 85% fosfor
– Adipose tissue terdapat pada cavum medullare tulang2 tertentu
1. Hematopoiesis
– Pembentukan sel darah di cavum medullare

3. 3
Berdasarkan struktur:
– Pars cartilaginosa
• Perichondrium
– Pars ossea
• Periosteum, tdd:
osteoprogenitor,
osteoblast.
• Endosteum, tdd:
osteoblast, osteoclast.
• Substantia compacta
• Substantia spongiosa
(trabecularis)
Klasifikasi Tulang

4. 4
1. Os Longum :
– Epifise (proximal & distal)
– Lempeng epifise
– Metafise
– Diafise atau Corpus
(cavum medulla berisi sumsum
tulang)
– Ex : tulang ekstremitas sup. & inf.
2. Os Breve
– Bentuk Cuboid
– Ex : ossa carpalia & tarsalia
Berdasarkan bentuk:

5. 5
3. Os planum
– Bentuk pipih
– Subs compacta << subs
spongiosa
– >> tulang di cranium,
scapulae, sternum,
costae,
4. Os irregulare
– Bentuk tdk beraturan,
tdk dpt dimasukkan pd
kelompok sebelumnya
– Os vertebrae, coxae,
sphenoidale, ethmoidale
Klasifikasi Tulang

6. 6
Berdasarkan letak:
– Axial skeleton
• Membentuk sumbu panjang
tubuh.
• Tdd: cranium, columna
vertebralis, dan costae.
• Fungsi: proteksi, support.
– Appendicular skeleton
• Tulang2 ekstremitas sup. dan inf.
beserta cingulumnya (cingulum
pectorale dan pelvicum).
• Fungsi: lokomosi dan
perlindungan thd lingkungan.
Klasifikasi Tulang

7. 7
AXIAL SKELETON
• Tdd :
– cranium
– vertebrae
– sacrum
– coccyx
– sternum
– costae

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Neurocranium : os occipitale
os parietale ( 1 psg )
os temporale ( 1 psg )
os frontale
os sphenoidale
Splanchnocranium / Viscerocranium :
os maxilla ( 1 psg )
os mandibula
os zygomaticus ( 1 psg )
os nasale ( 1 psg )
os vomer
os ethmoidale
os palatina ( 1 psg )
os lacrimale ( 1 psg )
concha nasalis inferior (1 psg )
CRANIUM

9. 9
The SkullThe Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7

10. 10
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11

11. 11
Inferior ViewInferior View
Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9

12. 12
Superior ViewSuperior View
Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8
For. opticum
For. rotundum
For. spinosum

13. 13
OS MANDIBULA
Corpus mandibulae :
For. Mentale
For. Mandibulae
Angulus mandibulae :
Ramus mandibulae :
Proc. Coronoideus
Proc. Condyloideus
Incisura mandibulae

14. 14
Columna Vertebralis
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae dipisahkan
oleh discus
intervertebralis
• Pemberian nama
sesuia dengan
lokasinya
Figure 5.14

15. 15
Karakteristik umum vertebrae
• Corpus Vertebrae
• Arcus Vertebrae
– pediculus
– lamina vertebrae
• Processus (7):
– Processus spinous
– Processus transversus
– Processus articularis sup &
inf.
• Foramen Vertebralis 
Canalis Vertebralis
• Foramen Intervertebralis

16. 16
VERTEBRAE CERVICALIS :
• Corpus : kecil
• Foramen Vertebralis :
besar, segitiga
• Processus Spinosus :
pendek,bercabang (C3
- C5), panjang pada C6
, C7
• Processus
Transversus :
foramen transversus

17. 17
• Atlas (C1)
– Corpus & processus spinosus
– Arcus anterior & posterior
arches
– Fovea dentis
• Axis (C2):
– Dens axis  berartikulasi
dengan fovea dentis os atlas
• Vertebra prominens (C7):
– Proc. spinosus panjang & tidak
bercabang

18. 18
Vertebrae Thoracalis
• Corpus vertebrae :
bentuk jantung, fovea costalis
corporis superior and inferior
• Foramen Vertebralis :
kecil, bulat
• Processus Spinosus :
panjang
• Processus Transversus :
fovea costalis transversalis

19. 19
Vertebrae Lumbalis
• Corpus Vertebrae
besar, bentuk seperti
ginjal
• Foramen Vertebrae :
besar, segitiga

20. 20
Sacrum
• Facies Anterior :
promontorium, foramina sacralis
anterior (4 psg)
• Facies Posterior :
crista sacralis media, & lateralis,
foramina sacralis posterior (4
psg), hiatus sacralis, cornu
sacralis
• Facies Lateralis:
facies auricularis, tuberositas
sacralis

21. 21
Sternum
• Manubrium sterni :
incissura jugularis,
incissura clavicularis
• Corpus sterni :
incissura costalis
• Processus Xiphoideus
• Angulus Sterni
Ludovici :
sudut yg dibentuk oleh
pertemuan manubrium
dengan corpus sterni

22. 22
Kerangka DadaKerangka Dada
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Dibtk 3 kelompok
tulang :
•Sternum
•Costae
•Vert. Thoracalis
Figure 5.19a

23. 23
Ossa Costae
• Costae 1 – 7 :
costae vera / sejati
• Costae 8 – 10 :
costae spuria affixa
• Costae 11 – 12 :
costae spuria
fluctuantes

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Karakteristik Costae :
• CAPITULUM COSTAE
– Facies articularis capituli costae
(berartikulasi dg
– fovea costalis corporis vertebrae)
– Crista capituli costae ( costae II – X )
• COLLUM COSTAE
– Tuberculum costae
– Facies articularis tuberculi costae (costae I –
X )
(berartikulasi dg fovea costalis transversalis)
• CORPUS COSTAE
– Angulus costae
– Sulcus costae (berjalan arteri, vena,
n.intercostalis )

25. 25
• Costa I:
pipih, tuberculum
scalenus anterior,
sulcus arteri & vena
subclavian
• Costa 11 & 12
collum costae –
tuberculum costae –
angulus costae -

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1. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CRANIALIS
Komposisi :
• Gelang Bahu (Shoulder
girdle):
– Clavicula
– Scapula
• Tulang Ekstremitas
Cranialis yg bebas
– Humerus
– Radius and ulna
– Carpal, metacarpals,
phalanges
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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Clavicula
• Extremitas sternalis :
– Medial, ujung lebih
bundar
• Extremitas
acromialis :
– Lateral, ujung pipih

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Scapula
• 3 Margo :
– Superior: processus coracoideus ,
incissura scapularis
– Lateral
– Medial
• 3 Angulus :
– Superior
– Inferior
– Lateral: cavitas glenoidalis,
• 2 Facies :
– Facies Anterior : concave, fossa
subscapularis
– Facies Posterior : fossae supra &
infraspinata, spina scapula, acromion

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OS HUMERUS
EPIPHYSE PROXIMAL DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE DISTAL
Caput humeri
Cavitas glenoidalis
scapulae
Collum anatomicum
Tuberculum majus
Tuberculum minus
Sulcus intertubercularis
tendon caput longum
m.biceps brachii
Crista tuberculi majoris
Crista tuberculi minoris
Collum chirurgicum
Tuberositas
deltoidea
Sulcus n.radialis
Epicondylus lateralis
Epicondylus medialis
Fossa radialis
Fossa coronoidea
Fossa olecrani
(post.)
Capitulum humeri
(Fovea capituli radii)
Trochlea humeri
(Incisura semilunaris
os ulna)
Sulcus n. ulnaris

30. 30
RADIUS
EPIPHYSE
PROXIMAL
DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE
DISTAL
Capitulum radii
Fovea capituli
radii
(Capitulum
humeri)
Circumferentia
articularis capituli
radii
(Incisura radialis
os ulna)
Tuberositas radii
3 Margo : volaris,
dorsalis, crista
interossea
Proc. Styloideus
Incisura ulnaris
(Circumferentia
articularis ulnae)
Facies articularis
carpae
(Ossa carpalia)

31. 31
Ulna
• Epiphyse proximal :
olecranon
processus coronoideus
incissura semilunaris
incissura radialis
• Epiphyse distal :
processus styloideus
capitulum ulnae

32. 32
Ossa Carpalia :
• Deret Proximal (radial ke ulnair) :
scaphoid (naviculare manus),
lunatum, triquetrum, pisiformis
• Deret Distal (radial ke ulnair) :
trapezium (multangulum
majus), trapezoideum
(mulangulum minus),
capitatum, hamatum
Ossa Metacarpalia :
• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I – V)
Ossa Phalanges :
• Jumlah total = 14  Ibu jari (2) ,
jari lain (3)

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2. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CAUDALIS
Dibentuk Oleh :
• Gelang Pangul (Pelvic girdle) :
– Os coxae (2)
• Tulang Ekstremitas Caudalis yg
bebas :
– Femur ( patella)
– Tibia , fibula
– Tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges

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OS COXAE
• Dibtk oleh : os ilium, os ischium,
os pubis bertemu di Acetabulum
• Acetabulum :
- Incisura acetabuli
- Facies lunata
- Fossa acetabuli
• Foramen obturatorium
- ditutupi membrana obturatoria

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OS ILIUM :
• Fossa iliaca
• Facies auricularis ossis ilii
• Linea arcuata
• Tuberositas iliaca
• Crista iliaca
• Spina iliaca : ant. Sup., post. Sup.,
ant. Inf., post. Inf.
OS ISCHIUM :
• Incisura ischiadica major
• Spina ischiadica
• Incisura ischiadica minor
OS PUBIS :
• Eminentia iliopectinea
• Tuberculum pubicum
• Symphisis ossis pubis

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PELVISPELVIS
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a

37. 37
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c

38. 38
PERBEDAAN PELVIS WANITA PELVIS PRIA
Pelvis major Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Aditus pelvis Oval melintang Seperti jantung
Arcus pubis 90 ° < 90 °
Incisura ischiadica
major
Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Inclinatio pelvis 60 -65 ° 55 – 60 °
Os sacrum Lebih pendek & lebar
Lebih datar
Lebih panjang
Lebih melengkung

39. 39
FEMUR
• Epiphyse Proximal :
– Caput femoris
– Collum femoris
– Trochanter major & minor
– Crista intertrochanterica
• Corpus :
– linea aspera
– Planum popliteum
• Epiphyse Distal :
– Condylus lateralis & medialis
– Epicondylus medialis & lateralis
– Facies patellaris

40. 40
TIBIA
• Epiphyse proximal :
– Condylus medialis &
lateralis
– Eminentia intercondylaris
– Facies articularis superior
– Facies lateralis fibulae
– Tuberositas tibiae
• Epiphyse distal :
– Facies articularis inferior
– Malleolus medialis

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FIBULA
• Ep. Prox. : Capitulum fibulae
Apex capituli fibulae
• Corpus : margo interossea
• Ep. Distal : Malleolus lateral
Merupakan os sesamoid
Patella

42. 42
Ossa Tarsalia
• Deret Posterior : talus , calcaneus
• Deret Tengah : navicular bone
• Deret Anterior : cuboid, cuneiforme
(medial, intermedia, lateral)
Ossa Metatarsalia
• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I –
V)
Ossa Phalanges
• Jumlah total = 14  Ibu jari
(2) , jari lain (3)