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Narrative Technique in
Midnight’s Children
Western Postmodern Devices
And
Indian Oral Narratological Methods
Russian Dolls
Chinese Boxes
• In literature a Chinese box structure refers
to a frame narrative, a novel or drama that
is told in the form of a narrative inside a
narrative (and so on), giving views from
different perspectives. Examples
include Plato's dialogue Symposion, Mary
Shelley's 1818
novel Frankenstein, Jostein
Gaarder's The Solitaire Mystery, Emily
Brontë's Wuthering Heights, and Joseph
Conrad's Heart of Darkness.
Indian Oral Narratological methods
Panchtantra
• King Sudarshan or Amarshakti > three sons named Bahushakti,
Ugrashakti and shakti
• Vishnu Sharma knew that he could never instruct these three
students through conventional means. He had to employ a less
orthodox way, and that was to tell a succession of animal fables
– one weaving into another – that imparted to them the wisdom
they required to succeed their father.
Kathasaritasagar
• Kathāsaritsāgara contains multiple layers of story
within a story and is said to have been adopted
from Guṇāḍhya's Bṛhatkathā बड्डकहा (बृहत्कथा),
which was written in a poorly-understood language
known as Paiśācī पैशाची भाषा
• The author of Kathasaritsagara, or rather its
compiler, was Somadeva
• He tells us that his magnum opus was written (sometime
between 1063-81 CE) for the amusement of Sūryavatī, wife of
King Ananta of Kashmir, at whose court Somadeva was poet.
The tragic history of Kashmir at this period - Ananta’s two sons,
Kalaśa and Harṣa, the worthless degenerate life of the former,
the brilliant but ruthless life of the latter, the suicide of Ananta
himself, the self-immolation of Sūryavatī on his funeral pyre,
and the resulting chaos - forms as a dark and grim background
for the setting of Somadeva’s tales.
• कथासरित्सागि में पहला लंबक कथापीठ है। गुणाढ्य कवि संबंधी
कथानक उसका विषय है जिसमें पािवती क
े शाप से शशि का गण
पुष्पदंत ििरुचच कात्यायन क
े रूप में िन्म लेता है औि उसका भाई
माल्यिान ् गुणाढ्य क
े नाम से उत्पन्न होता है। ििरुचच
विंध्यपिवतमाला में काणभूतत नामक वपशाच को शंकि द्िािा पािवती
को सुनाई गई सात कथाएँ सुनाता है। गुणाढ्य काणभूतत से उक्त
कथाएँ सुनकि बृहत्कथा की िचना किता है, जिसक
े छह भाग आग में
नष्ट हो िाते हैं औि क
े िल सातिाँ भाग ही शेष बचता है, जिसक
े
आधाि पि कथासरित्सागि की िचना की िाती है।
Baital Pachisi
• wenty-five (tales) of Baital, is a collection of tales
and legends within a frame story, from India. It is
also known as internationally Vikram-Betaal. It
was originally written in Sanskrit.
• The legendary king Vikramāditya (Vikrama)
promises a vamachari (a tantric sorcerer) that he
will capture a vetala (or Baital), a celestial
spirit Pishacha, celestial spirit analogous to
a vampire in Western literature, who hangs upside-
down from a tree and inhabits and animates dead
bodies.
शसंहासन बत्तीसी
• क लोककथा संग्रह है। प्रिाित्सल, िननायक, प्रयोगिादी एिं दूिदशी
महािािा विक्रमाददत्य भाितीय लोककथाओं क
े एक बहुत ही चचचवत
पात्र िहे हैं। प्राचीनकाल से ही उनक
े गुणों पि प्रकाश डालने िाली
कथाओं की बहुत ही समृद्ध पिम्पिा िही है। ससिंहासन बत्तीसी भी ३२
कथाओं का संग्रह है जिसमें ३२ पुतशलयाँ विक्रमाददत्य क
े विशभन्न
गुणों का कथा क
े रूप में िणवन किती हैं।
• इन कथाओं की भूशमका भी कथा ही है िो िािा भोि की कथा कहती है। ३२ कथाएँ ३२
पुतशलयों क
े मुख से कही गई हैं िो एक शसंहासन में लगी हुई हैं। यह शसंहासन िािा
भोि को विचचत्र परिजथथतत में प्राप्त होता है। एक ददन िािा भोि को मालूम होता है
कक एक साधािण-सा चििाहा अपनी न्यायवप्रयता क
े शलए विख्यात है, िबकक िह
बबल्क
ु ल अनपढ़ है तथा पुश्तैनी रूप से उनक
े ही िाज्य क
े क
ु म्हािों की गायें, भैंसे तथा
बकरियाँ चिाता है। िब िािा भोि ने तहकीकात किाई तो पता चला कक िह चििाहा
सािे फ
ै सले एक टीले पि चढ़कि किता है। िािा भोि की जिज्ञासा बढ़ी औि उन्होंने खुद
भेष बदलकि उस चििाहे को एक िदटल मामले में फ
ै सला किते देखा। उसक
े फ
ै सले
औि आत्मविश्िास से भोि इतना अचधक प्रभावित हुए कक उन्होंने उससे उसकी इस
अद्वितीय क्षमता क
े बािे में िानना चाहा। िब चििाहे ने जिसका नाम चन्रभान था
बताया कक उसमें यह शजक्त टीले पि बैठने क
े बाद थित: चली आती है, भोि ने
सोचविचाि कि टीले को खुदिाकि देखने का फ
ै सला ककया। िब खुदाई सम्पन्न हुई तो
एक िािशसंहासन शमट्टी में दबा ददखा। यह शसंहासन कािीगिी का अभूतपूिव रूप प्रथतुत
किता था। इसमें बत्तीस पुतशलयाँ लगी थीं तथा कीमती ित्न िडे हुए थे। िब धूल-
शमट्टी की सफाई हुई तो शसंहासन की सुन्दिता देखते बनती थी। उसे उठाकि महल
लाया गया तथा शुभ मुहूतव में िािा का बैठना तनजश्चत ककया गया। ज्योंदह िािा ने
बैठने का प्रयास ककया सािी पुतशलयाँ िािा का उपहास किने लगीं। खखलखखलाने का
कािण पूछने पि सािी पुतशलयाँ एक-एक कि विक्रमाददत्य की कहानी सुनाने लगीं तथा
बोली कक इस शसंहासन िो कक िािा विक्रमाददत्य का है, पि बैठने िाला उसकी तिह
योग्य, पिाक्रमी, दानिीि तथा वििेकशील होना चादहए। ये कथाएँ इतनी लोकवप्रय हैं कक
कई संकलनकत्तावओं ने इन्हें अपनी-अपनी तिह से प्रथतुत ककया है। सभी संकलनों में
पुतशलयों क
े नाम ददए गए हैं पि हि संकलन में कथाओं में कथाओं क
े क्रम में तथा
नामों में औि उनक
े क्रम में शभन्नता पाई िाती
Arabian Nights - आशलफ लैला
• 'अशलफ लैला' भाित में अपने अिबी नाम "अल्फ लैला" क
े प्रचशलत
बबगडे हुए रूपक
े नाम से अचधक िाना िाता है। अिबी में अल्फ का
अथव है एक हिाि औि लैला का अथव है िात यह हजाि कहातनयों का
एक खूबसूित गुलदथता है, जिसमें प्रत्येक कहातनयां एक फ
ू ल की तिह
है। इन कहातनयों में प्याि, सुख, दुुःख, ददव, धेखा, बेिपफाई,
ईमानदािी, कतवव्य, भािनाएं िैसे भािों का अद्भुत संतुलन है, जिसको
पाठकों औि श्रोताओं को हमेशा लुभाया है।
शहििाद औि शहियाि,
चचत्र: फर्डवनेंड क
े लि, 1880
• अशलफ लैला एक ऐसी नियुिती की कहानी है, जिसने एक जाशलम
बादशाह से वििाह किने क
े बाद न क
े िल उसका हृदय परििततवत कि
ददया, अवपतु अनेक नियुिततयों का िीिन भी बचा शलया। इस कथा
क
े अनुसाि, बादशाह शहियाि अपनी मशलका की बेिपफाई से दुुःखी
होकि उसका औि उसकी सभी दाशसयों का कत्ल कि देता है औि
प्रततज्ञा किता है कक िोिाना एक थत्री क
े साथ वििाह करू
ं गा औि
अगली सुबह उसे कत्ल कि दूंगा। बादशाह क
े नफऱत से उत्पन्न नािी
िातत क
े प्रतत इस अत्याचाि को िोकने क
े शलए बादशाह क
े ििीि की
पुत्री शहििाद उससे शादी कि लेती है। िह ककथसे-कहानी सुनने क
े
शौकीन बादशाह को विविध् प्रकाि की कहातनयां सुनाती है, िो हजाि
िातों में पूिी होती है। कहानी पूिी सुनने की लालसा में बादशाह अपनी
दुल्हन का कत्ल नहीं कि पाता औि उसे अपनी बेगम से प्याि हो
िाता है। अपनी बेगम की बुद्चधशमता से प्रभावित बादशाह औितों क
े
प्रतत अपने मन में उत्पन्न नफऱत को खत्म किने क
े अलािा अपनी
प्रततज्ञा भी तोड देता है औि अंत में अपनी बेगम क
े साथ हंसी-खुशी
िहने लगता है।
Valmiki – Ramayana
Ved Vyasa – the narrator and
Ganesha, the writer
of
Mahabharata
Valmiki’s Ramayana
• Valmiki question . . . .
• "O Narada, master of vedic lore and messenger of gods, I have been contemplating on the nature of things and
wondering if there is one in this world who possesses all the qualities of the perfect man?Is there a person who
embodies goodness, righteousness, who is beautiful and strong of body, mind and character, yet humble, kind
and benevolent? A person, who is firm in his beliefs and vows who has studied and understood the precepts of
the vedas and applies them in life without compromise? A person, who is learned and wise and whose prowess
in war even the gods fear, but is yet without a trace of arrogance? A person, who knows not what envy is, but is
given to gratitude? A person, who has conquered anger and all the ignoble passions, who is conscientious in his
duty and is full of understanding, love and compassion for all living creatures? A person, who represents and
propagates righteousness and all that is truthful and merits comparison with the gods in heaven? A person, who
is worthy of worship, yet is himself humble in performing worship and offering of prayers? A person, who is
sought and revered by all for his transcendent qualities, who is an inspiring leader, loved by friends and feared by
foes? A person, whose noble appearance spreads tranquility, in whose presence love sprouts and blossoms?
Whose brow is as noble as his heart, whose face and limbs reflect the grace and beauty of his soul? O Narada,
tell me, for you alone can answer my question. Have you found a person endowed with these qualities?
Narada’s answer – Krauncha - Brahma
• Narada, the possessor of profound and comprehensive knowledge of the three
worlds, responded thus: "Verily, O great sage, it is not easy to find a person
endowed with all the virtues mentioned by you. However, there comes to my mind
just one such person. He is Rama, born into the family of the Ikshvaku.He is fair of
face and just of nature.
• Tamasa river - िाल्मीकक क्रौंच पक्षी क
े एक िोडे को तनहाि िहे थे। िह िोडा
प्रेमालाप में लीन था, तभी उन्होंने देखा कक बहेशलये ने प्रेम-मग्न क्रौंच
(सािस) पक्षी क
े िोडे में से नि पक्षी का िध कि ददया। इस पि मादा पक्षी
विलाप किने लगी। उसक
े विलाप को सुनकि िाल्मीकक की करुणा िाग उठी
औि रवित अिथथा में उनक
े मुख से थितुः ही यह श्लोक फ
ू ट पडा।
मा तनषाद प्रततष्ठां त्िंगमुः शाश्ितीुः समाुः।
यत्रौंचसिथुनादेक
िं वधीीः काििोहहति्॥
(अथव : हे दुष्ट, तुमने प्रेम मे मग्न क्रौंच पक्षी को मािा है। िा
तुझे कभी भी
प्रततष्ठा की प्राजप्त नहीं हो पायेगी औि तुझे भी वियोग
झेलना पडेगा।)
Mahabharata
• Ved Vyasa – remembers and coordinates all stories
• िहाभारत में ऐसा िणवन आता है कक िेदव्यास िी ने दहमालय की तलहटी की एक पवित्र गुफा में तपथया म
संलग्न तथा ध्यान योग में जथथत होकि महाभाित की घटनाओं का आदद से अन्त तक थमिण कि मन ही मन म
महाभाित की िचना कि ली।[32] पिन्तु इसक
े पश्चात उनक
े सामने एक गंभीि समथया आ खडी हुई कक इस काव्य
क
े ज्ञान को सामान्य िन साधािण तक क
ै से पहुँचाया िाये क्योंकक इसकी िदटलता औि लम्बाई क
े कािण यह
बहुत कदठन था कक कोई इसे बबना कोई गलती ककए िैसा ही शलख दे िैसा कक िे बोलते िाएँ। इसशलए ब्रह्मा िी
क
े कहने पि व्यास गणेश िी क
े पास पहुँचे। गणेश िी शलखने को तैयाि हो गये, ककं तु उन्होंने एक शतव िखी
कक कलम एक बाि उठा लेने क
े बाद काव्य समाप्त होने तक िे बीच में नहीं रुक
ें गे। व्यासिी िानते थे कक यह
शतव बहुत कठनाईयाँ उत्पन्न कि सकती हैं अतुः उन्होंने भी अपनी चतुिता से एक शतव िखी कक कोई
भी श्लोक शलखने से पहले गणेश िी को उसका अथव समझना होगा। गणेश िी ने यह प्रथताि थिीकाि कि शलया।
इस तिह व्यास िी बीच-बीच में क
ु छ कदठन श्लोकों को िच देते थे, तो िब गणेश उनक
े अथव पि विचाि कि िहे
होते उतने समय में ही व्यास िी क
ु छ औि नये श्लोक िच देते। इस प्रकाि सम्पूणव महाभाित ३ िषों क
े अन्तिाल
में शलखी गयी। िेदव्यास िी ने सिवप्रथम पुण्यकमाव मानिों क
े उपाख्यानों सदहत एक लाख श्लोकों का आद्य भाित
ग्रंथ बनाया। तदन्ति उपाख्यानों को छोडकि चौबीस हिाि श्लोकों की भाित संदहता बनायी। तत्पश्चात व्यास िी न
साठ लाख श्लोकों की एक दूसिी संदहता बनायी, जिसक
े तीस लाख श्लोकों देिलोक में, पंरह लाख वपतृलोक में तथा
चौदह लाख श्लोक गन्धिवलोक में समादृत हुए। मनुष्यलोक में एक लाख श्लोकों का आद्य भाित प्रततजष्ठत हुआ।
महाभाित ग्रंथ की िचना पूणव किने क
े बाद िेदव्यास िी ने सिवप्रथम अपने पुत्र शुकदेि को इस ग्रंथ का अध्ययन
किाया तदन्ति अन्य शशष्यों िैशम्पायन, पैल, िैशमतन, अशसत-देिल आदद को इसका अध्ययन किाया। शुकदेि िी
ने गन्धिों, यक्षों औि िाक्षसों को इसका अध्ययन किाया। देिवषव नािद ने देिताओं को, अशसत-देिल ने वपतिों को
औि िैशम्पायन िी ने मनुष्यों को इसका प्रिचन ददया। िैशम्पायन िी द्िािा महाभाित काव्य िनमेिय क
े यज्ञ
समािोह में सूत सदहत कई ऋवष-मुतनयों को सुनाया गया था।
• वैशम्पायन िेद व्यास क
े विद्िान शशष्य थे। दहन्दुओं क
े दो महाकाव्यों में से एक महाभाित को मानि िातत म
प्रचशलत किने का श्रेय उन्हीं को िाता है। पाण्डिों क
े पौत्र महाबशल पिीक्षक्षत क
े पुत्र िनमेिय को िैशम्पायन न
एक यज्ञ क
े दौिान यह कथा सुनाई थी।
Girish Karnad’s Hayavadana
• Haya = Horse; Vadana = Face / mouth: A Man with Horse’s Face
• Bhagavata – sutradhaar – plans a stage performance of a story from
Kathasaritasagar
• Devdatta + Kapila + Padmini
• Suddenly, Hayavadana appears on the stage – tells his story – his
mother’s love for Arabian horse
Hayavadana’s story
• The creature introduces himself as Hayavadana and starts to narrate his
story. He tells that once upon a time, a princess had to choose a groom
for her marriage. So many Princes approached from far and wide. But
the princess fell in love with a horse of an Arabian Prince. She became
desperate to marry that horse. Eventually her parents allowed her to do
so. She was married to the horse. After 15 years of their marriage, the
horse transformed into a celestial being. Now the princess rejected him
as her husband. That celestial being cursed her to be a Mare (female
horse) and she became so. The princess give birth to Hayavadana. Now
Hayavadana wants to get rid of this cursed life. Bhagwata asks him to go
to goddess Kali temple in Chitrkut. He also asks the Actor-1 to
accompany him on the way. They leave.
• Bhagwata decides to end the play with his speech. A loud shout is heard on the stage.
Actor-1 comes and claims that he has heard Hayavadana chanting National Anthem
and patriotic songs. Then Actor-2 appears with Devdutta's son of age 5 now. The boy
has two dolls. Hayavadana comes there. Bhagwata and Actor-2 are talking lightly and
creating fun. They all starts laughing. That boy too starts laughing and the dolls slip
out of his hand. Bhagwata says that the boy hasn't expressed any emotions of
happiness, anger, sorrow in past 5 years. Today he is smiling just because of
Hayavadana.
• Now Hayavadana tells his story. when he was trying to behead himself in the temple,
the goddess Kali appeared. Hayavadana tells his desire. The goddess Kali without
listening to him fully, gives him blessings. Hayavadana becomes a complete Horse
instead of becoming a complete man. Yet he is satisfied. He still has ability to speak
like a man. He wants to lose this voice. He is singing national Anthem as he believes
that people who sing national anthem, lose their voice early. Meanwhile he sobs. The
boy starts singing a tragic song which was chanted by his mother, Padmini.
Hayavadana tries to laugh and his voice completely changes into a horse'. Now
Hayavadana is a complete horse.
• Bhagwata asks the Actor to go Brahmin Vidyasagar and informs him that his
grandson is coming to him riding on a great horse. Bhagwata thanks Lord Ganesha
for the successful performance of the play.
Midnight’s Children
Thirty jars stand upon a shelf, waiting to be unleashed upon the amnesiac nation. (And beside
them, one jar stands empty.) pg.456
Western Postmodernist Devices Eastern Narratological Devices
Unreliable Narrator Sutradhar - Nati
Social Realism Magical Realism / Fantasy
Historical events Counter historiography
Framed Narration Framed Story telling
Mythical technique – for the sake
of universalization
Parodic treatment
• Now you know that the structure of Midnight's Children is not merely
a gimmick. The novel's form is inseparable from the theme. The
novelist employs a particular manner of telling a story because he
wants to show how stories are made, and that his to^ too is a fiction,
a story. We have found out why and how Rushdie uses the epic
structure. We learn that Rushdie's errors are the unreliable narrator's.
We also discover how magic and realism have been blended by the
author, to merge the postmodern's faith with the oral narrator's
"village" world view.

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Narrative Technique in Midnight's Children

  • 1. Narrative Technique in Midnight’s Children Western Postmodern Devices And Indian Oral Narratological Methods
  • 3. Chinese Boxes • In literature a Chinese box structure refers to a frame narrative, a novel or drama that is told in the form of a narrative inside a narrative (and so on), giving views from different perspectives. Examples include Plato's dialogue Symposion, Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein, Jostein Gaarder's The Solitaire Mystery, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.
  • 4. Indian Oral Narratological methods Panchtantra • King Sudarshan or Amarshakti > three sons named Bahushakti, Ugrashakti and shakti • Vishnu Sharma knew that he could never instruct these three students through conventional means. He had to employ a less orthodox way, and that was to tell a succession of animal fables – one weaving into another – that imparted to them the wisdom they required to succeed their father.
  • 5. Kathasaritasagar • Kathāsaritsāgara contains multiple layers of story within a story and is said to have been adopted from Guṇāḍhya's Bṛhatkathā बड्डकहा (बृहत्कथा), which was written in a poorly-understood language known as Paiśācī पैशाची भाषा • The author of Kathasaritsagara, or rather its compiler, was Somadeva
  • 6. • He tells us that his magnum opus was written (sometime between 1063-81 CE) for the amusement of Sūryavatī, wife of King Ananta of Kashmir, at whose court Somadeva was poet. The tragic history of Kashmir at this period - Ananta’s two sons, Kalaśa and Harṣa, the worthless degenerate life of the former, the brilliant but ruthless life of the latter, the suicide of Ananta himself, the self-immolation of Sūryavatī on his funeral pyre, and the resulting chaos - forms as a dark and grim background for the setting of Somadeva’s tales.
  • 7. • कथासरित्सागि में पहला लंबक कथापीठ है। गुणाढ्य कवि संबंधी कथानक उसका विषय है जिसमें पािवती क े शाप से शशि का गण पुष्पदंत ििरुचच कात्यायन क े रूप में िन्म लेता है औि उसका भाई माल्यिान ् गुणाढ्य क े नाम से उत्पन्न होता है। ििरुचच विंध्यपिवतमाला में काणभूतत नामक वपशाच को शंकि द्िािा पािवती को सुनाई गई सात कथाएँ सुनाता है। गुणाढ्य काणभूतत से उक्त कथाएँ सुनकि बृहत्कथा की िचना किता है, जिसक े छह भाग आग में नष्ट हो िाते हैं औि क े िल सातिाँ भाग ही शेष बचता है, जिसक े आधाि पि कथासरित्सागि की िचना की िाती है।
  • 8. Baital Pachisi • wenty-five (tales) of Baital, is a collection of tales and legends within a frame story, from India. It is also known as internationally Vikram-Betaal. It was originally written in Sanskrit. • The legendary king Vikramāditya (Vikrama) promises a vamachari (a tantric sorcerer) that he will capture a vetala (or Baital), a celestial spirit Pishacha, celestial spirit analogous to a vampire in Western literature, who hangs upside- down from a tree and inhabits and animates dead bodies.
  • 9. शसंहासन बत्तीसी • क लोककथा संग्रह है। प्रिाित्सल, िननायक, प्रयोगिादी एिं दूिदशी महािािा विक्रमाददत्य भाितीय लोककथाओं क े एक बहुत ही चचचवत पात्र िहे हैं। प्राचीनकाल से ही उनक े गुणों पि प्रकाश डालने िाली कथाओं की बहुत ही समृद्ध पिम्पिा िही है। ससिंहासन बत्तीसी भी ३२ कथाओं का संग्रह है जिसमें ३२ पुतशलयाँ विक्रमाददत्य क े विशभन्न गुणों का कथा क े रूप में िणवन किती हैं।
  • 10. • इन कथाओं की भूशमका भी कथा ही है िो िािा भोि की कथा कहती है। ३२ कथाएँ ३२ पुतशलयों क े मुख से कही गई हैं िो एक शसंहासन में लगी हुई हैं। यह शसंहासन िािा भोि को विचचत्र परिजथथतत में प्राप्त होता है। एक ददन िािा भोि को मालूम होता है कक एक साधािण-सा चििाहा अपनी न्यायवप्रयता क े शलए विख्यात है, िबकक िह बबल्क ु ल अनपढ़ है तथा पुश्तैनी रूप से उनक े ही िाज्य क े क ु म्हािों की गायें, भैंसे तथा बकरियाँ चिाता है। िब िािा भोि ने तहकीकात किाई तो पता चला कक िह चििाहा सािे फ ै सले एक टीले पि चढ़कि किता है। िािा भोि की जिज्ञासा बढ़ी औि उन्होंने खुद भेष बदलकि उस चििाहे को एक िदटल मामले में फ ै सला किते देखा। उसक े फ ै सले औि आत्मविश्िास से भोि इतना अचधक प्रभावित हुए कक उन्होंने उससे उसकी इस अद्वितीय क्षमता क े बािे में िानना चाहा। िब चििाहे ने जिसका नाम चन्रभान था बताया कक उसमें यह शजक्त टीले पि बैठने क े बाद थित: चली आती है, भोि ने सोचविचाि कि टीले को खुदिाकि देखने का फ ै सला ककया। िब खुदाई सम्पन्न हुई तो एक िािशसंहासन शमट्टी में दबा ददखा। यह शसंहासन कािीगिी का अभूतपूिव रूप प्रथतुत किता था। इसमें बत्तीस पुतशलयाँ लगी थीं तथा कीमती ित्न िडे हुए थे। िब धूल- शमट्टी की सफाई हुई तो शसंहासन की सुन्दिता देखते बनती थी। उसे उठाकि महल लाया गया तथा शुभ मुहूतव में िािा का बैठना तनजश्चत ककया गया। ज्योंदह िािा ने बैठने का प्रयास ककया सािी पुतशलयाँ िािा का उपहास किने लगीं। खखलखखलाने का कािण पूछने पि सािी पुतशलयाँ एक-एक कि विक्रमाददत्य की कहानी सुनाने लगीं तथा बोली कक इस शसंहासन िो कक िािा विक्रमाददत्य का है, पि बैठने िाला उसकी तिह योग्य, पिाक्रमी, दानिीि तथा वििेकशील होना चादहए। ये कथाएँ इतनी लोकवप्रय हैं कक कई संकलनकत्तावओं ने इन्हें अपनी-अपनी तिह से प्रथतुत ककया है। सभी संकलनों में पुतशलयों क े नाम ददए गए हैं पि हि संकलन में कथाओं में कथाओं क े क्रम में तथा नामों में औि उनक े क्रम में शभन्नता पाई िाती
  • 11. Arabian Nights - आशलफ लैला • 'अशलफ लैला' भाित में अपने अिबी नाम "अल्फ लैला" क े प्रचशलत बबगडे हुए रूपक े नाम से अचधक िाना िाता है। अिबी में अल्फ का अथव है एक हिाि औि लैला का अथव है िात यह हजाि कहातनयों का एक खूबसूित गुलदथता है, जिसमें प्रत्येक कहातनयां एक फ ू ल की तिह है। इन कहातनयों में प्याि, सुख, दुुःख, ददव, धेखा, बेिपफाई, ईमानदािी, कतवव्य, भािनाएं िैसे भािों का अद्भुत संतुलन है, जिसको पाठकों औि श्रोताओं को हमेशा लुभाया है।
  • 12. शहििाद औि शहियाि, चचत्र: फर्डवनेंड क े लि, 1880
  • 13. • अशलफ लैला एक ऐसी नियुिती की कहानी है, जिसने एक जाशलम बादशाह से वििाह किने क े बाद न क े िल उसका हृदय परििततवत कि ददया, अवपतु अनेक नियुिततयों का िीिन भी बचा शलया। इस कथा क े अनुसाि, बादशाह शहियाि अपनी मशलका की बेिपफाई से दुुःखी होकि उसका औि उसकी सभी दाशसयों का कत्ल कि देता है औि प्रततज्ञा किता है कक िोिाना एक थत्री क े साथ वििाह करू ं गा औि अगली सुबह उसे कत्ल कि दूंगा। बादशाह क े नफऱत से उत्पन्न नािी िातत क े प्रतत इस अत्याचाि को िोकने क े शलए बादशाह क े ििीि की पुत्री शहििाद उससे शादी कि लेती है। िह ककथसे-कहानी सुनने क े शौकीन बादशाह को विविध् प्रकाि की कहातनयां सुनाती है, िो हजाि िातों में पूिी होती है। कहानी पूिी सुनने की लालसा में बादशाह अपनी दुल्हन का कत्ल नहीं कि पाता औि उसे अपनी बेगम से प्याि हो िाता है। अपनी बेगम की बुद्चधशमता से प्रभावित बादशाह औितों क े प्रतत अपने मन में उत्पन्न नफऱत को खत्म किने क े अलािा अपनी प्रततज्ञा भी तोड देता है औि अंत में अपनी बेगम क े साथ हंसी-खुशी िहने लगता है।
  • 14. Valmiki – Ramayana Ved Vyasa – the narrator and Ganesha, the writer of Mahabharata
  • 15. Valmiki’s Ramayana • Valmiki question . . . . • "O Narada, master of vedic lore and messenger of gods, I have been contemplating on the nature of things and wondering if there is one in this world who possesses all the qualities of the perfect man?Is there a person who embodies goodness, righteousness, who is beautiful and strong of body, mind and character, yet humble, kind and benevolent? A person, who is firm in his beliefs and vows who has studied and understood the precepts of the vedas and applies them in life without compromise? A person, who is learned and wise and whose prowess in war even the gods fear, but is yet without a trace of arrogance? A person, who knows not what envy is, but is given to gratitude? A person, who has conquered anger and all the ignoble passions, who is conscientious in his duty and is full of understanding, love and compassion for all living creatures? A person, who represents and propagates righteousness and all that is truthful and merits comparison with the gods in heaven? A person, who is worthy of worship, yet is himself humble in performing worship and offering of prayers? A person, who is sought and revered by all for his transcendent qualities, who is an inspiring leader, loved by friends and feared by foes? A person, whose noble appearance spreads tranquility, in whose presence love sprouts and blossoms? Whose brow is as noble as his heart, whose face and limbs reflect the grace and beauty of his soul? O Narada, tell me, for you alone can answer my question. Have you found a person endowed with these qualities?
  • 16. Narada’s answer – Krauncha - Brahma • Narada, the possessor of profound and comprehensive knowledge of the three worlds, responded thus: "Verily, O great sage, it is not easy to find a person endowed with all the virtues mentioned by you. However, there comes to my mind just one such person. He is Rama, born into the family of the Ikshvaku.He is fair of face and just of nature. • Tamasa river - िाल्मीकक क्रौंच पक्षी क े एक िोडे को तनहाि िहे थे। िह िोडा प्रेमालाप में लीन था, तभी उन्होंने देखा कक बहेशलये ने प्रेम-मग्न क्रौंच (सािस) पक्षी क े िोडे में से नि पक्षी का िध कि ददया। इस पि मादा पक्षी विलाप किने लगी। उसक े विलाप को सुनकि िाल्मीकक की करुणा िाग उठी औि रवित अिथथा में उनक े मुख से थितुः ही यह श्लोक फ ू ट पडा।
  • 17. मा तनषाद प्रततष्ठां त्िंगमुः शाश्ितीुः समाुः। यत्रौंचसिथुनादेक िं वधीीः काििोहहति्॥ (अथव : हे दुष्ट, तुमने प्रेम मे मग्न क्रौंच पक्षी को मािा है। िा तुझे कभी भी प्रततष्ठा की प्राजप्त नहीं हो पायेगी औि तुझे भी वियोग झेलना पडेगा।)
  • 18. Mahabharata • Ved Vyasa – remembers and coordinates all stories • िहाभारत में ऐसा िणवन आता है कक िेदव्यास िी ने दहमालय की तलहटी की एक पवित्र गुफा में तपथया म संलग्न तथा ध्यान योग में जथथत होकि महाभाित की घटनाओं का आदद से अन्त तक थमिण कि मन ही मन म महाभाित की िचना कि ली।[32] पिन्तु इसक े पश्चात उनक े सामने एक गंभीि समथया आ खडी हुई कक इस काव्य क े ज्ञान को सामान्य िन साधािण तक क ै से पहुँचाया िाये क्योंकक इसकी िदटलता औि लम्बाई क े कािण यह बहुत कदठन था कक कोई इसे बबना कोई गलती ककए िैसा ही शलख दे िैसा कक िे बोलते िाएँ। इसशलए ब्रह्मा िी क े कहने पि व्यास गणेश िी क े पास पहुँचे। गणेश िी शलखने को तैयाि हो गये, ककं तु उन्होंने एक शतव िखी कक कलम एक बाि उठा लेने क े बाद काव्य समाप्त होने तक िे बीच में नहीं रुक ें गे। व्यासिी िानते थे कक यह शतव बहुत कठनाईयाँ उत्पन्न कि सकती हैं अतुः उन्होंने भी अपनी चतुिता से एक शतव िखी कक कोई भी श्लोक शलखने से पहले गणेश िी को उसका अथव समझना होगा। गणेश िी ने यह प्रथताि थिीकाि कि शलया। इस तिह व्यास िी बीच-बीच में क ु छ कदठन श्लोकों को िच देते थे, तो िब गणेश उनक े अथव पि विचाि कि िहे होते उतने समय में ही व्यास िी क ु छ औि नये श्लोक िच देते। इस प्रकाि सम्पूणव महाभाित ३ िषों क े अन्तिाल में शलखी गयी। िेदव्यास िी ने सिवप्रथम पुण्यकमाव मानिों क े उपाख्यानों सदहत एक लाख श्लोकों का आद्य भाित ग्रंथ बनाया। तदन्ति उपाख्यानों को छोडकि चौबीस हिाि श्लोकों की भाित संदहता बनायी। तत्पश्चात व्यास िी न साठ लाख श्लोकों की एक दूसिी संदहता बनायी, जिसक े तीस लाख श्लोकों देिलोक में, पंरह लाख वपतृलोक में तथा चौदह लाख श्लोक गन्धिवलोक में समादृत हुए। मनुष्यलोक में एक लाख श्लोकों का आद्य भाित प्रततजष्ठत हुआ। महाभाित ग्रंथ की िचना पूणव किने क े बाद िेदव्यास िी ने सिवप्रथम अपने पुत्र शुकदेि को इस ग्रंथ का अध्ययन किाया तदन्ति अन्य शशष्यों िैशम्पायन, पैल, िैशमतन, अशसत-देिल आदद को इसका अध्ययन किाया। शुकदेि िी ने गन्धिों, यक्षों औि िाक्षसों को इसका अध्ययन किाया। देिवषव नािद ने देिताओं को, अशसत-देिल ने वपतिों को औि िैशम्पायन िी ने मनुष्यों को इसका प्रिचन ददया। िैशम्पायन िी द्िािा महाभाित काव्य िनमेिय क े यज्ञ समािोह में सूत सदहत कई ऋवष-मुतनयों को सुनाया गया था। • वैशम्पायन िेद व्यास क े विद्िान शशष्य थे। दहन्दुओं क े दो महाकाव्यों में से एक महाभाित को मानि िातत म प्रचशलत किने का श्रेय उन्हीं को िाता है। पाण्डिों क े पौत्र महाबशल पिीक्षक्षत क े पुत्र िनमेिय को िैशम्पायन न एक यज्ञ क े दौिान यह कथा सुनाई थी।
  • 19. Girish Karnad’s Hayavadana • Haya = Horse; Vadana = Face / mouth: A Man with Horse’s Face • Bhagavata – sutradhaar – plans a stage performance of a story from Kathasaritasagar • Devdatta + Kapila + Padmini • Suddenly, Hayavadana appears on the stage – tells his story – his mother’s love for Arabian horse
  • 20. Hayavadana’s story • The creature introduces himself as Hayavadana and starts to narrate his story. He tells that once upon a time, a princess had to choose a groom for her marriage. So many Princes approached from far and wide. But the princess fell in love with a horse of an Arabian Prince. She became desperate to marry that horse. Eventually her parents allowed her to do so. She was married to the horse. After 15 years of their marriage, the horse transformed into a celestial being. Now the princess rejected him as her husband. That celestial being cursed her to be a Mare (female horse) and she became so. The princess give birth to Hayavadana. Now Hayavadana wants to get rid of this cursed life. Bhagwata asks him to go to goddess Kali temple in Chitrkut. He also asks the Actor-1 to accompany him on the way. They leave.
  • 21. • Bhagwata decides to end the play with his speech. A loud shout is heard on the stage. Actor-1 comes and claims that he has heard Hayavadana chanting National Anthem and patriotic songs. Then Actor-2 appears with Devdutta's son of age 5 now. The boy has two dolls. Hayavadana comes there. Bhagwata and Actor-2 are talking lightly and creating fun. They all starts laughing. That boy too starts laughing and the dolls slip out of his hand. Bhagwata says that the boy hasn't expressed any emotions of happiness, anger, sorrow in past 5 years. Today he is smiling just because of Hayavadana. • Now Hayavadana tells his story. when he was trying to behead himself in the temple, the goddess Kali appeared. Hayavadana tells his desire. The goddess Kali without listening to him fully, gives him blessings. Hayavadana becomes a complete Horse instead of becoming a complete man. Yet he is satisfied. He still has ability to speak like a man. He wants to lose this voice. He is singing national Anthem as he believes that people who sing national anthem, lose their voice early. Meanwhile he sobs. The boy starts singing a tragic song which was chanted by his mother, Padmini. Hayavadana tries to laugh and his voice completely changes into a horse'. Now Hayavadana is a complete horse. • Bhagwata asks the Actor to go Brahmin Vidyasagar and informs him that his grandson is coming to him riding on a great horse. Bhagwata thanks Lord Ganesha for the successful performance of the play.
  • 22.
  • 23. Midnight’s Children Thirty jars stand upon a shelf, waiting to be unleashed upon the amnesiac nation. (And beside them, one jar stands empty.) pg.456
  • 24.
  • 25. Western Postmodernist Devices Eastern Narratological Devices Unreliable Narrator Sutradhar - Nati Social Realism Magical Realism / Fantasy Historical events Counter historiography Framed Narration Framed Story telling Mythical technique – for the sake of universalization Parodic treatment
  • 26. • Now you know that the structure of Midnight's Children is not merely a gimmick. The novel's form is inseparable from the theme. The novelist employs a particular manner of telling a story because he wants to show how stories are made, and that his to^ too is a fiction, a story. We have found out why and how Rushdie uses the epic structure. We learn that Rushdie's errors are the unreliable narrator's. We also discover how magic and realism have been blended by the author, to merge the postmodern's faith with the oral narrator's "village" world view.