The document appears to be material from a practice English test preparing students for an exam. It includes sample reading passages, questions, and sections on reading comprehension, writing, and vocabulary. The passages and questions cover a range of topics and test different skills, such as identifying main ideas, making inferences, completing sentences, and choosing the correct word to fill in blanks.

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111!!1BRITISH ENGLISH INSTITUTE
INGLES BRITANICO PARA TODOS
Preliminary English Test
PET
Preparation Material
Module9
f'/1 OPULc i:. ~ I
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2. ··'

3. Test 1
PAPER 1 READING AND WRITING TEST (1 hour 30 minutes)
Part 1
Questions 1-5
Look at the text in each question.
What does it say?
READING
Mark the correct letter A, B or C on your answer sheet.
Example:
0
1
I "
l i~' ...,..-~
I 1
12
A Valuable objects are removed at night.
B Valuables should not be left in the van.
C This van IS locked at mght.
Answer: I o I! ! .~ I
A This bus service cannot be used bv
college staff unless they show JD cards.
B Students can get their ID cards on the
bus.
C Students are not allowed on the bus
unless they have ID cards.

4. 2
3
[I
I
·I
4
5
Thejumper's lovely- thanks.
Could you tell me where you gotit?
I'd like to buy another one to match
the coatI also gotfor my birthday.
•e
l I t i
UNIVERSITY HOLIDAYS
From next Friday, the library
will be closed during
weekends and evenings.
•
Mark,
We went on a bus sightseeing
tour of the cit.y yesterday.
We didn't stop anywhere but
saw more than you would on
foot.
Jo
Customer parking
allowed
at other times
e•
!'t!
'
D
Reading
A Laura liked the jumper Jane bought, but
needs it in a different size.
B Laura wants to try to get the same
jumper in a different colour.
C Laura received two jumpers which were
the same, so wants to exchange one.
The library will
A have shorter opening hours until next
Friday.
B change its opening hours next Friday.
C open again to students next Friday.
A Jo is pleased with the number of things
she saw from the bus.
B Jo regrets not having walked around the
city to look at the sights.
C Jo thinks there are better sightseeing
tours than the one she took.
A Customers may park outside the market
for up to three hours.
B You may unload your vehicle here at
any time.
C Customers may park here at times when
vehicles are not unloading.
13
-'
2

5. Test 1
Part 2
Questions 6-10
The people below all want to visit a museum.
On the opposite page there are descriptions of eight museums.
Decide which museum would be the most suitable for the following people.
For questions 6-10, mark the correct letter (A-H) on your answer sheet.
6
7
8
9
10
14
Cristina wants to visit a museum with her daughter to see how
people used to live. They want to have lunch there and buy
some presents to take home. They will go by car.
Joanne wants to visit a museum and see people making
things. She has no car and would like to have lunch there.
Carl's hobby is painting pictures, so he would like to see the
work of other painters who live in the area. He wants to have
a snack at the museum. He travels by public transport.
Duncan wants to find out where local people worked in the
past and what they did in their spare time. He wants to buy a
book about the exhibition. He travels by bus.
The Cannavaro family want to walk around a site which offers
opportunities for the whole family to take part in activities.
They want somewhere pleasant to eat their own sandwiches.
They have a car.

6. Reading
MUSEUMS IN THE AREA
A Stackworth Museum tells the
history of the famous Stackworth
family, and gives information about
other well-known local people. These
include poets, artists and writers.
There is an excellent cafe and a car
park.
C Fairley Museum is arranged like an old-
fashioned village. You can see people
working at their trades to produce tools,
pots and even boats using traditional skills.
There is a small picnic area in the car park
but most people eat in the excellent cafe.
The museum is on a bus route.
E The rooms in Scotwood Manor are
furnished as they were 100 years ago. The
staff spend the day as people did then and
are happy to explain what it was like. There
are activity sheets for children and a shop
with books, souvenirs and cards, as wei! as
a good cafe and car park.
G Set in beautiful countryside,
the Woodlands Museum is arranged
like a village of 100 years ago.
To learn more about this period,
visitors are encouraged to spend
time doing practical things such
as making pots and cooking.
There is an adventure playground
with a picnic area under the
trees ond parking.
8 Charberth Museum is near the main bus
station and has a rich collection of
objects, 19th-century paintings and
photographs showing life in the town
over the centuries - the jobs people did
and how they entertained themselves. An
accompanying book showing the works
on display is available from the Museum
Shop as well as some attractive gifts.
There is no cafe.
0 Westerleigh Museum is near the bus station,
and contains exhibitions showing the town's
development. In a separate room there are
works by some well-known artists as well as
changing exhibitions of work by local artists.
Sandwiches, cakes and hot drinks are on sale in
the cafe.
F Freshwater was once an important fishing
port. Freshwater Museum, inside the old
harbour office, shows how the town
developed and later became a tourist centre.
There is an activity room for young children
with DVDs, a large picnic area, car park, and
good bus service.
H Middleworth Museum is full of objects
from the past, which tell the story of
different people who worked in the area,
from factory workers to the men who
built the canal and the railway. There is
a Family Folder of things to do. The
museum has a cafe and is near the bus
and railway station.
15
1'-f

7. Test 1
Part 3
Questions 11-20
Look at the sentences below about The Short Story Society.
Read the text on the opposite page to decide if each sentence is correct or incorrect.
If it is correct, mark A on your answer sheet.
If it is ndt correct, mark B on your answer sheet.
11 The Short Story Society has existed for over a century.
12 Short Story Review publishes work by inexperienced writers.
13 Articles from one of the Society's magazines are available on the internet.
14 Wnters entering the National Short Story Competition must choose a subject suggested by
111e Society.
15 It costs £5 for members of the Society to enter the National Short Story Competition.
16 Each year, ten winning writers will be offered contracts to publish their own books.
17 The Short Story Society vi~its schools to give pupils hE'Ip with writing
18 Society members can attend regular events at the Writers' Cafe.
19 The Writers' Cafe is situated just outside London.
20 Children from anywhere in the world are able to become members of the Society.
16

8. Reading
www.shortstorysoc.com
~ernbership llJemail enquiries:membership@shortstorysoc.com
The Short Story Society exists to help writers in Britain today. Started in 1899, the Short Story
Society is now one ofBritain's most active arts organisations.
• Society Magazines
• National Short Story Competition
• Education
• The Writers' Cafe
• Becoming a Member
Society Magazines
We produce a range of excellent magazines, including the popular Short Story Review. Thi~ magazine
includes ~hort stories by some of Britain's top writers, as well as providing plenty of opportunities for
new writers to have their work printed. Another magazine, Short Story News, has interviews with writers
and is packed with information about events, competitions, festivals and the writing scene in general. To
see a selection of articles from recent issues, follow the links on this website.
National Short Story Competition
We run the National Short Story Competition, the biggest competition of its kind. It is open to anyone
aged 18 and over and short s!ories on any topic are accepted. Short stories c;hould be between 1,000 and
I,500 words long. There is no entry fee for anyone belonging to the Society (non-members pay an entry
fee of£5). The competition runs from April until the end of October each year. The ten best entries will
appear in the Society's annual book ofshort stories. The actual winner will receive a publishing contract
to produce his or her own collection of short stories.
Education
For nearly thirty years the Society has taken writers into classrooms, providing children and teachers
with new ideas and building confidence in their own writing. Current projects include the Young Writer
ofrhc Year, which was started in 1998 and is open to writers aged 11- 18. All winners receive book
pri7es and are invited to study on a five-day course taught by professional w1iters.
The Writers' Cafe
The Writers' Cafe is the social centre of the Society. Relaxed and stylish, with freshly cooked vegetarian
food, excellent c.offees and cold drinks. it is the ideal place to look through the Society's magazines. The
Cafe also provides monthly exhibitions, short courses and readings. Its location is in the heart of
London, and it is open from 11.00 am to 10.00 pm Monday to Friday and 1I.00 am to 8.00 pm on
Saturday. Society members receive discounts on selected products and events.
Becoming a Member
We have member~ worldwide, and anyone aged eighteen or over is welcome to join. If you are
interested in joining The Shon Story Society, click here and fill out a registration fonn.
-:JReturn to Top Go to Short Story News
17

9. Test 1
Part 4
Questions 21-25
Read the text and questions below.
For each question, mark the correct letter A, B, C or 0 on your answer sheet.
New TV Star
Caroline Benson talks about her first TV role
'I never expected to spend some of my first year at university filming The Finnegans. I'd only
ever acted at school, but I'd loved the book since I was eleven. My grandmother used to say
I was just like Polly Finnegan and I always imagined myself playing her.
I'd taken ayear off to go travelling before university. While I was in Chile, my mother emailed
me to say there were plans to turn the book into aTV drama. I knew I had to go for the part.
She was surprised at first, but sent my photograph to the director and persuaded him to meet
me. I flew back and got the part.
The outdoor filming started aweek into term, so I got permission from the university to be away
for three weeks. Once I was back at university, I got up at 6.00 am to write the essays I'd
missed. I didn't tell my university friends, but they found out and thought it was great.
It was an amazing experience -I'm so lucky. After university, I oetinitely want to make acting
my career. I'm not from an acting family, though my grandfather was an opera singer. I've tried
for other TV parts but haven't received any offers yet.
I don't know how I managed it all, because I had afull social life too. When filming finished,
! hardly knew what to do. I've since appeared in two college plays. Unfortunately, I haven't been
home much and now my first year at university is over, I'm off to Greece for the summer with
friends.'
21 In this text, Caroline Benson is
A advising students to finish studying before taking up acting.
B descnblng how pleased she was about this opportunity to act.
~ warning other young people that acting is a difficult career
o explaining why she has always wanted to be an actor.
22 Why did Caroline decide to try for a part in The Finnegans?
A She thought the book would make a great TV drama.
B She agreed with her grandmother that she should apply.
C S~o fc!t s~~ ..."-':.SpcrtoGt fer t~~ pa1 of PoUy.
0 She was anxious about starting university.
18

10. Reading
23 What does Caroline say about her mother?
A She encouraged Caroline to keep travelling.
B She felt Caroline would be a good actor.
C She was sorry she had emailed Caroline.
0 She helped Caroline to get the part.
24 How did Caroline manage to find time to do the filming?
A She missed lectures and hoped nobody would notice.
B She delayed going to university until filming was over.
C She took time off and did her college work later.
D She asked her friends to help with her essays.
25 Which of the following would Caroline write to a penfriend?
A
c
I'm going to continue with my studies,
but hope to have the opportunity to do
another 1Y programme soon.
I enjoyed filming t he 1Y drama but I've
missed having a social life- I don't know
what to do at weekends.
B
D
Now I've finished both t he filming and my
first year at university, I plan to spend
more time with my family.
Act1ng is more difficult than I'd
I':Xl?f'".Ct.ed but I've. lll:=~rned a lot from' .
other members of my family who work in
the business.
19
It:,

11. {
Test 1
Part 5
Questions 26-35
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space.
For each question, mark the correct letter A, B, CorD on your answer sheet.
Example:
0 A most B more C very D too
Answer: I 0 I! ~ ~ ;;I
Grass
Gi ass is probably the (C) ...................._.. succcssf:..!~ Hv!r:g pf::nt :n the '.a:~rt~ . There are
over 9,000 different types of grasses and they are (26) ........................ in every region
on the earth. They are the (27) ·······-···············flowering plants that can exist in the
freezing (28) ··············-········ of the Arctic and the Antarctic.
Grasslands support a wide range of animal life, from tiny insects and birds to
huge animals like cows and lions. All of them (29) ........................ on grass in one way
Grass (30) ........................ very quickly after it is cut or (31) ......................... Unlike other
plants, the new leaves grow from (32) ........................ the soil, not from the top of the
plant. That is (33) ........................ large families of animals are able to live together in
one area. As (34) ........................ as they·have eaten all the grass there, a fresh meat is
always (35) ........................ because the plants start to grow again.
26 A noticed B realised C caught D found
27 A single B one Conly D special
28 A environment B scene C situation D background
29 A depend B build C turn D hang
30 A repeats B recovers C reduces D remains
31 A hurt B broken C injured D damaged
32 A beside B behind C below D beyond
33 A why B where C what D when
34 A fast B soon C quickly D often
35 A available B present C free D complete
20

12. WRITING
Part 1
Questions 1-5
Here are some sentences about a sports centre.
For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
Use no more than three word<>
Write only the missing words on your answer sheet.
You may use this page for any rough work.
Example:
0 Sarah started working at the sports centre two months ago.
Writing
Sarah has worked at the sports centre ·····················-····················································--·· two months.
Answer: I 0 I for
1 Sarah asked me if I was still a member of the sports centre.
Sarah asked me, •......................................................................... still a member of the sports centre?'
2 Non-members cannot enter the sports centre without a ticket.
Non-members aren't ·-·-············-·--····························· to enter the sports centre without a ticket.
3 Trainers must be worn in the sports centre at all times.
You must ................................................................................... trainers in the sports centre at all times.
4 Football is the most popular sport at the centre.
Football i~ .... ................ ttum any other sport at the sport~ centre
5 Sarah thinks the sports centre is too small for the town.
Sarah thinks the sports centre is not ·································-~·-··············~···-·························· for the town.
21

13. Test 1
Part 2
Question 6
You want to borrow your English friend Sam's bicycle.
Write an email to your English friend Sam. In your email, you should
• explain why you need to borrow the bicycle
• say how long you will need it tor
• tell Sam when you will return it.
Write 35-45 words on your answer sheet.
22

14. Part 3
Write an answer to one of the questions (7 or 8) in this part.
Write your answer in about 100 words on your answer sheet.
Mark the question number in the box at the top of your answer sheet.
Question 7
• This is part of a letter you receive from an EngHsh friend.
!__ A new restaurant has just opened in my town and it's
wonderful. Have you got a favourite restaurant?
Tell me about the food and what you like about the
restaurant.
..._____ _ ___
• Now write a letter to your friend about a restaurant.
• Write your letter on your answer sheet.
Question 8
• Your English teacher wants you to write a story.
• Your story must begin with this sentence:
I was on the beach when my mobile phone rang.
• Write your story on your answer sheet.
,-
Writing
23

15. Test 1
PAPER 2 LISTENING TEST approx 35 minutes
(including 6 minutes transfer time)
Part 1
Questions 1-7
There are seven questions in this part.
For each question there are three pictures and a short recording.
Choose the correct picture l'lnd put a t!ck {.I) in the box below it.
Example: Where is the girl's hat?
lllli1111 ~~~ I I JiiiJ I
IIIlO~ I
~_;
IA[ZJ e O
1 What was damaged in the storm?
JV
,r
BDI
~,.
Heff9
IJ~
co
!II Iii II 1:-~F1 I
AD eo co
2 What present does the man decide to take?
I
II
~----------~' ~~----~~------~
e o co
24

16. Listening
3 Which is the woman's jacket?
so cO
4 Which sport is !!Q1 included in the price of the holiday?
-
=-I
so cO
5 Which postcard will they send?
so co
25

17. Test 1
6 Where do they decide to go?
so co
7 What will the boy do first?
so co
26

18. Listening
Part 2
Questions 8-13
You will hear an English woman called Britta talking to an interviewer about her life in Berlin, the
capital of Germany.
For each question, put a tick (.f) in the correct box.
8 How long has Britta lived in Berlin?
9 What does Britta say about living in Berlin?
10 The area of Berlin where Britta lives is
A D four years
B D sixyears
·C D twenty years
A D She can't sleep at night because of
the traffic noise.
B D She misses the museums and
theatres in Bonn.
C 0 She likes living in a big, busy city.
A 0 a rather expensive place to live.
B 0 a good place to eat out.
C D a long way from the city centre.
11 How does Britta usually travel around in Berlin? A 0 She walks.
B D She uses her bicycle.
C D She uses the tram or bus.
27

19. Test 1
12 Britta says that her nephew, Philippe,
likes going
13 Britta has lots of friends who
28
A D to the park with her.
B D to the shops with his parents.
C 0 to a gallery with her.
A 0 live near her.
B 0 work with her.
C 0 are still in England.

20. Listening
Part 3
Questions 14-19
You will hear a man called Stephen Mills talking to a group of people about a trip to India to see
tigers.
For each question, fill in the missing information in the numbered space.
THE TIGER TOUR
Stephen's profession: (14) ························
Date ofdeparture: (15) ........................
Number of tourists in group: (16) ........................
Type of accommodation: (17) ························
Means of transport in the park: - open truck in the north
- (18) ........................ in the south
Meal not included: (19) ........................ on the last day
29
_ I

21. Test 1
Part 4
Questions 20-25
Look at the six sentences for this part.
You will hear a conversation between a boy, Carl, and a girl, Susanna, about a school concert.
Decide if each sentence is correct or incorrect.
If it is correct, put a tick (.1) in the box under A for YES. If it is not correct, put a tick (.1) in the box
under B for NO.
A B
YES NO
20 Susanna feels shy about playing her violin in public. 0 0
21 Carl and Susanna share the same opinion about-practising their
instruments regularly. 0 0
22 Susanna's parents refuse to allow her to give up violin lessons. 0 D
23 Carl's aim is to have a career in music. 0 0
24 Susanna thinks she would enjoy working in another country. 0 D
25 Carl persuades Susanna to take part in the concert. 0 0
30

23. BRITISH ENGLISH INSTITUTE
INGLES BRJTANICO PARA TODOS
GRAMMAR WORKSHOP I
CONTENTS
I. THE ARTICLES 2
ll.REGULARandurnEGULARPLURALS 3
ill. THE SIMPLE and CONTINUOUS TENSES 4
A. THE PRESENT 4
Present Simple. Present Continuous 4
B. THEPAST 6
Past Simple 6
Past Continuous I Was- were going to 6
C. FUTURE TENSES 7
Will 7
Shall !To be going to I Present Continuousfor Future 8
Future Continuous 9
IV. MODAL VERBS 10
V. POSSESSIVE FORMS 14
VI. RELATIVE CLAUSES 16
VII. ADJECTIVES 17
VITI. COMPARATIVES and SUPERLATIVES 18
IX. INTRODUClNG COMPOSITIONS 19
·- ·- - - - ·--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -

24. I. THE ARTICLES
a) The Indefinite Article (a I an)
It is used only before singular countable nouns. A is used before a word beginning with a
consonant sound; AN before a word beginning with a vowel sound. Examples: a day, a
boy, a train, an apple, an open book, an angry child, an hour, an honest man, an honorable
act, an heir, etc. However, we say a European, a University, a useful book, because the first
sound in each ofthese words is not a vowel sound but a consonant one.
Tire Indefinite Article is used
1. With the meaning one, any, (it doesn't matter which).
Examples: I have a sister and two brothers. -.., •
Pleasepass me a fork. - .7 ,.. ~ •·
A triangle has three sides.
2. Before singular nouns denoting a profession, trade, religion, class.
Examples: George wants to be an engineer.
He was a Muslim not a Christian.
The King made him a lord.
b) The DefiniteArticle(the)
It is invariable for gender and number. It can be used before singular or plural nouns
whether countable or uncountable.
Tire Definite Article is used
1. We use THE when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean. For
example, in a room we talk about the light, the floor, the door, the ceiling, etc. We also say
the bank, thepost office, the doctor, the dentist, the hospital.
2. Before superlatives: This is the oldest building in London.
This is the best I can do.
3. It is not used before nouns with general sense.
Examples: Life is very hardfor some people (NOT: "the life").
Patient is a virtue (NOT: "the patient").
c) Zero Article
No article (the I a I an) is used:
1. With meals: I have breakfast I dinner I supper at nine. Lunch is at one.
2. With home: I go home atjive.
2

25. ..,,.
3. With certain places after go to when the idea expressed concerns the use made of the
building: go to work I go to school I go to college I go to prison I go to church I go to bed.
Examples:
He has gone to school (to learn). But: He has gone to the school (just to see the place).
They are in churchjust now (to worship). But: They are in the church just now (merely
looking round).
EXERCISES
*Put in aI anI the or no article.
1. Have you finished with ""'he. book I lent you last week?
2. I usually go to school at 7.00 a.m.
3. I always go to church on Sunday morning.
4. Would you like ),-A, api?l~?
5. Did ..J-~e. police find ~ r person who stole your bicycle?
6. Could you close ,... r S door, please?
7. This is Q nice house. Does it have '~ garden?
8. I never go home before seven in the evening.
9. It was warm and sunny, so we decided to sl.t in ..'r- ~ garden.
10. I saw <>-.-r accident this morning. " ().. car crashed into ... --Q.. wall.
I.' driver of · car was not hurt, but "' car was badly damaged.
11. My parents have ().. cat and o... dog. - '.~ r~ dog never bites cat,
but · .- - cat often scratches · dog.
12. I went to the store and asked to speak to -• · .. manager.
13. We live in a small apartment near center oftown.
14. I usually go to bed almost at midnight.
15. Books are my best friends.
II. REGULAR and IRREGULAR PLURALS
1. The plural of almost all nouns is formed by adding -s to the word: book-books I
table-tables I apple-apples I dog-dogs, etc.
2. Words that end in the letters -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, and most words that end in -o add -es:
glass-glasses I brush-brushes I church-churches I box-boxes I buzz-buzzes I potato-potatoes
I hero-heroes I volcano-volcanoes, but there are some exceptions to this.
Those words that are still felt to be 'foreign' take the -s form. The principal ones are:
pianos, photos, dynamos, kilos, magnetos, solos. All nouns ending in -o preceded by a
vowel take only the -s form: studios, radios, bamboos, portfolios.
3. Words ending in -y preceded by a consonant letter change the -y to -ies: lady-ladies I
story-stories I army-armies Ifly-flies. Words ending in -y preceded by a vowel letter simply
add -s: valley-valleys I donkey-donkeys I boy-boys I key-keys.
4. The ending -f or -fe in most nouns is changed to -ves: leaf-leaves I wife-wives I
thief-thieves I loaf-loaves I half-halves. But there are many words ending in -for -fe that
simply add -s to form the plural: roof-roofs I gulf-gulfs I chief-chiefs I dwarf-dwarfs I
3

26. belief-beliefs. Some words have both forms: sca1js-scarves I staffs-staves I hoofs-hooves.
5. Irregular plurals: man-men I woman-women I child-children I ox-oxen I tooth-teeth I
foot-feet I goose-geeseI mouse-mice I louse-/ice I die-dice. Some words have the same form
for singular and plural: sheep, swine, deer, fish. Some nouns are never used in the singular,
for example the name ofarticles ofdress: pants, shorts, pyjamas, clothes.
EXERCISES
*Give the plural ofthe following nouns:
convoy
fox
sheep
volcano
life
~
,.
... "~ .....,.;.. ...._
( .
gentleman .;5.:_,~ ~:; :"'~'e.·~
~~ ~e~'
scarf -:~c'""J'"'"' ---'--s;::Z...:c""-__._.'~'....:..-"-~---
goose
radio
child
dwarf
inch
studio
pants
butterfly
key
mouse
ptano
fish
tooth
staff
ill. THE SIMPLE and CONTINUOUS TENSES
A. THE PRESENT
a) THE PRESENT SIMPLE
*Form: They work in a bank. I He works in a bank.
").:..-.--
*Notes: To make negative statements, questions, or short answers we need the auxiliaries
DO or DOES. The 3rd person singular adds -s to the base form of the verb in the positive
sentence. The Present Simple is often found with adverbs offrequency.
*Use
1. This tense is used to express an action which happens again and again, that is, a habit:
She drinks eight glasses ofwater a day. I We go to the movies every weekend
2. It is used to express a fact that stays the same for a long time, that is, a state:
We live in New York. I He works in a bank.
3. It is used to express something, which is always true about a person or about the world:
The sun rises in the east. I She comesfrom Spain.
*The spelling ofthe 3rd person singular
1. The normal rule is add - s to the base form ofthe verb: wants I eats I helps I drives.
2. Add -es to the verbs that end in - s, -sh, -ch, -x and -o. Examples: he kisses I she washes I
he watches I shefiXes I it goes.
3. Verbs which end in a consonant +y change to -ies: It carries I she hwries I heflies. But
verbs which end in a vowel+ y only add - s: she buys I he says.
4

27. b) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
*Form: I am working. I They aren't studying.
*Notes
1. In the positive short answer we cannot say Yes, I'm or Yes, she's. This is WRONG.
2. All continuous tenses have the idea of an activity in progress, and the activity IS
temporary.
*Use
1. This tense is often used to express an activity happening at the moment of speaking, that
is, an activity that is in progress now:
I'm reading this bookat the moment.
What are you doing?
2. It is also used to express an activity that is happening for a limited period oftime around
now, but is not necessarily happening at the moment:
Please don't take that book. Anne's reading it.
· What's your brother doing these days?
*The spelling ofthepresentparticiple (-ing form)
a. The normal rule is add -ing to the base form of the verb: go-going I wear-wearing I
visit-visitingI eat-eating.
b. Verbs that end in one -e lose the -e: smoke-smoking I come-coming I hope-hoping I
write-writing.
c. Verbs that end in -ee keep the -ee:see-seeing I agree-agreeing.
d. In verbs of one syllable, with one written vowel + one written consonant, the consonant
is doubled: stop-stoppingI hit-hitting I nm-runningI plan-planning I begin-beginning.
e. Exceptions: Ifthe consonant is y, w, or x it is not doubled: play-playing I show-showing I
fix-.frxing.
EXERCISES
*Put the verb in the correct tense, Present Simple or Present Continuous.
1. Anne r. --. · ., (make) all her own clothes.
2. At the moment she , s '~'<' ~~ ~- (make) a dress for herself.
3. The sun '-, · (rise) in the east.
4. I ...":1.••' , 'l'"H: , :-..e. (work) overtime this month because I
.. n t "- (save up) to buy a car.
5. She usually " _, •. (learn) languages very fast, but she
h c , ...),"'CJ (have) problems with Chinese.
6. He (smoke) thirty cigarettes a day, but at the moment be
- - -- - - - -- - -- - -- - (try) very hard to cut down.
*Some of these sentences are in the wrong tense. Correct them ifnecessary.
1. I'm liking black coffee. ____'_____;C.:;__~·-------'-------
2. I get up at seven in the morning.
3. Peter's in the kitchen. He cooks breakfast. l'i ,;.:, · ' ·• -~ • ;.-;:. i' ,._:x._,c.·. - -.~
4. Restaurants are staying open late in Spain. "-"--=---'-----'c__-- - - -:::...;_:--=:.__:_= b<~o'.:o '"·.-:;,..._.
5. It rains at the moment. .JJ. ·' ~~- -.'" "': ~ r. c, ..:. _.,
5

28. 6. I think Mexico's a beautiful country.
7. He's speaking three languages. _,_-_,__,~::=··O'"""'~"-'-;P-'-',-•.'---=-<'-'---'----'-~f>.4.'-~~-+"'-'"'' _ __
8. She's having an apartment near the center .'
9. What are you thinking of Shakespeare? uA- c· ",... ·.1 ,w
10.,I'm so hungry, I need to eat something.
~-'---.......~% .z::;-·-),1, -;---· ·.:..,
~; :-.--· t:;:, 1.. r ~
B. THE PAST
a) THE PAST SIMPLE
. ,, .;... - f)C
'1 ~0.'<
~...-"';~f.:,: .... (";,_--{ <: .
*Form: She workedhard I They worked hard I He bought a house I We bought a house.
*Notes: There are no changes in the verb for the different persons. To make negative
statements, questions, or short answers we need the auxiliary DID. Put did before the
subject + the base form of the verb in questions, and didn't (did not) before the base form
ofthe verb in negative sentences.
*Use
I. The Past Simple expresses an action which happened at a specific time in the past and is
now fmished: We went to Greecefor my holidays last year.
We stayedfor two weeks.
2. This tense is used to tell a story.
3. Some ofthe time expressions found with this tense are: lastyear I last month I two years
ago I yesterday Iyesterday morning I in 1983 I in summerI when I wasyoung, etc.
*The spelling ofreg~tlar verbs
a. The normal rule is add -ed to the base form of the verb: work- workedI help- helped
b. When verbs end in -ejust add -d: like-likedI bake-baked
c. In verbs of one syllable with one vowel + one consonant, the consonant is doubled:
stop-stoppedI plan-planned.
d. But the consonant is not doubled ifit is y, x or w: play-playedI show-showedIfrx-frxed.
e. In most two-syllable verbs the consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second
syllable: prefer-preferredI admit-admitted.
f. Verbs that end in a consonant + -y change to -ied: carry-carriedI bury-buried
b) THE PAST CONTINUOUS
*Form: !was watching TV. I We weren't working.
*Use
1. The Past Continuous is used to express an activity happening at a particular time in the
past: What were you doing at 8.00 last night? I was watching television.
2. It is also used to express an activity that is interrupted:
When we arrived, she was making some coffee.
When I was walking in thepark, it began to rain.
3. Because of the idea ofduration the Past Continuous is used for descriptions.
c). WAS I WERE GOING TO - ·,::s:--_•. 0'
6

29. ........,.,. ..
*Form: They were going to get man·ied, but in the endthey changed their minds.
*Use
We can use was- were going to+ infinitive to say that something was planned at a past
time. When we use this structure, it often means that the planned action did not happen:
I was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out.
We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it wasfull, so we ate somewhere else.
EXERCISES
*Put the verb in the correct tense, Past Simple or Past Continuous.
1. Last year I (..).)f'.?.. + (go) to Greece for my holidays.
2. I Qs<C:, &-c.... (decide) to fly because it is much quicker than going overland.
3. On the morning I left London, it wo.>"· (o ... - ."'. (rain), but
when I ~*e.. ~~e..6. (step) off the plane in Greece, it was a beautiful day.
The sun wo '.- ':' (shine), and a cool wind
t..A)C.•"' 1
~•.'. ~- "'....._. (blow) from the sea.
4. I -1 ··' · (take) a taxi to my hotel. As I c">·, s:1 ..., ~ (sign)
the register, someone -}a.ppz~ (tap) me on the shoulder. I
~ ....) ·{ n e..d (turn) round. It was a friend I hadn't seen for ten years. He
JJ(), ~ : · ""'•• ,... c.. (stay) at the same hotel.
5. That evening we VJ~ 1'. ~ (go) for a walk. The town was still very busy.
Street traders c,;C."e f:,C' I " :", (sell) souvenirs, and the
foreign tourists . c.u~(R.. ~,·.._, ,...c. (try) to bring down the price
with the aid of a Greek phrase book. We .~ · ll. ' (listen) to their
chatter for a while, then returned to our hotel.
*Rewrite the sentences with the correct tense Past Simple or Past Continuous.
1. She (hurt) her ankle while she (play) tennis.
_ ....:•,___- ...!.',.._.,...~·--="""~V:...'.!-~~· _--..:.=Q.'-'-<-~(1.:..:•-_".:...;__' G.::..· _....:u..='.l...:.r-_' _. _E!..::.....--:c'~.:..."':..:Q.=..__:VJ=.::CI.=--.0-;,...____.=_ ~C'.~'-1...:.t:...·.:.,~'.:...· _ l, (..,....,·, -~.
2. While I (have) a bath, the telephone (ring)
l• ,·,... :': T cvJ' i"'~'~'"9 o. ~~"" , -"''< :~e{>h;;:,{'f'
3. The man (steal) my bag when I (not/look)
1
;:)
.c..
*Complete the sentences using was-were going to.
1. Betty u r-, 1-. <nti,.._.o. ;.o ,c.--::."' (play) tennis on Saturday, but she had
something else to ·do~ '-"
2. I VJCt·~, C:~Chr'. ,-. --1::) ·k~"r~(take) the train that leaves at 5:20, but then I
decided to take the oke at 7:OD pm. ,
3. They (.))Q..Q.. Qo". "!"• L :-... '"- "t-..4 (buy) a dog, but they changed their mind
· arid bought a cat. .l v
C. FUTURE TENSES
There are several ways of talking and writing about the Future in English. The most
7

30. commons are:
a) WILL - ~~ ?'u ..-~o.~u ~ ~ '<"<' -=>~"'~
*Form: I will come on time. I You won't be late.
*Use c.o.."<
"1. Will is used to express a future prediction: I think it'// rain tomorrow. I You '1/fall down
ifyou 're not careful. - o~~ - c v ·do ~Ob:::.
2. Will expresses a future intention: I'll see you next week.
3. Will expresses an intention or decision made at the moment ofspeaking, that is, not
planned or premeditated. In many languages this idea is expressed in the present tense,
because the decision to act and the act itselfare so close in time.
Example: A. Can I ring you tonight?
B. Yes, I'll give you my number. It's 38(1425.
*The decision to give the number is made only one second before the actual giving of it,
and Will does not really refer to the future, but signifies a present intention.
*To say: I give you my number is WRONG. - Ma"-
b) SHALL
*Form: I shall come to London in March.
*Use
1. British speakers use shall with the 151
person pronouns (I and we) in preference to will.
Most Americans do not make this distinction. ofe-tc.
2. Shall in the question form is different, it is used to express an offer not a future
prediction or intention: Shall I get you an aspirin?
c) TO BE GOING TO - e.~ -v,_, ~uv•:o ~CJ~~c:::~b
*Form: She's going to eat. I I'm going to read.
*Use
1. Going to is probably the most common verb phrase used for future.
2. Going to expresses a future intention, plan, or decision thought about before the moment
ofspeaking: We 're going to get married in June.
When I grow up, I'm going to be a doctor.
3. Going to is used to express a future event for which there is some evidence now:
Look at those clouds, it's going to rain. I Watch out! those boxes are going to fall
l
c8 ·.6q.~o ~
over!
*Willor Going to?
Notice the difference between will and going to to express an intention:
A. We 've run out ofsugar. A. We 've run out ofsugar.
B. I know. I'm going to buy some. B. Have we? I didn't know. I'll buy some
when I go shopping.
The difference is not that going to is more certain, and is not about near or distant future,
but it concerns when the decision was made.
8

31. d). THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS for FUTURE
*Form: We're havinga meal together.
*Use
The Present Continuous for future expresses a future event that has already been arranged
and planned. The verbs found in this tense are verbs of activity and motion (see, have,
meet, go, come, leave, start)
Examples: I'm seeing him tomorrow.
I'm having lunch with John tomon·ow.
He is meeting me outside the cinema.
We're going on a cruise aroundthe world
My aunt is coming to stayfor afew days.
*Present Continuous or Going to?
The difference between Present Continuous for Future and Going to ts very small.
Compare:
1. I'm going to have dinner with Mary tonight. (Intention, Going to)
This sentence expresses not only a planned future event, but the speaker's attitude towards
it. It means I want to have dinner with Mmy tonight.
2. I'm having dinner with Mmy tonight. (Arrangement, Present Continuous)
This sentence expresses only a planned future event, and nothing of the speaker's attitude
towards it. Perhaps the person wants to go, perhaps not. It is simply an activity in his or her
agenda.
3. However, in the following sentence, only Going to is possible not the Present
Continuous: It's going to rain tomorrow. NOT It's raining tomon·ow.
This is because this sort ofevent cannot be arranged by human beings.
*Present tenseforfuture tim£
a) The presence ofa future time expression in a sentence whose vetb is in present indicates
that the statement refers to a forthcoming event and not to a customary, or repetitive
activity. Examples: The Bakers an·ive tommrow.
Richardgraduates in June.
The next meeting is a weekfrom today.
b) Some words for future time are: soon, later, tom01row, next week, next year.
~.o·:-'o
e) THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS ~,
*Form: Mrs. Allen will bepreparingrefreshment at this time next week
*Use
The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress at a very specific time
in the future. This structure needs a time expression:
EXERCISES
Don'tphone at 8:00. We'II be having supper.
This time tom01row I'll beflying to New York.
*Complete these sentences, using Will, Going to or Present Continuousfor Future..
1. A. Poor Sue went to the hospital yesterday.
9

32. 2.
3.
B. I'm sorry to hear that. I , , :.·i ·
We "~o•""':"l -"
A. This room's very cold.
- ~ c (send) her some flowers.
(fly) to Madrid next week.
B. You're right. I---"-----~ ""'"_,_··-'-'--------- (tum) on the heater.
4. Professor Allen '"' 'N"'eQ:..!. :. ;--. (meet) his wife outside the
restaurant.
'..,
5. A. Are you still going out with Alice?
B. Ohyes. We :J :J. ,......-, "'c:"
6. He . ·,..,~ <,'{'4
7. A. Oh dear. I can"'t do this homework
B. Don't worry. I '· ., ""- ~.:'
8. My grandparents - 1 • . < ••
us.
9. A. Why are you buying so much food?
.. (get) married next year.
(have) dinner with her this evening.
(help) you.
(come) this weekend to stay with
B
10.
Because I - ---::·- .:..=-·-'.'-------'-'---::-- , - - - - - - - - - (cook) for ten people.
r ,<L 'you--='-:,:..'..:...' .!...)·-'-<"'-'-'.c.;=L-_..!...::.:.,,_- __~.:·_· 1_ · (leave) tomorrow?
11. A.
B.
12.A.
Jack is very angry with you. "
Is he? I didn't realize. I _____/-:.=--:.-_'·._ ._-_._·._. __ (ring) him and apologize.
B.
It's John's birthday tomorrow. .. .:f·-· ·,
Is it? I can't afford a present but I ___._._.'_~_"·=·__.-·_,._···.....:~'---- (send) him a card.
*Answer the following questions using the Future Continuous. Say what you will be doing
at this time next year.
1. Where will you be living?
,.-,-.. :.<» u, ..-....l-, '"'- 0...... Q0r.._ '' .>.v ·,
2. Who will you be living with? . ,
. l ' • r "·. ~, 0~"''' ~.-....'C' . · l
___'..:....·· _,_. _ ___,,-'·._t-"-?_ _ ...;,· ..:::''-..:...' ·-·.:....· _r~:....._'..:....·'_··------=---'.l......... _ -_·_· _ ·:,_- _ -_, _'"'_...:..• _ _,_,·.:...." _:··::--' __.·::....:- <-' , •· ~
3. What will you be studying?
--j I OJ ' -
. . (")({ " J c . ('. __J '·
IV. MODAL VERBS
The Modal Verbs are sometimes called modal auxiliaries because they 'help' other verbs to
form interrogative and negative sentences. The Modal Auxiliaries are: can, could, will,
would, shall, should, ought to, may, might and must. They differ from the other auxiliaries
(do, does, did) in that they have no s-fonns, ing-forms, orparticiples.
The best way to master the use of Modals is to observe how they are used because they
have different meanings in different situations.
A. AskingPeople To Do Things, Req11ests
Can - Could- Will- Would
Can you wait a moment, please?
Couldyou tell me how to get to the bus station?
Will you help me please?
Wouldyou do me afavor?
To ask for something you can say Can I have?... I Could I have?...
10

33. Can I have these postcards, please? (In a gift shop).
CouldI have the salt, please? (At the dinner table).
*Notes
1. Can is more familiar than could. Could is appropriate in many situations, both formal
and informal. ~~~o
2. Will can also express a promise, or agre6ment: I will bring the book tomorrow.
I will come at ten tofour.
3. Would can be also used in invitations:. Wouldyou like to go to the movies tomorrow?
4. Will and wouldare used with clause ofcondition:
I will eat withoutyou Ifyou're not home by six.
I would buyyou a house in the country ifI were rich.
·~<:::1!> O.~b ~ ,~,
B. Offering To Do Things C.0-»~~-= c.o..l..),.--.;~
Will - Shall - Can - Would
I'll cany your bagsfor you.
Shall I get you something to drink?
Can I get you a cup ofcoffee?
Wouldyou like a cup ofcoffee?
Shall can also express an invitation or a suggestion:
What shall we do tonight?
Shall we go out or stay at home?
*Notes ~o,~&. _., ~-..,.c:;,
1. It is important to understand the difference between will as a modal verb, which
expresses concepts such as requests and offers, and will as an auxiliary of future, where,
like all auxiliaries it only sh<;>ws tense and has no intrinsic meaning at all.
2. As a modal verb shall is used in the questionform to express an offer, an invitation or a
suggestion. It is almost always used in the 1st person, singular or plural.
C. Expressing Obligation
a) Must- Have to (Strong obligation)
Must
In one of its meanings, must has an imperative quality suggesting a command or an
obligation. The negative must not (mustn't) expresses a prohibition. Must also implies a
logical conclusion or explanation.
Examples:
1. Obligation: They mustget up early tomorrow.
2. Prohibition: You mustn't walk on the grass.
3. Logical conclusion: IfPaul/eft here atfour o'clock, he must be home by now.
You have worked hardall day, you must be tired.
*Notes
Must is rare in the question form. When it is used, it is normally in the 151
person (singular
or plural): Must I wear my uniform?
Must we go to this party?
11

34. )Q.~e;. ¥ ..:)•<>..~ '-'""'O. 0..-.l"o~ ~<:.4 ?e., ·o
'u;t.
w ,~<-' :-t:. o....-n<>' .c.:."'~'"' e
~
Have to
1. Instead of must the verb have to is often used to express obligation. It is much more
widely used since it has all the forms ofa verb that must does not have:
*Future: You'll have to get up early tomon·ow.
*Past: I had to get up at 6.00 to go to school.
*Present Perfect: I've hadto look after my motherfor the past ten years.
*Gerund: I hate having to get up on winter mornings.
2. In questions and negative sentences have to needs an auxiliary (do, does, did, will).
3. In the question form must is rare, as a rule, have to is preferred.
"[T'
*Notes · ,.v"'-· -'
'-'
{l.Ttlllie nega tve must and have to have completely different meanings:
a. Mustn't= prohibition: You mustn't steal otherpeople's property.
i b. Don't have to= no obligation: I don't have to work ifI don't want to.
1 2. The important difference between must and have to:
Must expresses the authority ofthe speaker.
, Have to refers to the authority ofanother person, or to obligation generally.
3. Ifyou are not sure which one to use to express obligation, have to is safer.
b) Should- Ought to (Mild obligation) t-f , (). - ·~v c.ue
1. Should and ought to both express mild obligation, and so they are often used to give
advice, and to make suggestions:
Miss Carter ought to see a doctor as soon as possible.
_ We should be careful crossing streets.
2. U~fulfi.Yl~a'Obligation: . I should be reading my assignment.
She ought to be writing her essay.
3. Probability: It is eight o'clock. The guests shouldbe arriving soon.
George is bright and he works hard He ought to do well.
*Notes
1. In most cases ought to can be replaced by should; of the two, ought to is the rather more
emphatic. ~
2. Note that ought is followed by the infinitive with to. Should is followed by the simple
form ofthe verb.
D. ExpressingAbility
Can- Could- To be able to -t. -;:,.0 C<:., ·Ct· ,-;:,
She can sing well but she can't read music.
',.. -"~·"<::l '-' ...... "' C'r .:::,
<oe.-.c..o."'=...'Z.. d~
I could read when I wasfour.
I am writing to inform you that I will be able to attendthe interview on June 4111
•
Be able to " ··"" o..c. , 6o ~'--r'
Can, could and be able to all express ability. Can and be able to have the same meaning,
but can is more commonly used. Be able to is more formal. Be able to is used:
1. To give emph~is to a statement ofability or possibility:
~1='-:.<;,·.~
· After her illness she wasn't able to walkfor a year.
We won't be able to live here much longer.
The use of couldn't and can't in these two examples would be correct but lessforceful.
12
J,.

35. .·
2. To express the meaning of m'A~'a~~t'o or succeed in concerning one specific occasion:
Although the sea was rough, they were able to (=managed to) swim to the shore. -eo...-,~ 0 ' .o...
Luckily they heardthe almm andwere able to escape. Here could would not be correct.
3. To replace the 'missing' tenses ofcan and could:
Future: I'll be able to walk again soon.
Present Perfect: I've never been able to understandyour husband
Gerund: Being able to drive has changedmy life completely.
Infinitive: I'dlove to be able to help, but I can't, sony.
4. On formal occasions (especially when written): I am afraid we are unable to offeryou a
refuiJ.don your ticket. The negative form ofable to is not able to or unable to.
-.c.e-o:Jo~o
E. ExpressingPossibility
Can - Could- May - Might
I can come on Monday.
She couldn't go to the party because she was ill.
I may go to Italy.
'C~:-1 He admittedthat the news might be true. '1c.·,~-.t
May usually expresses a greater degree ofpossibility than might (more likely than might).
Could, may and might can also express a future possibility:
*Notes
It couldrain, so I'll take my umbrella.
We might run out ofoil.
It may rain tomorrow.
l. May can also express prohibition: People may not pickflowers in this park.
2. May and might are used in exclamatory sentences to indicate a wish:
F. Permission
May all your dreams come true!
He hoperl, that we might have a very happy holiday.
e.:~~e..c.'t>.c.
a) Askingfor pe1mission
Can- Could- May- Would
.rf Can I go now?
CouldI borrowyour em· tonight?
May I go to the party?
Wouldyou mindifI openedthe window?
b) Giving Permission
Can -May You can go home now.
You may use your dictionmyfor the test.
c) Refusingpe~mission
Can You can't smoke in this room. It's not allowed
*Notes
Be allowedto is also used to express permission:
Are we allowed to use a dictionmy?
13

36. i-A..) L.U.V . 'IC:....'-1,. t.t; ~ ~ C.t. ·-.l t _ t • '- C'•t<"-.
AJ,..vL• ~- .::.., Slo., _ C..:;.'-'"' (•,
0 'G
·.
You're nQt allowedto drive a car without insurance.
EXERCISES
* Complete the sentences using can, couldor be able to.
1. Tom t <:.. 0ir.:_l,~ ~ drive, but he doesn't have a car.
2. Suzy, I won't L"" :o..""1
(" ' . ....,. to go to your birthday party, sorry! ·
3. He can't sing now, but he ,..1-. "' ~,...· •:.. .: sing very well when he was a child..
'-!Oc. , .. C...:;.:-4. I used to C...~'i' stand on mx head, but I can't do it now.
_o 5. Ask Ann about your problem. She CO'.i Q help you.
*Complete the sentences with must, have to or should.
1. I really think you 'F~'I.:-., ,...._Ll .~ get your hair cut.
2. I'm overweight. The d~ctor said I ,_.,.. · _, ' eaH?o many sweets.
3. She has a fortune. She "'r,c (~work in her whole life.
4. Careful, darling. You ~'V~ • ~ ""-'d.>d.play with matches. They're too dangerqus.
5. It's my mother's birthday next week. I .-...c.~'.:>~ "> remember to buy h~r a
present and a card.
*Talk aboutfuture plans. You are not sure what is going to happen. Use may and might.
I. What are you going to do this weekend? (Go to the movies?) ·
I don't know yet, but "' s,' 1..'.. '-~ ; ,.., •~ ~. -·'<" Q.. ':-;, .,,·, 0 ·
2. When is Jack coming to see us? (Tomorrow evening?)
I'm not sure, but -.2 -. ~ ·, 'i''f'' 't..-' c oo('('.e. · ~ H" c
3. Where are you going on your vacation? (To Brazil?)
I haven't decided yet, but ''I' l"(' ~ Ct 't--~ ..f1 .~,. "-
V. POSSESSIVE FORMS
a) ..•'s (apostrophes) and ...of...
1. It is normally used 's when the first noun is a person or an animal:
The manager's office (Not The office ofthe manager). I The horse's tail.
; -.J.Qtherwise (with things) we normally use ..•of...
-~e -" ' The door ofthe room (Not The room's door)
The beginning ofthe story (Not The story's beginning).
Sometimes we cal use 's when the first noun is a thing. For example, you can say:
The book's title~" or The title ofthe book, but it is safer and more usual to use ..•of...
i
2. We can use's when the first noun is an organization or places:
The government's decision or The decision ofthe government.
Italy's largest city. I The world'spopulation.
3. After a singular noun we use 's: Bob's hat I Jones's houses I Burns's poems.
Use apostrophe only (without the s) when s or z sound comes before the final s in a
singular word that end in s: Moses'journey. I Cassius'plan.
4. After a regular plural noun (which ends ins) we use only an apostrophe('):
14

37. r
My sisters' room. I The students' classroom.
Ifa plu~al noun does not end in - s (an irregular plural), we use 's:
A children's book. I The women's page.
5. We can also use 's with time words: Tomorrow's meeting has been canceled. I Do
you still have last Saturday's newspaper? I I have a week's vacation.
6. We can use 's after more than one noun: Jack andJill's .wedding.
It is possible to use 's without a following noun:
Tom 's apartment is much larger than Ann's.
b) Possessive Adjectives. The Possessive Adjectives change according to the gender and
number of the possessor. They can be used only before a noun. The Possessive Adjectives
are: my /yourI his I her I its I our I yourI their.
c) Possessive Pronouns. The Possessive Adjectives are used before nouns, the Possessive
Pronouns, however, may stand alone. The Possessive Pronouns are: mine I yours I his I
hers I its I ours I theirs. IV : q
d) Object Pronouns*. The Object Pronouns are: me I you I him I her I it I us I you I them.
They are used:
a) when they are the direct object ofa verb:
subject verb object
she read it
they pleased her
it bit him
b) or when they are governed by a preposition.. I spoke to him.
I had a letterfrom her.
*These pronouns are used after the verb belong to to express possession.
EXERCISES
*Join two nouns using an apostrophe ('s) or ...of..
1. The camera I Tom 'Io ....~ ·~( Co .~....e c-
2. Theeyes l thecm ---~~~~r~~c-~~.--~ ~~~,,~e~·2:~Q~: ________________________
3. Thetop l thepage ---~-~~Q~--~'o~~--~--~~--~-~~·~~--------------
4. The children I Don and Mary ' - ::-•.,.. · -c..-,~ .,<' ..--...
5. Theb¢hdaylmyfather . rr·-1 . tt:"'•--.,r { r_) a','(" ~-... §q•·r
6. The car I Mike's parents i'li.- ..., 1?.-J e.r:: ~ (b , •
7. The garden I our neighbors =< ~-- o·:::.._.. ,) - ...,. , ~ ,· 0 ( , ·"'""" Y ' <.
..
8. Thegroundfloor l thebuilding _,_ . ..,.._,,_,__,' · . ,-r; of -"'e ~~..;·,(i; ··~
9. The name I the street ---"'e._ '1 c..''<"<--.Q ... tk -·.,~ ,g.l , e ~ .:.
10. The house I my aunt and uncle 1-l,1 c• un~ Clr-<. u .....c1te '!.~ 'hou :c
11. The populationI the world ~"'e wu, ~ 'J f-o( -uc.- o"
15

38. -· :(""'· .·.~ '
'-·~.::.-,..l~
. l r. /
' '
.- ~--;._"; ; :I
:" .._.. '
'· .'
,;
{' ('
12. The eyes I my father -''"':....:"~'>+'----'-f.:;;...r-.....;-.....;,_;,.:::Q.::..c',_'_,_~_ _,_0-..::.,lc.:o:.Q_~-'"------------
*Fill in the blanks with the correct pronoun.
1. Isthiscar lot tr~?No,itisn't rfi ~o e.
2. Are these Paul's books? Yes, they are ·......, .S
3. Does this pen belong to ~Qx-5? No, it doesn't belong to -., R'( . . It belongs to ~
'4. Is that Mary's watch? No, it isn't b.g_ < ~ . It is 'Miv-.,e._
5. Is this classroom ours? Yes, it is o u '< classroom. It belongs to v s,
6. Are Joe and Tom Mrs. Smith's children? Yes, they are ·S,,.:;,(z -r children.
7. Is this his pen? No, it isn't 1 c::.. . It belongs to ME'_
8. That's my book, and those are m '"'e pens too.
9. Whose pencils are these? They are ~ ~ro.~. '
10. This is the classroom, and this is ,L§. door.
-.. ->
11. My shoes are black and "'ou1 are blue.
12.That's Martha's book and this pen is 'c 0 ~c_ too.
VI. RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining Relative Clauses qualify a noun, and tell us exactly which person or thing is
being referred to.·
1. Who I that as a subject pronoun. These are used in relative clauses to define the person
we are talking about. We cannot leave out the pronoun if it is the subject ofthe clause:
I met a man who works in advertising.
C. I'll lendyou the bookthat changedmy life.
2. Wh't},1 that as subject pronoun. These are used in the same way to define things:
This is the dog whichfollowed me all over the Lake District.
.._.• J~,..z. ,".
3. Who I which I that as object pronoun. Notice how we can leave out the relative pronoun
if it is the object ofthe relative clause:
Didyou like thepresent ( ) I gave you?
C~O{'- ~ (•
These are somefishermen ( ) I met when I was in South Shields.
4. Where. This means in which and is used to talk about places. It can never be left out:
Cv..£-,c_~
This is the village where I stayed in Devon.
5. When. This means at which time; on which occasion:
Sunday is the day when vel)'few people go to work.
6. Whose, This means ofwhom and replaces his, her and their in relative clauses. It can
never be left out: · That 's the man whose·r:au1iflowers won first prize in the flower
show.
EXERCISES
*Join the sentences with who, when, where, which, whose or that.
1. A man lent me his hammer. He lives next door.
A mo" j.va E'n-me. b.$:.. '~CKt~()~ ... 'Vtc. 1;J<?:., 'f'IE')(.!. ~'"""'
2. Have you met the family? 'Hrey have just moved in to the house next door.
L , , ' ' • r . '.-··.,,.., :'C'· , ' ~-11Qv~ ''o'-' T<'e."' _,"'<(. ,c-.,.• . .1
!"' 1",(:....t "'-"'""- ·...::.'--' ~
16
.1 he: h0· !~
I<{> x l,

39. -·
3. What was the name ofthe car? It wonthe Car ofthe Year award.
~~~
4. The Queen's last visit was in May.<Sheopened the new hospital.
I .)~-t' ::'
5. We then moved to Paris. ti>lived for six years.
wI' ,.c._
'·
.• . ·.
7. Over the road4s the hairdresser's/ usually have·my·hair cut there.
Lu"'- ' ·
8. That's the library. They usually have interesting art exhibitions.I . .
(.t :y<_,e_
*Join the twQ sentences, omitting who or which.
1. That's the man. I was talking about him last night.
-1ho.
2. What did you do with the eggs? I bought them this morning.
4,,~~ ~
3. Did you like the photo? I took it ofyou and your husband.
''-
..~"·"''
4. You spoke to a man on the phone. That was my father.
5. They bought a house. It was very expensive.
~ ~a:
VII. ADJECTIVES
Sometimes we use two or more adjectives together:
Tom lives in a nice new house.
In the kitchen there was a beautifullarge round wooden table.
a) Adjectives like new I large I roundI wooden are fact adjectives. They give ~s objective
information about something (age, size, color, etc.)
b) Adjectives like nice I beautiful are opinion adjectives. They tell us what someone thinks
ofsomething. Opinion adjectives go beforefact adjectives:
Opinion Fact Noun
A nice sunny day
A delicious hot soup
An intelligent young man
A beautiful large round
table
Sometimes there are two or morefact adjectives. We putfact adjectives in this order:
17

40. l.How big?-2.How old?-3.What color?--4.Where from?-5. What is it made of?-NOUN
Examples: A tallyoung man (l-2) Big blue eyes (1-3)
A small blackplastic bag (1-3-5) An oldwhite cotton shirt (2-3-5)
a) Adjectives of size and length (big, small, tall, short, long, etc.) go before adjectives of
shape and width (round, fat, thin, slim, wide, etc.).
Examples: A tall thin woman. I A long narrow street.
b) We also use adjectives after some verbs (be, get, become, feel, smell, taste, sound, seem,
look): Are you tired? I Be careful! I I'm getting hungty.
Doyoufeel tired? I Dinner smells good. I This coffee tastes strong.
Tom soundedangry when I spoke to him.
*Note: Adjectives are always in the singular form.
EXERCISES
*Put the acijective in parentheses in the correct position.
1. An unusual ring (gold)
2. An old lady (nice)
3. A good-looking man (young)
4. Black gloves (leather)
5. An American movie (old)
6. A large nose (red)
7. A sunny day (lovely)
8. Long hair (blonde I beautiful)
9. An old painting (interesting I French)
10. A little village (old I lovely)
11. A big cat (fat I black)
12. Beautiful girl (nice I intelligent)
13. A city (ancient I picturesque)
14. A car (classical I expensive)
15. A modem house (attractive)
Vlli. COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
a) The Comparative is formed by adding -er to short adjectives, and the word than:
sweet- sweeter than I soft- softer than.
By adding more or less with long adjectives and the word than:
beautiful- more beautiful than I expensive- less expensive than.
b) The S11perlative is formed by adding -est to short adjectives and the article the:
sweet - the sweetest I soft- the softest.
By using most with long adjectives and the article the:
beautiful - the most beautiful I interesting - the most interesting.
There are a number of irregular Comparatives
18
,...
I

41. Adjective Comparative
good better than
bad worse than
little less than
near nearer than
much(many) more than
far farther (further) than
late later (latter) than
old older than
*Note: EqUillity is expressed by using as..•as and the adjective:
Harry is as oldas William.
Ma1y is as careful as Margaret.
Superlative
the best
the worst
the least
the nearest (next)
the most
the farthest (furthest)
the latest (last)
the oldest (eldest)
Mexico has as many skyscrapers as New York
EXERCISES
*Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form.
1. A plane is a bus (fast)
2. My motheris cook in the family
(good)
3. Taxis are buses (expensive)
4. William is his brother (strong)
5. Your shoes are_ _ ___________ the shoes I have (comfortable)
6. This lesson is yesterday's (easy)
7. Jane is George (young)
8. This book is in the list (important)
9. Mike is boy in the group (short)
10. This book is that one (interesting)
11. Today is yesterday (warm)
12. The blue dress was ofthe three (pretty)
13. Mary is her little sister (thin)
14. James is me (fat)
15. Today's sky is yesterday's (blue)
IX. IN1RODUCING COMPOSITIONS
The Use ofLinking Words
Linking words are used to join words, phrases, or sentences. Some linking words and
expressions are:
Actually, after that, aftet~ although, and, anyway, as, asfor, as soon as, at
the moment, because, because oj before, but, during, fortunately, in my opinion,
personally, so, that's why, then, time was, time-when, until, when, which,
while
EXERCISES
19

42. *Read the story about Mrs. Padley, an 82-year-old Irish housewife.
Mary Padley was born in Ireland. Otphaned at six weeks old, she was raised by
nuns. She saw little of the outside world till she was 21 when she moved to
London. She worked as a maid and then as a cashier in a supermarket. Working
there she met her husband, Frederick Padley. He died aged 72. Mrs. Padley has just
celebrated her 82nd birthday. Her friends have advised her to stop doing the
housework and gardening, but she likes baking all her own cakes. She planned a
small birthday party, but forty guests arrived an~ stayed until midnight.
*Here are seven sentences about Mrs. Padley. Put one ofthe following linking words into
each gap: but I because of I although I when I because I during I
after
1.
2.
________ her parents died, she went to live·in an orphanage.
her youth she saw little ofthe outside world.-------------
3. She left the orphanage she wanted to go to London:
4. She met her husband she was working as a cashier in a supermarket.
5. she is 82, she still does a lot ofwork in the house.
6. Friends advised her to stop gardening - ------------------ her old age.
7. Mrs. Padley wanted a small birthday party, 40 people arrived.
*Write a list of simple sentences about your daily routine. Connect the stages of your
routine with Then I ..., After that I ..., After (lunch) I ..., in order to write a paragraph.
20
-·- ·-·----

43. CONTENTS
-...-.--.•:Ji!i~~~-:.;;;.................. ... ..____.._
--~---:--:-:·. ·:-~.;..;..:-- .
.·....·.·· ······· ··--~···'-'··-·-: · •••••· : --.-.;-_JJ
.,..BRITISH ENGLISH INSTITUTE
IN~S BRITANICO PARA TODOS
GRAMMAR WORKSHOP ll
I. REVIEW (Verb Tenses) 2
II. PERFECT TENSES 2
The Present Peifect Simple 2
The Present Peifect Continuous 3
The PastPeifect Simple 4
The Past Peifect Continuous 5
The Future Peifect Simple, The Future Perfect Continuous 6
III. PREPOSITIONS 7
N. REPORTED SPEECH 9
A. Reported Statements 10
B. Reported Commands 12
C. J.?-eported Questions 12
V.PASSIVEVOICE 14
VI. CONDITIONALS 18
First Conditional. Second Conditional 18
Third Conditional. The Zero Conditional 19
VII. PAST MODAL VERBS 20
- -~
VIII. LINKING WORDS;, 22
~--·"'---~-...../
1
L
q PAf rc :J

44. v
I. REVIEW: VERB TENSES
The Simple Tenses: Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple.
The Continuous Tenses: Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Future Continuous.
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
I speak I am speaking I have spoken I have been speaking
You speak You are speaking You have spoken You have been speaking
Pres She speaks She is speaking She has spoken She has been speaking
ent We speak We are speaking We have spoken We have been speaking
They speak They are speaking They have spoken They have been speaking
I spoke I was speaking I had spoken I had been speaking
You spoke You were speaking You had spoken You had been speaking
Past She spoke She was speaking She had spoken She had been speaking
We spoke We were speaking We had spoken We had been speaking
They spoke They were They had spoken They had been speaking
speaking
I will speak I will be speaking I will have spoken I will have been speaking
You will You will be You will have You will have been
Futu spoke speaking spoken speaking
re She will She will be She will have She will have been
speak speaking spoken speaking
We will We will be We will have We will have been
speak speaking spoken speaking
They will They will be They will have They will have been
speak speaking spoken speaking
TI. PERFECT TENSES
a) THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
*Form: I've seen the Queen. I He's seen the Queen.
*Use
The Present Perfect relates past to present. This tense is used:
1. Unfinished past: The Present Perfect Simple is used to express an action or state,
which began in the past and still continues:
I've lived in Londonfor sixyears. (I still do, and will continue to in the future.)
2. Experience: The Present Perfect Simple is used to express an action, which happened
in the past and is finished, but we are not interested in when. We are interested in the
experience as part ofsomeone's life:
Have you ever been to Africa? (Up to now in my life.)
3. Present result: The Present Peifect Simple refers to a past action and shows the result
ofthat action in the present:
The taxi has arrived. (It's outside the house now.)
*Notes
1. We cannot say Yes, I've or Yes, she's in the positive short answer. This is WRONG.
2

45. ('ve =have I 's =has)
2. The Present Perfect Simple is often used in connection with certain words:
a. The time prepositions since andfor:
She's lived herefor three years. (For+ a period oftime.)
He's workedhere since 1985. (Since + a point in time.)
b. The adverbsjust and already: I'vejustfinished it. I I've already done it.
c. The adverb yet. This adverb is not used in positive sentences with the Present
Perfect Simple: Have you done ityet? I haven't done ityet.
3. Gone and been
Compare: Mrs. Jones isn't here at the moment. She has gone to the hairdresser's.
(=She has not returned, she's still there.)
Mrs. Jones is back home. She has been to the hairdresser's.
(=She has returned home.)
b) THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
*Form: I've been working. I He's been working.
*Use
1. This tense is used to describe an action which began in the past and is either still going
on, or has recently stopped: I've been writing letters all morning.
2. It is often used with for and since: I've been living here for a few months I I've been
living here since September. (I am still living here.)
*PresentPerfect Simple or Present Peifect Continuous?
!. Compare: I've workedfor the same companyfor twelve years.
(Present Perfect Simple)
I've been workingfor the same companyfor twelve years.
(Present Perfect Continuous)
There is often little or no difference between such sentences in the Simple or the
Continuous. However, ifthe Continuous is possible, English has a preference for using it.
2. As with all continuous tenses, the Present Perfect Continuous expresses duration and
activity over a period of time. Certain verbs by definition do not suggest duration. The
action is quickly finished. Examples are: die, start, begin, finish, stop, find, lose, break.
These verbs are usually found in the Present Perfect Simple.
Compare these two sentences: I've cut myfinger.
I've been cutting wood.
Cutting wood can be repeated and can take a long time. When you cut your finger, it is
done very quickly. But 'I've been cutting myfinger' is a horrible idea, because it suggests
that the cutting happened again and again.
3. The Present Perfect Simple is interested in the completed action. This is why, if the
object ofthe verb has a quantity or number, only the Simple is possible:
I've eatenfive pieces oftoast this morning.
NOT I've been eatingfcve pieces oftoast this morning. The five pieces oftoast are eaten,
3

46. the action is completed.
Here are some more examples:
I've been cutting down trees this morning. I've cut down ten.
She's been smoking ever since she arrived She's hadsix already.
EXERCISES
*Put the verbs into the correct form PresentPerfect Simple or Continuous.
1. Look! Somebody (break) that window.
2. I (read) the book you gave me,
but I (not/finish) it yet.
3. "Sorry I'm late." "That's all right. I _ __________(not/wait) long."
4. Hello! I (clean) the windows. So far
I (clean) five ofthem and there are two more to do.
5. There's a strange smell in here..____ ____ ___ (you/cook) something?
6. My brother is an actor. He (appear) in several movies.
7. What you ? (do)
---------- --------------8. She (learn) Italian for the past three years.
9. He (listen) to the radio all morning.
10. They (wait) for two hours, but nobody arrived.
11. I'm exhausted. I (work) all day, and
I (not/finish yet)
12. He (visit) many countries in the last five years.
13. She (shop) all afternoon,
but she (not/buy) anything yet.
14. I (look) for my books for ages, but I
can't find them anywhere.
*Complete the sentences with gone or been.
1. I'm sorry I'm late, everyone. I've _ ______ to the dentist's.
2. There's nobody at home. I think they've away for the weekend.
3. You look very brown. Have you on holiday?
4. Simon isn't here at the moment. He's to a football match.
5. 'Have you ever to Scotland? Yes, I've there quite a few times.'
c). THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE .
*Form: I hadbought a new car. I You hadn't bought a new car.
*Use
The Past Perfect Simple is used to refer to something that happened before another action
or state in the past.
Examples:
They were excited because Judy'sfather hadmanaged to get them ticketsfor the match.
Imagine their horror when they realised they hadforgotten the tickets at home.
d) THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
*Form; He hadbeen waiting. I We hadn 't been waiting.
4
. r

47. *Use
This tense is concerned with expressing the duration of an event or activity of the past
which was interrupted or concluded by another past activity or event.
Examples:
The students hadbeen waitingfor almost ten minutes when Prof Baker showedup.
Bill had been working for two hours when Jack called.
*Notes
Two time expressions are required. The first one expresses the duration of the activity.
The second one states the time or the event which interrupted or concluded the activity.
*Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous?
1. Compare: George had livedwith an Americanfamilyfor six months when Tom arrived.
(Past Perfect Simple)
George hadbeen living with an Americanfamilyfor six months when Tom arrived.
(Past Perfect Continuous)
Both sentences can be used to express the same situation. Most statements in the Past
Perfect Continuous can be stated in the Past Perfect Simple with little or no difference in
meaning.
2. However, past perfect statements which refer to completed punctual acts cannot be
expressed in the continuous. Example:
Professor Baker hadalready dismissedthe class when he announced the exam.
The Past Perfect Simple expresses a one-time completed act. It cannot be expressed in
the continuous tense.
EXERCISES
* Join the sentences using the word because and the Past Perfect Simple.
1. He didn't work hard enough during the year. He failed his exam.
2. They didn't pay their telephone bill. The Telephone Company cut them off.
3. They left their passport at home. They couldn't cross the frontier.
4. She lost her glasses. She couldn't read the sign.
5. They forgot the tickets at home. They missed the concert.
6. I left my keys at the office. I couldn't open the door when I got home.
*Complete the sentences with Past Perfect Continuous and Past Simple.
1. Mrs. Allen ______________________(cook)
for three hours when.__________________ (arrive/children)
2. Miss Carter (study) in her room
5

48. all night long when:...__________________{ring/telephone)
3. Betty (work) in the garden
all morning when (rain/start)
4. Jack (play) with the dog in the
afternoon when (call/grandfather)
5. George (live) in London for two
months when his cousins (arrive) to visit him.
6. Betty (watch) television in
the evening when (happen/accident)
e) THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
*Form: The taxi will have arrived by the time youfinish dressing.
*Use
This tense is used to expressed an action that will be completed before another action or
time in the future. This tense must include a future time expression usually introduced by
the construction 'by the time (that)'.
Examples: It is now 6:30p.m.; I will havefinished my work by 8 o'clock.
f) THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
*Form: On December 22nd, we will have been living in this house exactly 20years.
*Use
This tense emphasizes the duration ofa future event or a present situation which reaches
into the future. Two time expressions are essential with this tense: (1) a specific future
time or event, and (2) the duration.
Examples:
In September George will have been studying in this Universityfor two years.
(1) (2)
In another month's time, Henry will have been working in this companyfor 25 years.
(1) (2)
*Future Perfect Simple or Future Perfect Continuous?
1. Compare: By September 2ndDr. Baker will have retired
(Future Perfect Simple)
By September 2nd Dr. Baker will have been workingfor 25years.
(Future Perfect Continuous)
2. The Future Perfect Simple is used to emphasize completion. The Continuous form is
used to emphasize duration.
3. The Future Perfect tenses are used less often than other tenses, probably because what
they express can be stated in other less complex ways.
EXERCISES
*The Bakers are going to do many things before they start on their trip around the world.
Tell what they will have done by the time they leave. Use the Future Perfect Simple.
Example:
6
.,

49. a. Arranged everything The Bakers will have arranged everything by the time they leave.
b. Sell their house
c. Buy a smaller house
d. Give the piano to their daughter
e. Put their Mercedes in storage
f. Purchase an expensive movie camera
ill. PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITlONS OF TIME
in the parts ofthe day in the hmong (s), etc.
(not night)
months in February
seasons in (the) summer
years in 1998, in 2001
decades in the 21st century
on (the) days ofthe week on Saturday (s)
dates on (the) 12h (of) February
on GoodFriday
specific days on New Year's Day
on my birthday
on thefollowing day
at (the) clock time at 5 o 'clock, at 7.45 pm
night, noon at night, at noon
holiday periods at Christmas
at the weekend
The following sentences illustrate the most commonly used prepositions.
About I want you to tell me about your work. I There is about $20 difference between
this car and that one. I This ship is about to leave. I I'll see you at about six
o'clock. I That's all right for you but what about me?
In They live in London. I He is the best student in my class. I San Diego is a city in
Southern California.
At I'll be at home tonight at any time you like to call. I Shakespeare died at the age
offifty-two. I At first sight I thought you were your brother. I He's very good at
football.
Into Tum this from English into Spanish. I He is always getting into trouble. I Come
into the house.
On He put the book on the desk and sat on the chair. I He had a new hat on his head
and a new ring on his finger. I San Diego is on the West coast ofthe USA. I The
7

50. blackboard is on the left ofthe map, the door is on the right
From What country do you come from? I You can just see my house from here. I He
read that bookfrom beginning to end in an hour.
For This fresh air is very good for you. I I bought a car for$ 200. I He was sent to
prisonfor stealing. I He won't be herefor an hour.
Of This box is made ofwood. I The writing ofthat book took him ten years./ He is a
friend ofmine. I I sat at the back ofthe room.
To I am going to America on Friday. I It is now five minutes to six. I He read the
book from beginning to end.
With Can you come and stay with me for a time, and bring your wife with you? I Sleep
with your windows open but with your mouth shut!
Means ofTransportation: By, On, In
1. We use by to say how we travel: I always come to school by bus.
But we say onfoot(= walking): Does he usually go to school onfoot?
2. When we use a possessive adjective or an article before a means of transportation we
cannot use by. In this case we use in with cars and on with bicycles, motorbikes and
public transport (buses, trains, etc.) Examples: I usually go to work in my car. I They
wentfor a ride on a motorbike. I Didyou go to London on the Train?
*Other prepositions (and adverbial particles are): above, across, after, against, ago,
along, before, below, behind, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, inside, near,
next to, off, opposite, outside, over, round, through, towards, under, underneath, until,
up, while.
The Position ofthe Preposition
1. The preposition usually goes before the noun which it governs.
Examples: He spoke to me. I The football team is playing at Wembley.
2. But when the word governed by the preposition is an interrogative, which goes at the
beginning of a sentence, the preposition is usually (in conversational English always) at
the end ofthe sentence. Examples: Who do you live with?
3. The prepositionmust have end position:
Who didyou write to?
What areyou laughing at?
Which class are you in?
a) In clauses beginning with that and what:
It is a thing that I have dreamed ofand workedfor.
There is the book that I askedabout.
This is what I was lookingfor.
That is not what he was waitingfor.
8
r

51. b) In the passive construction:
Everything he said was laughedat.
That is a subject that mustn't be spoken about.
*Notes
Ifa verb is used after a preposition, it must be in the -ingform:
He preventedmefrom speaking.
Thanksfor coming!
EXERCISES
*Complete these sentences with a preposition.
1. Ann's brother lives a small town'--_ _ ___ the coast ofMaine.
2. I get up early the morning and go to bed late night.
3. Neruda's poems have been translated English.
4. How did you go to school foot pr the train?
5. I love going for walks summer. It's still light nine o'clock.
6. I take my annual holiday June, but I have a few days off Christmas.
7. I usually go to school bus, but sometimes I go my father's car
8. He usually starts work 9.30, but Fridays he starts 8.30.
9. I was born 1982, January 1811l, 1982.
10. People exchange presents Christmas Day.
11. We're flying Paris Amsterdam tomorrow.
12. Tum this English Spanish.
13. What are you talking ? I don't understand!
14. My shoes are made leather.
IV. REPORTED SPEECH
DirectandIndirectSpeech
In direct speech we have the exact words of the speaker.
Example: He said, "Iam learningEnglish ".
In indirect or Reported Speech we give the same meaning but with a different form, so
that the words spoken are incorporated into the structure ofthe main sentence.
Examples: Direct: "I am learning English. "
Indirect: He said that he was learning English..
There are three areas ofreported speech: ReportedStatements,
Reported Commands and
Reported Questions.
A. ReportedStatements
*Form
Reporting verb
He said (that)
Reported clause.
be wanted to see you.
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52. Changes in Verbs
1. Ifthe reporting verb is in the past tense, it is usual for the verb in the reported clause to
move •one tense back', that is, the reported verb goes one step into the past.
Direct Speech
PRESENT SIMPLE
I write home every week.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
I am learning English.
PRESENT PERFECT
I have learned English.
PAST SIMPLE
I wrote a letter to my brother.
FUTURE TENSE
I will see her in London
CONDITIONAL
Reporting verb
He said that:
IfI hadmypen, I could write the answers.
Reported clause
PAST SIMPLE
he wrote home every week
PAST CONTINUOUS
he was learning English.
PAST PERFECT
he had learnedEnglish.
PAST PERFECT
he had written a letter to his brother.
WOULD
he would see her in London.
PERFECT CONDITIONAL
Ifhe l1ad hadhis pen, he could have
written the answers.
2. Ifthe reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change oftense in the reported
clause. Examples: 'The train will be late.' He says the train will be late.
'I come from Spain.' She says she comesfrom Spain.
3. The "one tense back rule" is not absolute.
Example:
Direct: •I hate footbalL'
Indirect: I told him I hatefootball. (No change to the verb 'hate'- I still hate footbalL)
4. The word that is always optional after verbs ofspeaking.
5. The "one tense back rule" also applies to reported thoughts andfeelings.
I thought she was married, but she isn 't.
I didn't know he was a teacher. I thought he worked in a bank.
6. Some modal verbs change:
Can - could: 'Can you type?' He askedme ifI couldtype.
Will- would: 'They'll be here tomorrow'. She saidthey'd be here tomorrow.
7. Others do not change: wouldI shouldI mightI couldI must or had to.
Examples: 'You should go to bed.' He toldme I shouldgo to bed.
'It might rain.' She saidshe thought it might rain.
8. Sometimes the idea is reported rather than the actual words:
'I'll lend you some money.' She offoredto lendme some money.
'I won't help you.' He refused to help me.
Changes in Pronouns
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r

53. The pronouns and possessive adjectives generally change as follow:
Direct: I bring my book every day; the bookon the desk is mine.
Indirect: He saidthat he brought his book every day; the book on the desk was his.
Direct: We bringour books every day; the books on the desk are ours.
Indirect: They saidthat they brought their books every day; the books on the desk were theirs.
Other Changes
Words denoting 'nearness' become the corresponding words denoting 'remoteness:'
This - that Now - then
These - those Yesterday - the previous day; the day before
Today- that day Ago- before
Here- there Tomorrow- the next day
Examples:
Direct: I saw the boy here in this room today.
Indirect: He saidthat he hadseen the boy there, in that room that day.
Direct: I willsee these boys now. I spoke to them yesterday.
Indirect: He saidhe wouldsee those boys then. He hadspoken to them the day before.
Reporting Verbs
Reported Speech is often introduced by say and tell. Say is rarely used with an indirect
object (that is, the person spoken to): 'Hello everybody, ' he said.
She says she's havinga lovely time.
Tell is always used with an indirect object in reported speech: She toldme the news.
He told us about the
film.
Itoldyou!
*Notes
Apart from say and tell, there are many other verbs more descriptive. For example: to
explain, to interrupt, to admit, to complain, to warn.
B. Reported Commands
*Form
Subject reporting verb
He ordered
She begged
They urged
*Notes
1. Negative command:
indirect object infinitive
him to run quickly
me to play the piano
the miners to go back to work
He told me not to tell anyone.
The police warnedpeople not to go out.
2. Tell is used both for reported statements and reported commands, but the form is
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54. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ~
different: a) Reported statements:
b) Reported commands:
C. Reported Questions
*Form
He told me that he was going.
They told us that he was going abroad.
She told them what had been happening.
He told me to keep still.
The policeman toldpeople to move along.
1. The 'one tense back rule' is the same with reported questions as with reported
statements: 'Why have you come here?' I asked him why he had come here.
'What time is it?' He wants to know what time it is.
2. As it is no longer a direct question, the word order is not the word order ofa question,
and the auxiliary DO and DID is not necessary.
Examples:
Direct: 'How long have you been here?'
Indirect: He askedme how long I hadbeen here. (NOT He askedme how long hadI ...)
Direct: 'Where do you live?'
Indirect: She askedme where I lived. (NOT She asked me where didI live.)
3. Ifthe direct questions is a Yes/No Question, ifor whether is used:
'Are you a student?' She asked me ifI was a student.
4. In indirect questions there is not much difference in meaning between whether and if.
Whether usually expresses a doubt and an alternative possibility or a choice between two
alternatives, and so is often followed by the correlative or:
*Notes
I don't know whetherI shouldgo away or stay here.
I don 't know whether is raining or not.
Notice that 'ask' is used for both reported commands and reported questions, but the
form is different: a) Reported commands: I was askedto attend an interview.
b) Reported questions:
EXERCISES
He askedme to open my bag.
She asked me not to smoke.
He askedme what I didfor a living.
I asked him how much the rent was.
I asked him theprice.
*Sally went to see a landlady called Mrs. Smith about an apartment. Now she is telling
her friend, Paul, about it. Report the sentences.
Example: 'The rent is $50 a week.'
The lady saidthe rent was $50 a week.
1. 'The rent includes gas and electricity.'
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55. She told me that _____________ _______ ____
2. 'I need $100 deposit.'
Thenshesrud _________________________________________________
3. 'Other people have been to see the apartment.'
She
4. 'You'll have to make up your mind soon.'
She told
5. 'I've replaced all the carpets.'
She told me that
said
me
------------------------------------------------
* Report questions with question words.
Mrs. Smith and Sally both asked a lot of questions. Sally also told Paul about them.
Report the questions.
Example: 'Where do you live?' Mrs. Smith asked.
She askedme where I lived.
1. 'How many bedrooms are there?' Sally asked.
I asked her ___________ ____________________________ ______
2. 'When do you want to move in?' Mrs. Smith asked.
She asked me-------------------------------------------------
3. 'What sort ofheating is there?' Sally asked.
Iaskedher ______________~-------------------------------------
4. 'How far is it to the shops?' Sally asked.
Iaskedh~-------~~------~~--~~--~-------------------
5. 'What do you think ofthe apartment?' Mrs. Smith asked.
She asked me
------------------------------- ----- ------- ---
*Reportingyes/no questions.
Example: "Are you a student?' She askedme ifI was a student.
1. 'Is there a phone?'
I asked her
-----------------------------------------------------2. 'Do you have a car?'
She asked me ---------------- --------- - - ------- -- -
3. 'Can I move the furniture around?'
I asked her
------ ---------------------- - -----------------4. 'Is there a fridge in the kitchen?'
I asked her _ _______________________________________________
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56. *For the following verbs that introduce reported commands, write an appropriate
sentence {an imperative) then report it.
Example: (Warn)
Direct: 'Be careful ofstrangers and don't go out at night.' {a father to a son)
Indirect: Myfather warned me to be careful ofstrangers and not to go out at night. {the son to a
friend)
a. (Ask) Direct:
Indirect
b. (Advise) Direct:
Indirect:
V. PASSIVE VOICE
*Form: Champagne is made in France.
Passive sentences move the focus from the subject to the object of active sentences. All
passive tenses are formed in the same way: by combining the verb to be {in the tense
required) with the past participle ofthe main verb.
Examples:
TENSES
PARTICiPLE
Present simple:
Present continuous:
Present perfect:
Past simple:
Past continuous:
Past perfect:
Future:
Future going to:
Modal verbs:
*Use
Champagne
TOBE
is
is being
has been
was
was being
had been
will be
is going to be
might be
1. When what is done is more important than who did the action:
Wine from California is exported to France.
2. To introduce general opinions:
PAST
made...
Cats is now recognized as one ofthe most successful musicals ofall time.
3. To express rules: Smoking is not allowed here.
It isforbidden to walk on the grass.
4. To describe processes:
*Notes
Breadis madefrom flour.
Paper is made from wood.
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-J

57. 1. Very often by and the agent are omitted in passive sentences. This might be because:
a. The agent is unknown: Myflat was burgledyesterday.
b. The agent is unimportant: The bridge was built in 1876.
c. It is understood who the agent is: He wasfined $100for speeding.
2. The Passive is associated with an impersonal style: It has been noted that reference
books have been removedfrom the library.
3. The Passive can be avoided in informal language. In daily, informal language we tend
to use the Active Voice. The Passive Voice is used more often in formal written English.
Verbs with Two Objects in the Passive
Some verbs can have two objects. Example:
'They didn't offerAnn thejob.' (The two objects are Ann and thejob).
So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
Ann wasn't offered thejob. Thejob wasn't offered to Ann.
It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person. Other verbs that can
have two objects are: ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, pay.
Here are some examples ofpassive sentences with these verbs:
I was given two hours to make my decision. (=They gave me two hours)
(1) (2)
The men werepaid $1500 to do thejob. (=Someone paid the men $1500)
(1)
(2)
Have you been shown the new machine? (=Has anyone shownyou the new machine?)
Be born
Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past:
Where were you born? (Not 'Where are you born?)
I was born in Chicago. (Not I am born in Chicago)
How many babies are born in this hospital every day?
Get+ Passive
1. Sometimes you can use Get instead ofBe in the Passive:
(1) (2)
Past Simple.
Past Simple.
Present Simple.
There was afight at theparty, but nobody got hurt.(= Nobody was hurt).
DidAnn getfiredfrom her newjob?(= Was Ann fired from her new job?).
2. You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something.
Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:
The dog got run over by a car.(= the dog was run over).
In other types ofsituation get is not usually possible:
George is liked by everyone. (Not 'George gets liked by everyone')
3. Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use to be in all situations.
The Passive with By and With
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58. 1. By + agent.
Compare: Active: Marconi invented the radio.
Passive: The radio was invented by Marconi.
We sometimes use the subject of an active sentence (Marconi) as 'the agent' in passive
sentences. When this happens, we use by to introduce the agent in the passive. We only
use by + agent when it is important to say who or what is responsible for something.
2. With + instrument
We use with to talk about an instrument which is used by the agent to do something..
Compare: I was hit with an umbrella.
I was hit by an oldlady.
3. With+ material
We also use with to talk about materials or ingredients:
The room wasfilled with smoke.
Irish coffee is made with whiskey.
EXERCISES
*Put these sentences into the passive.
1. The postman delivers the letters at 8:00.
2. Someone built this hotel two years ago.
3. Has anyone answered your question?
4. Somebody found your keys on top ofthe photocopier.
5. People should not take reference books out ofthe library.
6. People speak English all over the world.
7. The students must do the exercises carefully.
8. Someone told me the news.
*Rewrite the sentences in active voice.
1. This room is cleaned every day.
2. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
3. We were being followed.
4. Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
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59. 5. I'm not often invited to parties.
6. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
7. Have you ever been stopped by the police?
8. An office block is being built near our school.
*When were these famous people born? Choose the right year: 1889, 1770, 1452, 1564.
1. Shakespeare
2. Leonardo Da Vinci
-------------------------------------------------3. Charlie Chaplin
4. Beethoven
5.Andyou?
*Complete the sentences with get and one of these verbs: break, sting, use, damage,
steal.
1. Ted by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
2. How did that window
?
3. Did any of these houses
night?
in the storm last
----------------------------
4. These tennis courts don't________________ often. Not many people want to play.
5. I used to have a bicycle, but it
*Complete the sentences using by or with.
1. My desk was covered _____________________ papers.
2. These photos were taken a very cheap camera.
3. The cake was made my aunt.
4. The safe was blown open dynamite.
5. The garage was painted a friend ofmine.
VI. CONDITIONALS
A. First Conditional
*Form: Condition Result
Ifit rains, I'll stay at home.
*Use
1. The First Conditional is used to express or describe a possible future event and its
probable result or consequences: Ifit starts to rain, we '/Iplay inside.
2. To give advice: Ifyou bendyour knees, you '/I keepyour balance better.
17

60. 3. To warn or threaten: Careful! Ifyou touch that, you'll bum yourself (a warning)
Ifyou do that again, I'll killyou! (a threat)
4. In offers: I'll post the letter ifyou like.
*Notes
1. Notice that a future tense is not used in the condition clause:
Ifyou will/eave now, you'll catch the train. This is WRONG.
2. Alternative forms:
a. Ifcan be replaced by in case: I'll take my umbrella in case it rains.
b.lf... not can be replaced by unless to add emphasis: Unless you go now, you'/I miss
the bus.
c. Will can be replaced by certain modals in the result clause.
I can buyyou an ice-cream.
Ifyoufind my money, you shouldgive it back to me.
you must tell me immediately.
d. Will can be replaced by an imperative: If you like good food, eat at Brown's
restaurant.
e. In certain cases, will can be replaced by going to: Ifit doesn't rain, I'm going to play
tennis.
f. The Present Simple can be replaced by the PresentPeifect in the conditional clause:
Ifyou'vefinished this exercise, you can do the next one.
Ifyou 've never been to Wales, you shouldtry to go there.
B. The Second Conditional
*Form: Condition Result
IfI won some money, I 'd travel around the world.
*Use
This structure is used:
1. To talk about hypothetical but possible situations:
IfI hadan apartment in New York, I'd have to pay an enormous rent.
2. To talk about totally imaginary situations. The condition is imaginary because the
speaker knows that what he or she is saying is improbable or impossible or contrary to
known facts: IfI were a bird, I'dfly to you. (Impossible- I'm not a bird.)
Ifwe couldtravel in time, I'dgo back to the Roman era. (Impossible)
3. The condition can be possible in theory, but improbable in practice:
IfI were the President ofmy country, I'd abolish taxation.
4. The Second Conditional can express advice:
IfI were you, I'd get a full-timejob.
*Notes
1. After if, were is often used instead of was, especially in written English. Was often
occurs in informal spoken English. Examples: IfI were you, I'd take thatjob.
18

61. ~J ne were cteverer, ne a accepc u.
2. The verb in the ifclause is always in the past tense even though it refers to future or
present time. Would never occurs in the ifclause.
3. Alternative forms:
If... not can be replaced by unless: I wouldn't do it unless I lovedyou.
Would can be replaced by another modal verb in the result clause:
IfI stoppedsmoking, I couldrun faster.
I might have more money.
C. The Third Condidonal
*Form: Condition Result
IfJohn had workedhard. he would havepassed the examination.
*Use.This structure is used to express hypothetical conditions in~ past time, that is to say, to
imagine consequences ofthings that did not happen in the past:
Ifyou hadpar/cf!don a meter, you wouldn't have gotten a ticket.
(You didn't park on a meter so you got a ticket.)
*Notes
1. Would hove never occurs in the ifclause.
2. Might have or could have are used instead of would have if the consequence is less
- def"mite: Ifyou'dasked me earlier, I might have been able to help.
I cozJd have helpedyou.
D. The Zero Conditional
*Form: Condition Result
Ifyou heat ice, it melts.
*Use
The Zero Conditional expresses conditions that are always true, with automatic or
habitual results.
Examples: Flowers die ifyou don't water them.
Ifyou mix black and white you get grey.
EXERCISES
*Put the verb in parenthesis into the correct tense for a clause .o'f condition or result.
There are examples ofthe First, Second. and Zero Conditional.
1. Ifyou (go) away, please write to me.
2. Ifmy wife (be) as violent as yours, I _______ (leave) her.
3. If! (see) Peter this afternoon, I (tell) him the news.
4. Please start your meal. If you (not have) your soup now,
it (get) cold.
5. Ifhe (be) taller, he ______ (can) be a policeman, but he's
too short.
6. If it -------(rain) this weekend, we------------ (not able)
19

63. to play tennis.
7. I------ --- (not like) meat ifit------- (be) undercooked.
I prefer it well done.
8. I have to work about 80 hours a week. Ifl (have) more time,
I ---(tak_e_u_p_)_a_s_p-ort-like tennis.
*Join each pair ofsentences to make one sentence in the Third Conditional.
1. I didn't catch the bus. I was late for work.
2. I didn't work hard at school. I didn't go to university.
3. She went out with wet hair. She caught a cold.
4. We couldn't find a baby-sitter. We didn't go out.
5. I borrowed the money. I was able to buy the bike.
VII. PAST MODAL VERBS
A. SHOULD HAVE and OUGHT TO HAVE
These structures are used to criticize actions in the past, that is, to say that something was
wrong or done incorrectly: We ought to have left earlier.
You shouldn't have talked so long on thephone.
*Notes
Ought to is more emphatic than should.
These structures also have a continuous form:
You shouldhave been wearing a seatbelt.
B. MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, COULD HAVE
These structures are all similar in meaning. They are used when the speaker is
speculating about the past: She may have
She might have hada late meeting at the office.
She couldhave
C. MUST HAVE, CAN'T HAVE
These structures are used when the speaker is drawing a conclusion about something that
happened in the past: She must haveforgotten about this evening.
She can't haveforgotten.
*Notes
These structures also have a continuous form:
She might
She must have been waiting all morning.
She can't
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__/

64. *Write a sentence for the following situations. Use shouldhave or ought to have.
Example: I've been waiting for hours for you to phone!
You shouldhave phoned earlier.
1. I told you not to invite Jack He•s always so boring at parties.
2. No wonder they're getting divorced. They were only eighteen when they got married.
3. Oh no! I thought she said everyone was going to wearjeans!
4. I'm not surprised Mark is ill. All the ice cream is finished.
5. Look at the time! It•s hours past your bedtime. "
'-
/
*Complete the sentences using must have or can't have and tht;_~erb in parenthesis.
Example: She (be) asleep. She must have been asleep.
1. I --------------'------- (run out of) gas. I only filled up the tank
this morning.
2. I'm so sorry I'm late. You------------------ (wonder) what•
had .happened. ..
3. Cathy's got a new BMW! She---------------=--- (win) a
lottery.
4. I (lose) my glasses. They were here a
minute ago.
5. The flowers are beautiful! They_______________ (cost) you a
fortune.
Vll. LINKING WORDS
a) Reason, Result andPurpose
Because I as I since I thus I therefore I consequently I as a result I
so ... that I such ... that I for I so I in order to I the reason why ... is
that... I because of I
the reason that ... is that
b) Contrast .
Although I even though I · but ... anyway I however ' .I in spite of*
*In spite ofis followed by a noun, an ing-form, or a clause introduced by the construction
thefact that:
a) ln spite of+ noun:
In spite ofMiss Smith's presentproblems, she willprobably do quite well.
b) In spite of+ -ing form:
Mrs.-Allen arranges social evenings in spite of-being quite busy..
c) In spite of+ the fact that .. . :
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