2. Calcium
an unparallel hero
ďą most abundant mineral of body
ďą maintenance of strong bones
ďą neuro-mascular action
ďą blood clotting, blood pressure
ďą hormone regulation
-most over-the-counter sold drug
- 43% Indian women on supplement
- prescribed by doctors commonly
4. Mr. K is a 41 year old patient
â Mild depression
â Behavioral abnormality
â Headache
â Fatigue
â Difficulty concentrating
â TSH - 2.06 (0.5 â 4.00)
â calcium 12.4 mg/dl
(8.4 â 10.4 mg/dl)
5. ď§
Mrs. C is a 57 year old patient, well
ď§
t-score â 1.3 (spine), 2. 8 (femur)
ď§
Calcium â 12. 5 (8.4 â 10.4 mg/dl)
ď§
weight loss and generalised weakness
ď§
Cough and hemoptysis
17. A = high calcium levels means
primary hyperparathyroidism
unless the PTH is near zero
B = normocalcemic" hyperparathyroidism.
this is the only group that we believe should
have a urinary calcium level performed
18. It is IMPOSSIBLE to tell the difference between
FHH and primary hyperparathyroidism
based upon the results of a 24-hour urine test
1. Urinary calcium can be
anything (very low to very high)
in Pr HyperPTHism.
2. The arbitrary cut off of urinary
ca excretion/ 24 hr 100 lacks any
rationality.
3. Nor elevated serum ca neither
elevated urinary ca has any
association with renal stones.
4. Low urinary ca does not always
mean FHH.
FHH is so rare, that few doctors will ever see it.
FHH is diagnosed incorrectly about 95-99% of the time
19. Corrected serum calcium=
Ionized calcium + 0.8(4-serum albumin)
calcium is high and PTH
is high, d/g is primary
hyperparathyroidism.
IF calcium Familial
is mildly
Hypocalciuric
raised in background of
Hypercalcemia
Sestamibi
highly
elevated
N-scan
PTH, then urinary ca can
be ordered to rule out
FHH
19
25. Hypercalcemia Associated with Renal Failure
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcaemia is the common denominator
Reversible (adaptive) growth of parathyroid gland
⢠Resistance to the normal level of PTH
⢠Increased level of FGF23
⢠Reduction in 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
⢠Long-standing, inadequately treated chronic renal failure
⢠True clonal outgrowth (irreversible)
25
32. Treating hypercalcaemia is multidrug approach
In HF, CKD; lowers ca by 1-3 mg/dl
Routine use not recommended
Do not give bisphosphonates until patient is fully rehydrated
contraindicated in patients with cr cl <10 mL/min
Caution with NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors, aminoglycosides
Calcitonin and hydration provide a rapid
reduction, while a bisphosphonate provides a sustained
effect
33. Monitoring
Surgery
⢠Serum calcium level
ď§ Mildly elevated calcium
> 1 mg % above normal
ď§ No previous episodes of
⢠Creatinine clearance
life threatening
hypercalcemia
< 60 ml/minute
ď§ Normal renal function
⢠Bone density: T score <â2.5
ď§ Normal bone status
at Any of 3 sites
⢠Age younger than 50 years
Serum ca
serum creatinine
Bone density
Significant symptoms
â Rx surgery
33
34. Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy (MIP)
ď§ an outpatient procedure
ď§ Pre-op localization with Sestamibi Tc scan
ď§ cervical block anesthesia
ď§ minimal surgical incision
ď§ Intra-op PTH level obtained before and 5 mins after removal
ď§ If PTH levels fall by greater than 50% operation terminated
ď§ IF PTH Levels fall by less than 50%, full neck exploration
ď§ clear-cut cost benefit
ď§ Accepted in asymptomatic patients
ď§ not proper for multiple tumour or large tumours
35. ⢠If an enlarged gland is found, a
⢠all four glands be
normal gland should be sought.
sought
⢠if an intra-operative frozen
section biopsy of a normal-sized ⢠most of the total
parathyroid
tissue
second
gland
confirms
its
mass be removed.
histologic normality, no further
exploration, biopsy, or excision is ⢠unnecessary surgery
& un-acceptable rate
needed.
of hypoparathyroidism
⢠recurrence
rate
of
hyperand hypocalcamia.
parathyroidism may be high if a
second abnormal gland is
missed.
35
36. ⢠totally remove three
glands with partial
excision of the fourth
gland
⢠care is taken to leave
a good blood supply
for the remaining
gland
⢠total parathyroidectomy with
immediate transplantation of
a portion of a removed,
minced parathyroid gland
into the muscles of the
forearm
⢠surgical excision is easier
from the ectopic site in the
arm if there is recurrent
hyperfunction
36
42. ⢠Dialysis if life threatening
Secondary hyperparatyroidism
⢠restriction of dietary phosphate,
⢠the use of non-absorbable antacids
⢠careful, selective addition of calcitriol
Tertiary Hyperparatyroidism
⢠Partial removal of parathyroid gland
42
44. ⢠Most common cause of hypercalcaemia is primary
hyperparathyroidism
⢠Any hypercalcaemia should be worked up and treated.
⢠First investigation to seek for is an intact PTH
⢠Surgery is often provided to apparently aysmptomtic
patients of primary hyperparathyroidism
⢠FHH, practically does NOT occur
⢠Hydration is the mainstay of therapy
⢠Managing hypercalcaemia is a multidrug approach
⢠Calcitriol can be given in CKD associated hypercalaemia