Examining Prejudice and Discrimination Through Social Psychology Lenses
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UTA is accused of sex discrimination in hiring based on statistics showing that over the past 5 years, a lower percentage of female job applicants received offers than male applicants. However, an investigation found that within each department, the percentages of job offers received were identical between male and female applicants. The document then discusses the history and challenges of studying prejudice and discrimination, including early research in the 1920s and issues that arose in the 1930s-1940s. It also summarizes several theories regarding the psychological causes and mechanisms that underlie prejudice, such as social identity theory and the relationship between prejudice and self-esteem.
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Examining Prejudice and Discrimination Through Social Psychology Lenses
- 1. Part 1
- 2. “There is a consistent inconsistency between what we say we value and our actual behavior.” --Koppelman & Goodhart (2008, p. 4)
- 3. Prejudice Stereotype Discrimination Personal discrimination Institutional discrimination
- 4. Suppose UTA is accused of sex discrimination because the overall percentage of female job candidates offered a position in the last five years is less than the overall percentage for male candidates.
- 5. When we investigate which departments within UTA are discriminating against women, we find that within each department, the percentage of female job applicants who are offered a position is identical to the percentage of male applicants who are offered a position.
- 6. Number of Applicants Number of Job Offers Percentage Offered Jobs Department A Women Men 500 1000 50 100 10% 10% Department B Women Men 1000 500 50 25 5% 5% Combined Total Women Men 1500 1500 100 125 6.67% 8.33%
- 7. Research in the 1920s Challenges in the 30s and 40s “Authoritarian personality” and Theodor Adorno
- 8. “The human mind must think with the aid of categories…Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends on it.” --Gordon Allport (1954)
- 10. In this booklet, the men and women are actually of equal height. We have taken care to match the heights of the men and women pictured. That is, for every woman of a particular height, there is also a man of that same height. Therefore, in order to make as accurate a height judgment as possible, try to judge each photograph as an individual case; do not rely on the person’s sex.
- 11. Outgroup homogeneity effect Why are outgroups seen as more homogeneous than ingroups?
- 12. “Ultimately, many forms of discrimination and bias may develop not because outgroups are hated, but because positive emotions such as admiration, sympathy, and trust are reserved for the ingroup.” --Marilyn Brewer(1999) Implicit Egoism
- 13. Social Identity Theory Connection between self-esteem and prejudice Prejudice represents a way of maintaining self-esteem
- 14. They are a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and the Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles…Nacirema culture is characterized by a highly developed market economy which has evolved in a rich natural habitat. While much of the people’s time is devoted to economic pursuits, a large part of the fruits of these labors and a considerable portion of the day are spent in ritual activity. The focus of this activity is the human body, the appearance and health of which loom as a dominant concern in the ethos of the people. --1956, American Anthropologist
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Prejudice--A prejudgment, usually negative, about a group or its members Attitude that includes feelings of contempt, dislike, or loathing Stereotype—referred to a printing process used to create reproductions (1798); meaning shifted to mean mental reproductions of reality; overgeneralizations about a group; usually negative and resistant to change Discrimination—putting group members at a disadvantage or treating them unfairly because of their group membership Personal discrimination—acts of individual discrimination (manager who doesn ’t hire Jewish employees) Institutional discrimination—discriminatory policies or practices carried out by organizations and other institutions
- How can this be? Can each department practice nondiscrimnation, while the organization as a whole hires more men than women?
- Nondiscriminatory practices at the departmental level can result in hiring differences at the organizational level. If department A were to offer a position to 10% of its job applicants and department B were to offer a position to 5% of its job applicants, neither department would be discriminating on the basis of sex. At the organizational level, however, more positions would be going to men than to women because of the higher number of jobs offered by Department A than Department B.
- Psychological research in the 1920s was designed to prove American and European race theories of the superiority of the white race; in 1925, an influential article was released that supposedly proved that a review of 73 studies had attested to the superiority of the white race Growing concerns about anti-semitism and progress in civil rights led to additional research on prejudice itself Theodor Adorno fled Nazi Germany; posited that prejudice was pathological and that those who could be classified as authoritarian were most likely to be prejudiced Authoritarians were rigid thinkers, obeyed authority, saw the world as black and white, strictly adhered to social rules and hierarchies
- Allport posited that even though there are a number of other aspects that affect prejudice such as emotions, social hierarchies, economic pressure, etc., the most important consideration is that prejudice may be an outgrowth of normal human functioning.
- Humans have a natural tendency to categorize; shapes in the middle are categorized as “rotated square” or “off-center diamond”; Same thing happens with people—natural tendency to place people in categories Social labels are just approximations—they lie on a continuum Can you think of two categories that do not overlap with each other? Day and night, earth and sea, alive and dead Implication is that differences within groups will tend to be minimized and differences between groups will tend to be exagerrated.
- Experiment in which people were asked to judge the height of men and women from a series of photographs. Each photo showed only one person. Instructed to break free of gender stereotypes. Despite these instructions and a cash prize of $50 for the person who made the most accurate judgments, people perceived the males to be a few inches taller on average. They were either unable or unwilling to disregard the categories male and female.
- Outgroup homogeneity effect—people tend to see outgroup members as more alike than ingroup members; thus, outgroup members are more likely to be stereotyped More contact with ingroups More specific information rather than abstract charactistics More motivated to make distinctions with people who will make future contact
- Favoritsim toward one ’s own group Research has demonstrated that ingroup favoritism develops almost immediately; more likely to cooperate when they share a birthday. Women are more likely to marry men who share the first letter of their last name People named Louis are more likely to live in St. Louis, Paul in St. Paul, Helen in St. Helen, and Mary in St. Mary This concept is called “implicit egoism” and represents our unconscious preference for things associated with ourselves
- Social Identity Theory—people maintain their self-esteem in part by identifying with groups and believing that the groups they belong to are better than other groups Research has demonstrated that when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they are more likely to express predjudice Example: Study—students took an intelligence test and were given bogus feedback, then asked to interview and rate Jewish and Italian job candidiates; students who were told they did poorly were more likely to devalue the Jewish candidate and afterwords increased their self esteem
- When you form an image of the Nacirema people, what comes to mind? Are they a primitive people or an advanced civilization? What kind of clothing do they wear? This demonstrates how quickly we make judgments about people even though little is known about a group ’s members; It is easy to form stereotypic images of others, even when the outgroup is not different from ourselves