1. Introduction to
Accounting Standards
CA. Dhruv Seth
ds@sethspro.com

2. Background
&
Authority
Reporting
Standards
Compliance
Standards

3. Accounting Standards
Background & Authority

4. Publications by ICAI
• Accounting Standards
• Guidance Notes
• Expert Opinion

5. Evolution of standards
Accounting
Standards
Initiation
AS 1 to AS 15 1979 to 1995
AS 16 to AS 29 2000 to 2007
AS 30 to AS 32 Later part of 2007

6. Applicability of Standards
Accounting Standards Level
I
Level
II
Level
III
AS 1 to 14 (except AS 3),
15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26,
28 and 29
a a a
AS 3 and 17 a r r
AS 18 and 24 a a r
AS 21, 23 and 27 (Only if
entity prepares
consolidated financial
statements)
a r r

7. Reporting Standards

8. AS-1Disclourse of Accounting
Policies
Fundamental Accounting Assumptions
• Going Concern
• Consistency
• Accrual
Consideration in selecting policies
• Prudence
• Substance over form
• Materiality

9. AS-1-Disclourse of Accounting
Policies
• To ensure proper understanding by
adequate disclosures
• Any change in accounting policy
which affects the reader
• The amount of effect due to such
policy change to be highlighted

10. AS-3
Cash Flow
• Depicts Incoming and Outgoing of
Funds
• Highlights the true operations
• Cash flow into three sub sections :-
• Operating Activities
• Financing Activities
• Investing Activities

11. A. CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Profit(Loss) before tax as per Profit & Loss Account 17,38,571.28
Adjusted for:-
Add:- non cash Debits
Depriciation Amortisation Impairment 11,55,197.00
Interest and Finance Charge (73,083.67)
10,82,113.33
Operating Profit before Working Capital Changes 28,20,684.61
Adjusted for:-
(Increase)Decrease in Trade & other receivables (5,52,562.00)
(Increase)Decrease in Inventories (3,61,023.00)
Increase(Decrease) in Trade Payable & other payable 12,17,969.75
3,04,384.75
Net Cash from Operating Activities 26,73,106.36
B. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of fixed Assets (19,96,544.00)
Sale of Fixed Assets 0.00
Net Cash from(used in) Investing Activities (19,96,544.00)
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Increase(Decrease) in Long Term Borrowings (1,83,081.03)
Interest and Finance Charge 73,083.67
Net Cash from(used in) Financing Activities (1,09,997.36)
Net Increase / (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents 5,66,565.00
Opening Balance of Cash & Cash Equivalents 15,58,060.59
Closing Balance of Cash & Cash Equivalents 21,24,625.59

12. Particulars Amount CY Amount PY
Net profit 1,000 --------------
Depreciation 500 --------------
Interest Income 200 --------------
Miscellaneous Expenses W/off 200 --------------
Sundry Debtors 800 1,000
Sundry Creditors 1,000 1,300
Share Capital 500 600
Long Term Borrowings 300 400
Fixed Assets 600 500
Closing Stock 500 700
Cash and Bank 1,500 1,200
Cash Flow

13. Particulars Amount CY
Net profit 1,000
Add: Depreciation (Non Cash Item) 500
Less: Interest Income (Finance Income) (200)
Add: Miscellaneous Expenses W/off 200
SUB TOTAL 1,500
Change in Sundry Debtors 200
Change in Sundry Creditors (300)
Change in Inventory 200
Cash Flow from Operating Activities 1,600
Cash Flow

14. Particulars Amount CY
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Less: Increase in Fixed Assets (100)
Add: Interest Income (Finance Income) 200
Cash Flow from Investing Activities 100
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Reduction in Long Term Borrowings (100)
Reduction in Share Capital (100)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities (200)
Cash Flow

15. Particulars Amount CY
Cash Flow from Operating Activities 1,600
Cash Flow from Investing Activities 100
Cash Flow from Financing Activities (200)
CASH Flow for the year 1,500
Cash and Bank Balance 1,500
Cash Flow

16. AS-4 - Contingencies and
events occurring after B/s date
• Accounting treatment for
• Contingent Losses
• Contingent Gains
• Determination of amounts in case
to be included

17. AS-4 - Contingencies and
events occurring after B/s date
Events occurring after the balance sheet date are
those significant events, both favorable and
unfavorable, that occur between the balance sheet
date and the date on which the financial statements
are approved by the Board of Directors in the case
of a company, or by the corresponding approving
authority in the case of any other entity.
(a) those which provide further evidence of
conditions that existed at the balance sheet date;
(b) those which are indicative of conditions that
arose subsequent to the balance sheet date.

18. AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior
period and change in accounting policy
• Net Profit for the period
• Profit and Loss from ordinary
activity and
• Extraordinary items

19. AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior
period and change in accounting policy
• Prior Period Items
• Arose in the current period
• As a result of
• Error OR
• Omission
in any previous prior year

20. AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior
period and change in accounting policy
• Change in Accounting Estimate
• Change in Accounting Policy
• Required by a statue OR
• Compliance with an AS OR
• More appropriate presentation

21. AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
• Investment Defined as
• Current Investment
• Long Term Investment
• Investment Property

22. AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
Carrying Amounts
• Current Investment
• Lower of Cost of FMV
• Long Term Investment
• Generally carried at cost unless
permanent diminution

23. AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
Disclosures
• Accounting Policies undertaken
• Classification of Investments
• Amounts in P&L (Interest, Profit etc.)
• Restriction on ownership, realisability
• Other disclosures as per statues

24. AS- 17 Segment Reporting
Disclosures
• Primarily two segment reporting
• Business Segment
• Geographical Segment
• Reportable Segment
• Greater than 10% of revenue OR
• Management discretion

25. AS- 18 Related Party
Disclosures
• Related Parties are those that :-
• Control OR
• Significantly Influence
The management or operating
policies of the entity during the
reporting period.

26. AS- 18 Related Party
Disclosures
• Related Party relationships
• Nature of transactions between them
• Volume of Transactions
• Amounts written off with regard to
them
• Amounts Outstanding as on B/s date

27. AS- 20 Earnings per share
Disclosures
• Types of Calculation
• Basic
• Diluted

28. AS- 22 Accounting for Taxes
• Types of disclosure
• Current Year Tax
• Deferred Tax

29. AS- 23 Accounting for investment in
Associates
Objectives to set out
• Principles and
• Procedures
for recognizing the investment
associates in CFS of the investors, so
that effect of investments in associates
on financial position of group is
indicated.

30. AS- 24 Discontinuing Operations
• Discontinuing Operation
• Disposing off substantial part of the
enterprise
• Terminating through abandonment
• Represents separate major line of
business
• Can be distinguished

31. AS- 25 Interim Financial Reporting
• Reporting for less than a year i.e 3
months
• Clause 41 says publish financial
results on quarterly basis.
• Objective is to provide frequently
and timely assessment

32. AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability
and assets
• Provision – is a liability measured
using substantial estimation
• Liability – Present obligation arising
from past events which is expected
in an outflow of resources
• Obligating Event – Enterprise having
mo alternative other than settlement

33. AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability
and assets
• Provision to be recognized when:-
• Present obligation exists
• Outflow of resources would occur
• Reliable estimate
All the above conditions to be
satisfied cumulatively in order to
warrant a provision in books

34. AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability
and assets

35. Compliance Standards

36. AS- 2
Valuation of Inventories
Inventories are assets :-
• Held for sale in ordinary course
• In the process of production for such
sale OR
• Materials or supplies for rendering
production
Net Realizable value :-
• Estimated selling price in the
ordinary course less estimated
completion and sales cost

37. AS- 2
Valuation of Inventories
Cost of Inventory
• Compromise all costs of purchase
• Cost of Conversion
• Other costs in bringing the
inventories to their present location
and condition

38. AS- 2
Valuation of Inventories
Exclusions from Cost of Inventory
• Abnormal wastage
• Storage costs unless for production
• Administrative overheads
• Selling and distribution costs

39. AS- 2
Valuation of Inventories
• Inventories comprise of
• Raw Materials
• Work in Progress
• Finished Goods
• Spares etc.
• DOES NOT INCLUDE
• Shares and securities
• Livestock or agricultural goods
• Construction contracts

40. AS- 6
Accounting for Depreciation
Exclusions from Standard
• Forest, Plants or natural resources
• Expenditure on R&D
• Goodwill and Intangibles
• Live Stock
• Land unless limited useful life

41. AS- 6
Accounting for Depreciation
Depreciation is a measure of
• Loss of value arising from
• Use
• Effluxion of Time
• Obsolesce through technology
• Measured for a charge of fair
proportion over the expected life of
the asset

42. AS- 6
Accounting for Depreciation
• Should be applied consistently
• Change of method is change in
accounting policy (retrospective
working required)
• Change in life of asset to be applied
prospectively since change in
estimate

43. AS- 6
Accounting for Depreciation
• Reviewed periodically for
technological degradation
• Addition which becomes integral part
to be written off in same manner
• Disclose the rate of depreciation if
different from the one in statue

44. AS- 10
Accounting for Fixed Assets
Fixed Asset is :-
• Held with an intention of being used
• For the purpose of production
• Not held for sale in the normal course
of business

45. AS- 10
Accounting for Fixed Assets
Components of costs
• Attributable costs in bringing the
asset to its working condition :-
• Site preparation
• Initial delivery
• Installation costs
• Freight
• Professional fees
• Startup costs

46. AS- 10
Accounting for Fixed Assets
Improvements and Repairs
• Expenses to be capitalized when
• Increases the future benefits
• Material in nature

47. AS- 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets
Particulars IT Act AS
Method of Depreciation W.D.V W.D.V or S.L.M.
Rates of Depreciation As in IT Rules Sch XIV of CA, 1956
Concept of Grouping Block of Asset Each asset separately
Change in Method Not Allowed Allowed
Depreciation Full or Half Year Day wise pro-rata
Revaluation Not Allowed Allowed
Asset disposed off To continue in block To be written off
Depreciation in Sale Not Allowed Day wise pro-rata

48. AS- 7 Construction Contracts
•Both percentage of
completion method
and the completed
contract method
allowed
•Applies to Contractors
& DeveloperBuilders
AS-7 OLD NEW
• Only percentage of
completion
method allowed
• Applies to
Contractors only

49. AS- 7
Construction Contracts
• Large contracts only bifurcated :-
• Separate proposals for each
• Each asset subject to individual
negotiation
• Cost and revenue can be identified

50. AS- 7
Construction Contracts
Cost which do not form part of
construction cost and require write off:-
• General Administration costs
• Selling costs
• R&D costs
• Depreciation of idle P&M

51. AS- 7
Construction Contracts
• Expected Loss from a contract to be
recognized immediately; else
• Revenue to be recognized only to the
extent contract costs incurred and
recovery of same is probable.
• Change in contracts costs to be
treated as change in estimate.

52. AS- 7
Construction Contracts
Example of Percentage completion
Cost of Construction – Rs. 150 crore
Time Period of construction – 3 years
Contracted Price – Rs. 200 crore
Estimated Profit – Rs. 50 crore over 3
years

53. AS- 7
Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Cost Incurred 40.00 90.00 140.00
Percentage Completion 25% 60% 100%
Revenue Recognized 50.00 70.00 80.00
25% of
200
60% of 200
less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 40.00 50.00 60.00
Profit for the year 10.00 20.00 20.00

54. AS- 7 Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Cost Incurred 40.00 90.00 180.00
Percentage Completion 25% 50% 100%
Revenue Recognized 50.00 50.00 100.00
25% of
200
50% of 200
less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 40.00 50.00 90.00
Profit for the year 10.00 0.00 10.00
2nd Year cost estimate at revised 180 cr

55. AS- 7 - Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Estimated Total Cost 1,000.00
Estimated Construction Cost 600.00
Estimated Revenue 1,500.00
Total Cost incurred 500 700 1000
Construction Cost Incurred 100 300 600
Area Sold 15% 30% 100%
Amount Received from customers 200 400 1500
Eligible Customer Contracts 1000 1200 1500

56. AS- 7 Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Development Cost Incurred 100 300 600
Percentage Completion 16.67% 50.00% 100.00%
Revenue Recognized 0.00 600.00 900.00
Since less
than 25%
50% of 1,200
less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 0.00 500.00 500.00
Profit for the year 00.00 100.00 400.00
Work in Progress (Balance Sheet) 500.00 200.00 0.00

57. Guidance Note – Real Estate revenue
recognition
Revenue to be recognized when :-
• All major clearances received AND
• Project is completed 25% of
construction costs. AND
• Atleast 25% of the saleable project
area is secured by contracts AND
• Atleast 10% of the amount in the
above contracts have been received

58. AS- 9
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is the :-
• Gross Inflow
• In the course of Ordinary activities
• Exception – Commission Agency

59. AS- 9
Revenue Recognition
Methods of Revenue recognition
• Completed Service Contract Method
• Proportionate completion method
• Exception – Commission Agency

60. AS- 9
Revenue Recognition
Point of Revenue recognition
• Transfer of Risk and Rewards
• Certainty of realization
• Interest – Time basis
• Dividend – Right to receive is
established

61. AS- 9
Revenue Recognition
Point of Revenue recognition
• Delivery delayed at buyers request
• Delivery subject to installation
• Consignment Sale
• Cash on Delivery sale
• Sale on Installments
• Treatment of Bulk Trade discounts
• Advertisement
• Admission fees for 10 years

62. AS-11
Effect of Foreign Exchange
Important Definition
Monetary Items – Money held and
assets and liabilities to be received or
paid in fixed or determinable amounts
of money
Non Monetary Items – Assets and
liabilities other than monetary items

63. AS-11
Effect of Foreign Exchange
Initial Recording
• At the prevalent transaction exchange
rate
Subsequent reporting dates
• Monetary Items – Revalued
• Non monetary Items – Historical
Revaluation charged to P&L

64. AS-12
Accounting for Government Grants
Government means
• Government agencies and similar
bodies whether local, national or
international
Approaches for recognition
• Capital Approach
• Income Approach

65. AS-12
Accounting for Government Grants
Point of Recognition
• Reasonable assurance that the
enterprise would comply to the
conditions attached; AND
• Benefits have been earned and
reasonable certainty that the ultimate
collection would be made.

66. AS-16
Borrowing Costs
Borrowing Cost to be capitalized when
• Assets is a qualifying asset
• Without the asset such cost would not
have occurred at all
Types of Borrowing Cost
• Specific Borrowing
• General Borrowing

67. AS-16
Borrowing Costs
Under Income Tax Act, 1961
• Explanation 8 to Sec 43(1) read with
Sec 36(1) the treatment of Interest is
to be –
• Capitalize in Asset till the date it is
first put to use
• Write off to P&L after asset has
been first put to use

68. AS-16
Borrowing Costs
Cessation of capitalization
• Accounting Standard 16
• Substantially all the activities are
over for intended use or sale
• Income Tax Act 1961
• Once the asset has been actually
put to use

69. AS-19 Leases
Classification of Leases
• Finance Lease
• Operating Lease
Allow ability of Depreciation (AS-6)
• Finance Lease - Lessee
• Operating Lease – Lessor
Allow ability of Depreciation (IT Act)
• Finance or Operating - Lessor

70. AS-26 Intangibles
Intangible Asset
• Identifiable
• Non monetary assets
• Without physical substance
• Held for use of production or supply
Asset
• Controlled by an enterprise
• With future economic benefits

71. AS-26 Intangibles
Difference between Accounts and
treatment in Income Tax Act, 1961
• Preliminary Expenses
• Heavy Advertisement Expenses
• Advance lease rental for next 5 years
• Stamp papers for the above rental
• Research Expenses