3. Distributed vs. Centralized
ï±Centralized database can produce a bottleneck
ï±Large volume of data input
ï±Large database
ï±Large volume of queries
ï±In distributed databases, data consistency, replication, and
retrieval can be more problematic
ï±Consistency of schemas
ï±Retrieval in case the data location is not known
ï±Communication overhead to ensure database consistency
9. Relational Operations
âą Select operation, to create a subset of records that meet a
states criterion
âą Join operation, combines two or more tables
âą Project operation, subset of columns