2. Writing in English
• Technical English simplifies the rather complex rules of
standard English and replaces difficult terminology with simpler
synonyms.
• This reduces the overall complexity of the text and makes the
documentation much easier for readers to understand.
• technical writer might create content to provide instructions or
explain technical concepts regarding environmental regulations,
computer applications or medical procedures
3. • 90% of papers were written in English
• English is not the first language of many in the scientific world
• Many persons for whom English is a first language are not good
writers
• The best English is that which gives the sense in the fewest short
words
4. Features of scientific writing
1. Precision
• Scientific writing relies on unequivocal accuracy, as the mission of a
scientific document is to provide relevant and factual information to
the scientific community. Precision in scientific literature can take the
form of the following writing elements:
2. Clarity
• clarifies the meaning of any uncommon terms and summarizes the
results of the writing in a way that anyone can understand. Clarity
also helps the writer establish a trusted voice within the scientific
community.
5. 3. Peer reviews
• Some scientific documents contain peer-reviewed changes or
information directly within the document. Typically, a writer
includes any peer requests or findings in revised versions of the
document to uphold their commitment to honesty and integrity
in the face of new information.
4.Primary audience
• A scientific document is almost always for a specific audience.
Good scientific writing includes information that applies to the
audience and is easy to understand
6. 5. Formal language
• Keeping language formal in scientific writing helps maintain
professionalism on behalf of the writer.
6. Awareness of existing scientific literature
• Most scientific authors express their awareness of the existing
body of scientific literature and knowledge pertinent to their
studies
7. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
Title
Abstract/summary
Introduction
Methods
Result
Discussion
Work cited
Appendices
8. INTRODUCTION
• Describe problem, nature and scope
• Brief review of knowledge
• Explain how your study will challenge the existing knowledge
• Objectives/hypotheses at the end
• Be specific as possible
• summary (only if journal demands)
• Shaped like a funnel(wide at the top and narrow at the bottom)
9. INTRODUCTION
• Excessive detail or length
• Suggest 2 page limit
• Lacks focus
• Too many citations(<20) and maximum 50 for entire paper
• Objectives are absent,inappropriate or inconsistent with other
sections of paper
• including a brief summary of the result at the end of introduction
