1. World War II
Intelligence, Spies & Espionage

2. Spying/Espionage
• gov’t/individuals obtaining secrets
without permission of the holder
-intelligence gathering
-counterintelligence (false info)
-sabotage/subterfuge
-code breaking
-moles/defectors
• US law – separate crimes
-treason (war v. US) (death)
-espionage (gathering info)
-spying (watching)

3. Coordinator of Information (COI)
• (July ‘41) collect/analyze data on national
security
• Hoover/FBI balk at sharing info
• findings after Pearl Harbor
-poor intelligence coordination
-misunderstood/underestimated Japan
-leads to formation of OSS
William Donovan

4. Office of Strategic Services
• (June ’42) – FDR Presidential Order
-trained Guomindang, Mao’s Red
Army, Vietminh
-data for Joint Chiefs
-operatives trained for Germany
• power for clandestine ops
• analysts & operatives used together
-CIA (‘47) model
• Army/Navy/FBI kept own intelligence
• Truman keeps but splits OSS after war

5. Moe Berg (OSS agent)
• MLB catcher – Red Sox
-graduate of Princeton & Columbia Law
-fluent in German, Italian, French, Spanish,
Japanese, Hebrew, Greek, Russian & Latin
-code name “Remus”
• parachuted into Yugoslavia
-to evaluate resistance (2 groups)
• dropped into German occupied Norway
-info used to destroy plant building nuclear weapons
• posed as Swiss student at Nazi Conference
-to determine if German scientist should be killed
-said he was not a threat
• posed as German officer in Italy to gather info on munitions plant
• parachuted behind German lines several other times
• refused Presidential Medal of Freedom after war
-(required his silence)

6. Military Operations
• kept own tactical analysts
-Army Counterintelligence Corps (false info)
-interrogation of POWs
• Code breakers
-Army broke Japanese code land & sea
-help Allies with ULTRA (Enigma machines)
-break German codes
• Nisei soldiers interrogated Japanese POWs
-parents likely interned

7. Navajo Code Talkers
• encoding/decoding English message
-used Navajo language
-essential at Iwo Jima
• Korea & Vietnam
-continued to use Navajo codes

8. Nazi Saboteurs
• June ‘42 8 Nazi spies land
-Jacksonville, FL & Long Island, NY
• Hitler ordered attempt to disrupt industry
• Goal – bring violence to US soil
-blow up factories, instill fear & diminish
US resolve
-planned for 2 years ($175,000 cash)
• landed in Germany uniform
-considered POW not spy
• Arrested within 2 weeks
-no damage
-6 executed; 1 life; 1 - 30 yrs.
-latter 2 released after war