2. • Age of independence for the United States,
Canada and Latin America
• Legacy of Enlightenment was the effort to
build societies based on freedom, equality
and a constitutional government and proved
to be a monumental challenge
• An era characterized by continuous mass
migration and explosive economic growth,
occasional deep economic stagnation, civil
war, ethnic violence, class conflict and
battles for racial and sexual equality
• With the purchase of the Louisiana territory, • The Sioux, Comanche, Pawnee and Apache
the United States doubled in size fought encroachment by Euro-American
settlers on their lands. By 1870, U.S. forces
• After the Lewis and Clark expedition were using cannons and deadly rapid-fire
settlers began to move west in search of guns that broke the native resistance and
cheap land. By the 1840s westward opened the western plains to Euro-American
expansion was well underway. expansion
• Emancipation Proclamation signed by
Abraham Lincoln in 1863, sparking the Civil
War. After four years in battle, the northern
states won and ended slavery.
3. • The Canadian Dominion acquired
independence without war. There were two
dominant ethnic groups, the British
Canadians and French Canadians
• Until eighteenth century, French Canadians
outnumbered British Canadian. French
followed Roman Catholic church and
French civil law, while British Canadians
were Protestant and followed British law.
• In 1781 British loyalists in the United
States sought refuge in Canada and greatly
enlarging the English speaking community • Argentine and Chilean forces brought modern
there. weapons and conquered the indigenous peoples
• The British North America Act of 1867 of South America
joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New • Juan Manuel de Rosas, most notable caudillos
Brunswick and recognized them as the (regional military leaders), ruled as a despot
Dominion of Canada through his own army.
• Latin American leaders had little experience • In the form of division, rebellion, caudillo rule,
with self-government, since Spanish and and civil war, instability and conflict plagued
Portuguese regimes were far more Latin America throughout the 19th century
autocratic.
4. • Napoleon’s plans to take Louisiana
back from Spain failed because ships
were trapped in the harbor in Holland
due to ice
• George Washington crossed the
Delaware and surprised the British in
Trenton, where the Continental Army
won the battle.
• Vikings explored the coast of North
America and put down settlements;
eventually their colony in Greenland
grew to over 3000 people. But as the
Little Ice Age set in, the Viking culture
of seafaring was destroyed; much of the
year, their ships were trapped at home.
Their North American settlers were cut
off and eventually lost completely.
With the Vikings out of business, it fell
to the more southerly European
countries–Spain, Portugal, France, and
England–to colonize the Americas.
5. • American merchants used the Mississippi
River to transport goods and stored them
for export at the port of New Orleans
• Thomas Jefferson threatens an alliance with
Britain if France sends military forces to
New Orleans. Napoleon Bonaparte plans to
invade Britain and fears this alliance
• Spain had not finalized transfer of
Louisiana to France. Out of anger and a
need for war money, Bonaparte decides to
sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.
• In 1803 the U.S. acquires Louisiana
Territory from the French for $11,250,000
plus the cancellation of debts worth
$3,750,000 - less than 3 cents per acre
• The Louisiana Purchase encompassed all or
part of 15 current U.S. states and two
Canadian provinces. Jefferson allowed
slavery in the acquired area
6. • Saint-Domingue was the most
profitable colony owned by the
French. 60 percent of world’s coffee
and 40 percent of world’s sugar
produced in Saint-Domingue
• African slaves labored hard under
abusive situations. Slaves outnumbered
free people 10-1
• The French Revolution sparked the
slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue
because white plantation owners
refused to comply with civil equality for
people of color.
• The French were defeated by guerilla
warfare used by the slaves and yellow
fever. General Toussaint L ‘Ouverture
led the slaves in revolution
• The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
eliminated slavery in Saint-Domingue
and was the founding of the Haitian
republic. This is a defining moment in
the history of Africans in the New World
• In 1807 Britain became the first major
power to permanently abolish the
slave trade
7. • The battle of Antietam (to Southerners,
Sharpsburg) made the event of
September 17, 1862 the bloodiest day
in American history and changed the
General George B. McClellan
course of the Civil War.
• The Civil War began as a fight to
preserve the United States as a whole
nation - a Union of all states. Lincoln
delayed his proposed Emancipation
Proclamation for a military victory.
• Antietam was the first of Confederate
General Robert E. Lee’s attempt to
carry the war into the North. 40,000
General Robert E. Lee
Southerners were pitted against 87,000
men of the Federal Army of the
Potomac under General George B.
McClellan. The course of the Civil
War had been greatly altered.
8. Thomas J. Jackson, known as
“Stonewall” won five battles, with the
main victory at Winchester on May 25,
which drove Union General Nathanial
Bank’s division across the Potomac
into Maryland. This caused great
frustration and panic in the North.
McClellan was timid and irresolute in
action and missed a series of
opportunities to claim victory for the
North. His troops numbered 100,000,
while Lee’s numbered 90,000.
The Seven Days Battles was a great
strategic victory that kept Richmond,
the capital of the Confederacy, in the
Confederates hands.
The South’s success gained foreign
recognition, which was dependent on
the South’s cotton crop. The North
feared British and France intervention.
9. • The British abolished slavery in 1833 and
the French did the same in 1848. This put
pressure on Lincoln to commit to
emancipation in 1862.
• Frederick Douglass pressed Lincoln to turn
the war for Union into a war for freedom.
As a strategic maneuver, this would
weaken the South’s army and be a
powerful advantage for the North.
• The Republican majority in Congress
enacted a new article of war on March 13,
1862, forbidding army officers to return
escaped slaves to their masters
• Congress passed an initiative to offer
economic aid to any state which may
adopt gradual abolishment of slavery. This
offer was aimed at border states, with the
idea that their commitment to
emancipation would deprive the
Confederacy and shorten the war.
• The second battle of Bull Run was a defeat
with greater potential danger to the Union
cause. Confederate Stonewall Jackson’s
army was stopped by the Union General
John Pope at Chantilly, fifteen miles from
Washington.
10. • McClellan disobeyed orders from Halleck
and did not send 10,000 troops towards
• Antietam was not the decisive Union
Manassas (Bull Run), leaving Pope on his victory which Lincoln hoped for; it did give the
own. Lincoln was appalled by his actions. President an opportunity to strike at the Confederacy
• After his great victory at Manassas, Lee
politically, psychologically and economically. The
marched his army into Maryland hoping to Emancipation Proclamation was issued on
find vitally needed men and supplies. September 22
• McClellan obtained a copy of the
Confederate battle plan and followed Lee into
Frederick. By September 15, both armies had
established new battle lines west and east of
Antietam Creek near the town of Sharpsburg.
• McClellan missed a series of opportunities
for the success by failing to commit his forces
to battle on September 15th and 16th. He
failed to deliver a knockout blow to destroy
Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia.
McClellan’s decision allowed Lee to
withdraw to the safety of the Virginia shore.
