This is a booklet made by Greek students of 4th Geniko Lykeio Zografou, Greece within the frame of the Erasmus + KA229 2018-2020 project named " Cultural Heritage as a Catalyst of Creative Entrepreneurship"

1. 1
• architecture • alphabet • music • food
Cultural Heritage as a Catalyst of Creative Entrepreneurship
A scent of Athens

2. 2
Supervising editor
Despoina Kyriakaki
Contributors
Τeachers
Emmanouil Tsouroupakis, Vasiliki Georgoula, Georgia Kalantzi, Angeliki Vamvaka
Students
Konstantinos Komninos
Christos Kekes
Ioanna Natsi
Faidra Makri
Κleio Giakoumaki
Κonstantina Dimaka
Vasileia Georgopoulou
Dimitrios Drakopoulos
Maria- Marina Fragkaki
Styliani Chelmi
Athanasios Ntinoudis
Evangelia Kourti
Alexia Kalpaki
Georgios Karalis
Evangelia Karampesini
Vasiliki Zevgolatakou
Martha Papastathi
Angela Liko
Panagiotis Papageorgiou
Xenofon Varvaros
Marios Pantioras
Ioannis Ioannou
Eleanna Rasidaki
Angeliki Giama

3. 3
Introduction
Culture, History, Beauty… Greece
is well known for its various
archeological sites and its immense
cultural heritage, which takes us
back for more than four and a half
thousand years. Many tourists
are often attracted by Greece’s
ancient monuments, built over
two thousand years ago. A great
number of Greece’s monuments
are included in the World Cultural
Heritage list of UNESCO, such as the
Acropolis of Athens and Ancient
Olympia. Last but not least, Greece is
a beautiful country that welcomes
tourists with great hospitality. So
travelers… Welcome to Greece!!!

4. 4
The Acropolis
of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens is a hill located in
the center of the city. The Acropolis and its
monuments are universal symbols of the classical
civilization and the greatest architectural complex
of ancient Greek Antiquity. This sacred place
is connected with the most celebrated myths
of ancient Athens, great religious festivals and
important events in the history of Athens. While
there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far
back as the fourth millennium B.C., it was Pericles
(495 – 429 B.C.) in the fifth century B.C. who took on
the construction of the most important buildings,
the most famous being the Parthenon. It was right
after the victory against the Persians and the
establishment of Democracy that Athens took a
leading role among Greek city-states of the ancient
Greek World. It’s a historical period of wealth,
spiritual and intellectual development during
which Democracy, Philosophy, Theatre, Freedom
of Speech were born. Other significant buildings
are the Propylaia, the Erechtheion and the Temple
of Athena Nike.
These masterpieces of ancient architecture have
influenced art and culture for many centuries.

5. 5
Ἀεί τι καινόν ἡμέρα
παιδεύεται
Every day teaches
a new lesson
Euripides
Tragic poet
The
Parthenon
The Parthenon is the famous temple
on Acropolis, which was dedicated
to goddess Athena, whom citizens of
Athens considered their patroness.
Its construction was completed in
432 B.C. by Iktinos and Kallikratis.
It is the most important building
of Classical Greece, generally
considered as the zenith of the Doric
order. On 26th of September 1656,
during the Great Turkish War, due to
a bombing, a big part of Parthenon
was damaged. Specifically, three of
the four walls nearly collapsed and
the roof was destroyed. Around
1800 Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin,
removed some of the surviving
sculptures with the permission of the
Turks of the Ottoman Empire. These
sculptures, now known as the Elgin
Marbles or the Parthenon Marbles,
were sold in 1816 to the British
Museum in London, where they are
still displayed.

6. 6
The
Erechtheion
Erectheionisanotherancient
templeontheAcropolisdedicated
tobothAthenaandPoseidon.
Thetempleasseentodaywas
builtbetween421and406B.C.by
Phidias.Onthenorthside,thereis
anotherlargeporchwithsixIonic
columns,andonthesouth,the
famous“PorchoftheMaidens”,
withsixdrapedfemalefigures
(Caryatids)assupportingcolumns.

7. 7
Eὖ σοι το μέλλον ἕξει,
ἄν τὸ παρόν εὖ τιθῇς
You will have a bright
future if you take good
care of the present
Isocrates
Athenian Orator
Odeon
of Herodes Atticus
TheOdeonofHerodesAtticusis
astonetheatrestructurelocated
onthesouthwesternslopeofthe
AcropolisofAthens.Thebuilding
wascompletedin161A.D.and
thenwasrenovatedin1950.
Ancienttimes
ItwasbuiltbytheAthenian
HerodesAtticusinmemoryof
hiswife,AspasiaAnniaRegilla
whodiedin160A.D.Itwas
originallyasteep-slopedtheater
withathree-storystonefront
wallandawoodenroofmade
ofexpensivecedarofLebanon
timber.Itwasusedasavenue
formusicconcertsandancient
dramatournamentswitha
capacityof5,000spectators.
Itremainedintactuntilitwas
destroyedandleftinruinsbythe
Heruliin267A.D.
Modern events
Theaudiencestandsandthe
orchestra(stage)wererestored
usingpentelicmarbleinthe
1950s.Sincethenithasbeen
themainvenueoftheAthens
Festival,whichrunsfromMay
throughOctobereachyear,
featuringavarietyofimportant
GreekaswellasInternational
Opera,Liveconcertsand
Theatricalperformances.

8. 8
The Temple of the Olympian Zeus
This half-ruined temple is
dedicated to Zeus, the Lord of
the Olympian Gods and it is
named after the God.
It stands within walking
distance from the Athens center,
only 500 m southeast of the
Acropolis and 700 m south of
Syntagma Square. This temple is
very close to other monuments
of Athens, such as Kallimarmaro
Stadium, the Hadrian’s Arch and
Zappeion Megaron.
The construction of this
temple started in the 6th
century B.C. At first, it was
intended to be built out of
limestone in the austere Doric
style and its size was to be the
largest of all temples. However,
the works stopped in 510 B.C.
due to political disorders,
when the tyrant Hippias was
exiled from Athens. The temple
remained incomplete for the
next 336 years.
In 174 B.C., king Antiochus
IV Epiphanes started the
reconstruction of the temple,
replacing the building material
from limestone to the high-
quality Pentelic marble and the
architectural style from Doric to
Corinthian. It was the first time
that the Corinthian order was
used for the exterior decoration
of a temple. However, when
Antiochus died, the project
remained again unfinished.
In 125 B.C., the Roman emperor
Hadrian included this temple
in his building program for
Athens. Among many statues of
gods and Roman emperors the
most prominent adornment of
the temple was the enormous
chryselephantine statue of Zeus.
In its final form, the temple
had 104 columns of 17 m high
and 2 m in diameter each.
Unfortunately, this temple was
about to stand in grandeur for
only a couple of centuries. In
267 AD, during a rebellion in
Athens, the temple and a large
part of the town was damaged.
In 425 AD, following the
dominance of Christianity, the
Byzantine emperor Theodosius
II prohibited the worship of
ancient Greek and Roman gods
in the temple. In fact, he allowed
people to use its fine marble for
the construction of churches,
houses and other buildings
in the city. By the end of the
Byzantine period, in the middle
15th century, only 21 of the 104
columns had survived.

9. 9
Γνῶθι σεαυτόν
«Know thyself»
Aphorism inscribed
over the entrance to the
temple of Apollo at Delphi
The Arch of Hadrian
The Arch of Hadrian, most
commonly known in Greek as
Hadrian’s Gate, is a monumental
gateway resembling a
Roman triumphal arch. It
was built upon an ancient
road connecting the center
of Athens with the complex
of structures on the eastern
side of the city that included
the Temple of Olympian Zeus
and was actually the landmark
between the old and the
new city. It is thought that the
arch was built to celebrate
the adventus (arrival) of the
Roman Emperor Hadrian and
to honor him for his many
benefactions for the city, on the
occasion of the dedication of
the nearby temple complex in
131 or 132 A.D. There were two
inscriptions on the arch, facing
in opposite directions, naming
both Theseus and Hadrian as
founders of Athens. The arch is
located 325m southeast of the
Acropolis.
Construction and design
The entire monument is made
of Pentelic marble, from Mount
Pentelikon, 18.2 km northeast of
the Arch. Pentelic marble was
also used for the Parthenon and
many other notable structures
in Athens. The Arch is 18m high,
13.5m wide and 2.3m in depth. Its
design is fully symmetrical from
front to back and side to side.

10. 10
The Panathenaic
Stadium
The Panathenaic Stadium is located on the
site of an ancient stadium and for many
centuries hosted games, which were included
in the programme of the Panathenaia festival
celebrations in 566/565 B.C. The spectacular
Panathenaic Stadium remains one of the
most popular tourist attractions of the city
and is a shining beacon of modern Athens.
In 20th century, locals began to call the
venue “Kallimarmaro” (made of fine marble)
and continue to do so today. The word
“stadium” comes from the ancient Greek
measure of length, where one “stadion” was
approximately 200 metres.
It was the home of the first modern Olympic
Games in 1896 and remains the only stadium
in the world built entirely out of marble. The
stadium has a capacity of 50,000 seats but
still it hosted 80,000 spectators when the first
Olympic Marathon was won by the Greek
athlete Spyridon Louis in 1896. Spectators
gather here for the finish of the Athens
Marathon held each year in November. Now
a lot of music and other festivals take place
there.

11. 11
Μέτρον βίου τὸ καλόν
οὐ τὸ τοῦ χρόνου μῆκος
The value of life
is measured
by how nice it was
and not how long
Plutarch
Ancient Greek Historian,
47-120 A.D.
Cape Sounion
Cape Sounion, the
southernmost tip of Attica, is
a significant strategic point
from which the city of Athens
controlled the sea passage from
the Aegean Sea to Piraeus and
vice versa as well as the Lavrion
peninsula with its rich silver
mines thanks to which Athens
emerged as a leading financial
power in the 5th century B.C.
The temple of Poseidon
The temple of Poseidon, the
ancient Greek god of the sea, is
located in Sounion. Built on the
sloppy rocks of Cape Sounion,
the temple is related with
mythical and historical facts
dated from the ancient until
the present times. The standing
columns made the cape known
as Kavokolones. Ever since the
17th century, foreign travelers to
Sounion have considered the
ruined temple as a romantic
place. Romantic visitors of
the temple, like Lord Byron,
engraved their names on the
marbles.
The Decoration
An unknown architect
decorated the temple with
sculptures made of marble,
which depicted the acts of
Theseus as well as battles
between the Centaurs and
the Giants. The remaining
sculptures are exhibited in the
Lavrio Museum whereas the
impressive Kouroi that once
stood in the temple yard are
now on display in the National
Archaeological Museum in
Athens.

12. 12

13. 13

14. 14
Anafiotika
Anafiotikaisascenicsmall
neighborhoodofAthens.Itispart
ofthehistoricalneighborhood
calledPlaka.Itliesinthenorthern
eastsideoftheAcropolishill,
rightintheheartofthecity.
In 1841, King Otto I encouraged
workers to come and help
transform the new capital of
independent Greece into a
modern town and build his
palace.
Carpenters and technicians
came from the Cycladic island
of Anafi, along with many other
workers from their island. The
area was called Anafiotika - Little
Anafi- after their island. The
village was built to resemble
the architecture of the Cycladic
islands with whitewashed cubic
houses with stone flat roofs and
brightly painted shutters and
doors, to give the feeling of being
in an island village.
In 1950 most of the original
village was destroyed for
archaeological research. Today
only 45 houses remain.

15. 15
Μέτρον ἄριστον
«Moderation is best»
Cleoabulus

16. 16
The Greek Alphabet
Our first evidence for the Greek
language comes from Linear B
tablets which date back to the
later Bronze Age (c. 1200 B.C.
- on the mainland) and were
written in a syllabary system.
Sometime during the 10th
century the Greeks adopted
the Phoenician alphabet, with
modifications and our earliest
writing with the Greek alphabet
comes from the last half of
the 8th century. The classical
period for Greece stretches from
about 750 B.C. to 350/330 B.C.
and during this time different
dialects were developed in
different areas. The Attic dialect
was spoken around Athens
and much of the great literature
was therefore written in this
dialect (Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Euripides, Thucydides, Plato,
etc.).
Koine is “common” Greek
- the language spoken from
c. 330 B.C. - 330 A.D. Scholars
used to think it was a “debased”
form of Greek used especially
by the Hebrews and confined
more or less to translations of
the Old Testament and to the
New Testament. The discovery
of papyri and inscriptions
during this past century,
however, has shown that this
“Biblical Greek” was, in fact,
used commonly.
The Mediterranean Coast,
mainly in west, as well as the
coast of the Black Sea are
the areas where the Greek
settlements took place and the
Greek language and writing
were spread. Initially, the use of

17. 17
Τὰ πάντα ῥεῖ
καὶ οὐδὲν μένει
«Everything flows,
nothing stands still»
Heraclitus
philosopher
the language was limited to the
communication between the
settlers.
The influence
of languages
in Hellenistic Period
The simplified, mostly Attic,
dialect which, from the period
of Alexander the Great until
the 6th century AD, became
the official written and spoken
language in the areas of eastern
Mediterranean, was appointed
as the Hellenistic or Alexadrian
Koine (common).
The semantic differentiation
of some words was also
observed, on a verbal level,
whilst many foreign ones were
adopted, mainly Hebraic and
Latin.
The period of the Hellenistic
Koine is very important for the
evolution of Greek language,
since in every linguistic level,
the structures that were to
influence decisively the
posterior modern Greek
language were formed.
The Greek Alphabet
Upper
Case
Letter
Lower
Case
Letter
Greek
Letter
Name
English
Equivalent
Α α alpha a
Β β beta b
Γ γ gamma g
Δ δ delta d
Ε ε epsilon e
Ζ ζ zeta z
Η η eta h
Θ θ theta th
Ι ι iota i
Κ κ kappa k
Λ λ lamda l
Μ μ mi m
Ν ν ni n
Ξ ξ xi x
Ο ο omicron o
Π π pi p
Ρ ρ ro r
Σ σ,ς * Sigma s
Τ τα taf t
Υ υ upsilon u
Φ φ phi ph
Χ χ chi ch
Ψ ψ psi ps
Ω ω omega o

18. 18
EuripidesAristophanes Sophocles
Ancient Greek Theater
The birth of theater gets us
back 2,500 years. It was born
in ancient Greece -more
specifically in Athens- when
Thespis, inspired by the
dithyramb (a song written
to honor god Dionysus),
introduced for the first time a
new style in which one singer
or actor performed the words
of individual characters in the
stories, differentiated himself
from the characters of the play
using different masks.
The ancient Greeks built
outdoor theatres where
the public could watch
performances of Greek comedy,
tragedy and satyr plays. Well-
known plays are ‘The Birds’
(comedy) by Aristophanes,
‘Oedipus’ (drama) by Sophocles
and ‘Cyclops’ (satyr play) by
Euripides.
The theater was so significant
for the Ancient Greeks that
Pericles –a great politician of
the classical age- had created
theorica. Theorica was the
name for the state fund partly
made up of money from the
public treasury and partly from
official donations from wealthy
citizens that allowed, among
others, free admission in the
theatre, which was thought to
be the educational center of the
ancient Greek world, for plays
during religious festivals.
Theatre of Dionysus
The theater of Dionysus is
considered to be the first
theater ever built and it can
seat approximately 17,000
spectators. Because of its great
acoustics and its ideal location,
built at the foot of the Athenian
Acropolis, it was the theater
where the biggest drama
celebration, Great Dionysia, was
taking place.
The theater of Dionysus is
also connected with the birth

19. 19
Ἓν οἶδα ὅτι οὐδὲν οἶδα
«I know one thing,
that I know nothing»
Socrates
and evolution of one of the top
achievements of ancient Greek
civilization that is drama as well
as the conception of theatre
as artistic and architectural
creation. In this very theatre
plays of the most prominent
ancient dramatic poets such
as Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Euripides, Aristophanes and
Menander were performed for
the first time. These plays not
only educated the Athenian
audience but they also
contributed to defining the
identity of an Athenian citizen
as member of a democratic
state and still remain spiritual
heritage to all humanity.
The circular shape of this
theatre that was built upon
sloppy ground and made of
stone served as architectural
model to all theatre spaces.
Even though the Theatre
of Dionysus suffered a great
deal from various disasters
and changes of use through
the years, it was rediscovered
again in 1862. The biggest part
of today’s ruins go back to
the stone renovation of the
Athenian theatre that was
completed by Lycurgus, orator
and finance administrator of
Athens (350-320 B.C.)
Theatre of Dionysus

20. 20
Architectural orders:
Doric & Ionic order
An architectural order
describes a style of building.
Doric order is the earliest
ancient Greek architecture. It
is distinguished by its austerity
and rigor. Its main characteristic
is the lack of base and the plain,
unadorned column resting
directly on the stylobate. The
columns are fluted and of robust
proportions. The Doric order
finds its fullest expression in the
Parthenon of Athens.
Ionic order is the second of the
classical architecture orders.
Ionic order’s most remarkable
features are its bi-fold symmetry,
the twin capital’s volutes and
the square pad which raises
the ringed base. The Ionic order
was chosen as the exterior
order in the construction of the
Erechtheion on the Athenian
Acropolis.
Classical Civilization
Theperiodfromtheendofthe
Persianwars(480B.C.)tothe
deathofAlexandertheGreat
(323B.C.),iscalledClassical
byhistorians.Atthattime,the
values​​thatbuiltthefoundations
ofcontemporaryWestern
civilizationwereformed.
Theprimaryelementand
achievementoftheclassical
eraistheinventionofthe
democraticpoliticalsystem.
Thepolicyusedbyallstatesof
Europeandconsideredtobethe
identityoffreedomwasborn
onthefieldswearetreading.
Accordingtothis,thepeople
havethepowerinthecountry
andbecomeresponsibleforthe
coursetheywillfollow.
Anothercorevalueofclassical
civilizationwasthemanhimself.
Manwastheobjectofstudy,but
alsothecenterofancientGreek
philosophyandadvisement,
whichwerethereforecalled
human-centered.Thisvaluewas
expressedthroughthewordsof
theSophistProtagoras«Forall
thingsthemeasureistheman»
(Πάντων χρημάτων μέτρον
ἄνθρωπος)
Emphasiswasplacedon
theformationofmanandthe
evolutionofscience,something
thattookplacewithinthetheater.
Alltheabovearesummedupin
thephrasewhichisconsidered
tohavebeenpronouncedby
Periclesinthe5thcenturyBC.:
«Welovebeautywithausterity
andcultivatespiritwithout
softness»(Φιλοκαλοῦμεν
τέ γάρ μετ’ εὐτελείας καί
φιλοσοφοῦμεν ἄνευ μαλακίας)
Doricorder SophistProtagorasIonicorder Pericles

21. 21
Gastronomy
Greek cuisine goes along with
the Mediterranean climate
of Greece. Our seasonal fruit,
vegetables, nuts, healthy
fats and beans are the main
ingredients of the Greek
traditional cuisine. We are
also proud for our unique and
worldwide known Masticha
of Chios, honey, and a great
variety of herbs, such as basil,
oregano, cumin, saffron ( the
Greek “Krokos”) . The good
quality of fish and generally
Mediterranean seafood is
unquestionable. Moreover,
Greek people have been
consuming dairy for more than
ten thousand years, with Feta
being the world known unique
Greek cheese. Last but not least,
olive oil with its anti -oxidative
agents contributes to the
human immune system.
These foods are mostly
included in the so-called
Mediterranean diet which is
part of Unesco’s Intangible
cultural heritage. This diet
also includes the skills and
knowledge concerning the
processing and cooking
techniques and emphasizes on
Greek identity. Eating together
is a main characteristic in Greek
households and feasts and is it
directly related to hospitality.
During those feasts, a great
amount of art was inspired in
various forms such as songs,
dances and tales. Women
play a great role in passing this
knowledge from one generation
to another as they think of it
as one of the strongest bonds
that keeps our folk tradition
unaltered.
The Mediterranean
diet is probably the
ideal diet according
to an extremely large
volume of research
and studies that
encourage residents
of other countries
to adopt it

22. 22
Greek Folk Music
Instruments
Aerophones
1 Floghera is a type of flute
which is played mainly in
mainland Greece. It has seven
holes and depending on the
length, it can be short (50cm) or
long (85 cm).
2 Zournas, also known as
karamouza, is descended
from the ancient Greek
instrument avlos. It is played
particularly in Thessalia, the
Peloponnese and Macedonia.
3 Tsampouna is the Greek
bagpipe. It is made of
wood and goat stomach and
it is played in Macedonia and
Thrace.
String instruments
4 The bouzouki was brought
to Greece in the 1890’s by
Greek immigrants from Asia
Minor. Since then, it has become
the lead instrument in our folk
music, especially in the Rebetiko.
5 The laouto belongs to
the lute family. It can be
found in Greece and Cyprus.
Its appearance is similar to the
oud’s.
6 The Cretan Lyra is a pear-
shaped instrument, playing
the key role in the traditional
music in Crete and in other
Islands in Greece.
Percussion instruments
7 The toubeleki, also known
as tarampouka or pitcher,
is often used in the traditional
Greek folk music to keep the
rhythm.
8 The tambourine is a
musical instrument in the
percussion family consisting of
a frame, often of wood or plastic.
Tambourines come in many
shapes with the most common
being the circular.
9 Already known since
the Byzantine period,
the tabor is an eminently
rhythmic instrument of the
Greek mainland, with a wide
variety of dimensions, tying
ropes, processing of leather and
manufacture.
1
5 6

23. 23
Mηδὲν ἄγαν
«Nothing in excess»
Inscription
from the temple of
Apollo at Delphi
2 3
7 8