The document discusses the introduction of HTTP/2 support in Java. It provides background on why HTTP/2 was developed, including limitations of HTTP 1.1 in handling modern web pages with many dependent resources. The document then outlines how HTTP/2 addresses these limitations through features like multiplexing and header compression, and how these changes are being incorporated into Java SE and Java EE implementations.

1. HTTP/2
comes
to
Java!
David
Delabassee
@delabassee
Oracle
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2. Copyright
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Harbor
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It
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4. Copyright
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Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
Summary

5. Copyright
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Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
Summary

6. Copyright
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Data
Never
Sleeps
2.0
https://www.domo.com/learn/data-­‐never-­‐sleeps-­‐2

7. Copyright
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HTTP
1.x
1991
1996
1999
2009
2015
HTTP/0.9
HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1
SPDY
HTTP/2.0

8. Copyright
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9. Copyright
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10. Copyright
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11. Copyright
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12. Copyright
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13. Copyright
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Today
index.html
style1.css
style2.css
.
.
.
script1.js
script9.js
pic1.jpg
pic8.jpg
.
.
.
photo1.png
photo2.png
.
.
.

14. Copyright
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google.fr
(1st)
• 3
HTTP
Requests
• 21.355
bytes
- 1
HTML
- 1
image
- 1
.js
Top
.FR
examples
lefigaro.fr
(15th)
• 140
HTTP
Requests
• 2.736.562
bytes
- 1
HTML
- 130
images
- 6
.js
- 2
.css

15. Copyright
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• If
a
page
takes
longer
than
4
sec
to
load,
1/4
people
abandons
that
page
(1)
• 57%
of
consumers
will
abandon
a
page
that
takes
longer
than
3
sec
to
load
(2)
• Page
load
slowdown
of
1
sec
could
cost
Amazon
$1.6
billion
in
sales
a
year
(1)
• Slowing
search
results
by
0.4
sec,
Google
could
lose
8
million
searches
per
day
(1)
Latency
Vs.
Conversion
Rate
Time
is
Money!
(1)
http://www.fastcompany.com/1825005/how-­‐one-­‐second-­‐could-­‐cost-­‐amazon-­‐16-­‐billion-­‐sales
(2)
RadView
Spring
2015
State
of
the
Union:
Ecommerce
Page
Speed
&
Web
Performance

16. @delabasseeCopyright
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2015,
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rights
reserved.
HTTP
1.1
Head-­‐of-­‐Line
blocking
16
Client Server
index.html
index.html
style1.css
script.js
...
style1.css
script.js
...

17. Copyright
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HTTP
1.1

18. Copyright
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reserved. 18 @delabassee
File
Concatenation
and
Image
Sprites
• Modern
web
page
consists
of
+90
resources
fetched
from
15
distinct
hosts
(http://httparchive.org)
• TCP
Efficiency
Improves
with
Larger
Files
• Shoving
more
than
one
logical
file
into
one
physical
file

19. Copyright
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File
Concatenation
and
Image
Sprites

20. Copyright
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HTTP
1.1
Workaround
-­‐
Domain
Sharding

21. Copyright
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Asset
inlining
…
<img
src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAOexs3eeALMAAOazToeHh0tLS/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…”
/>
…

22. Copyright
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• HTTP
uses
TCP
poorly
- HTTP:
short
and
bursty
flows
Vs.
TCP:
optimized
for
long-­‐lived
flows
• Solutions
- Sprites
- Domain
sharding
- Assets
Inlining
- File
concatenations
- …
HTTP/1.1
circa
1999
Problems
Vs
Solutions
1991
1996
1999
2009
2015
HTTP/0.9
HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1
SPDY
HTTP/2.0

23. Copyright
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Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
Summary

24. Copyright
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HTTP/2
• Jan
2015
• Feb
2015
• May
2015
24
Enabled
by
default
in
FireFox
(35)
and
Chrome
(40)
IESG
approved
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
in
10%
of
all
HTTP
responses
(FireFox)
HTTP/2
used
in
18%
of
global
traffic
(Google)
RFC
7540
“Hypertext
Transfer
Protocol
Version
2”
RFC
7541
“HPACK:
Header
Compression
for
HTTP/2”

25. Copyright
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Browsers
support
…
as
of
Novembre
17
2015
http://caniuse.com/http2

26. Copyright
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@delabassee26
HTTP/2
Features
• Binary
Framing
over
single
TCP
connection
• Request/Response
multiplexing
• Stream
Prioritization
• Server
Push
• Upgrade
from
HTTP
1.1
• Header
Compression
• Preserve
HTTP
semantic

27. Copyright
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HTTP/2
• Fully
bi-­‐directional
– Connection
A
TCP
socket
– Message
A
logical
HTTP
message,
such
as
a
request
or
a
response
– Stream
A
bi-­‐directional
“channel”
within
a
connection,
carry
one
or
more
message
– Frame
The
smallest
unit
of
communication
in
HTTP/2
Lets
you
do
more
things
with
a
single
TCP
connection

28. Copyright
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HTTP/2
Connections,
Streams,
Messages,
Frames

29. @delabasseeCopyright
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rights
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Binary
Frames
• Frames
- HEADERS,
DATA,
PRIORITY,
RST_STREAM,
SETTINGS,
PUSH_PROMISE,
PING,
GOAWAY,
WINDOW_UPDATE,
CONTINUATION
- Prioritisation,
Flow
Control,
Server
Push,
…
• Single
TCP
Connection
29
POST
/upload
HTTP/1.1
Host:
www.test.com
Content-­‐Type:
application/json
Content-­‐Length:
15
{“name”:“duke”}
HTTP
1.1 HTTP/2
HEADERS
frame
DATA
frame

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Length
(24)
Type
(8) Flags
(8)
R Stream
Identifier
(31)
Frame
Payload
(0
…)
Binary
Frames

31. Copyright
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HTTP/2
Binary
Framing
GET
/index.html
HTTP/1.1
Host:
example.com
Accept:
text/html
Example
1
HEADERS
+
END_STREAM
+
END_HEADERS
:method:
GET
:scheme:
http
:path:
/index.html
:authority:
example.org
accept:
text/html

32. Copyright
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HTTP/2
Binary
Framing
HTTP/1.1
200
OK
Content-­‐Length:
11
Content-­‐Type:
text/html
Hello
World
Example
2
HEADERS
-­‐
END_STREAM
+
END_HEADERS
:status:
200
content-­‐length:
11
content-­‐type:
text/html
DATA
+
END_STREAM
Hello
World

33. Copyright
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Multiplexing

34. Copyright
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affiliates.
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rights
reserved. 34 @delabassee
Stream
Prioritization
• Stream
Dependency
in
HEADERS
Frame
• PRIORITY
frame
type
• An
additional
40
bytes
- Stream
id
(31)
- Weight
(8):
[1,
256]
- Exclusive
bit
(1)
• Only
an
advice
A
B C
4 12
A
B CD
4 16 12
exclusive
=
0
A
B C
D
4 12
16
exclusive
=
1

35. Copyright
©
2015,
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and/or
its
affiliates.
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rights
reserved. @delabassee#HTTP/2
Server
Push
/index.html
stream
1
/style.css
stream
2
/logo.gif
stream
4
Client Server
stream
1
HEADERS
stream
1
DATA
stream
2
PROMISE
stream
4
PROMISE
• No
JavaScript
API!

36. Copyright
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its
affiliates.
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rights
reserved. 36 @delabassee
Header
Compression
HPack

37. Copyright
©
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and/or
its
affiliates.
All
rights
reserved. 37 @delabassee
Upgrade
from
HTTP
1.1
• HTTP
- Port
80
- HTTP
Upgrade
to
“h2c”
(101
Switching
Protocol)
• HTTPS
(*)
- Application
Layer
Protocol
Negotiation
(ALPN)
- Next
Protocol
Negotiation
(NPN)
(*)
TLS
is
not
mandatory

38. Copyright
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2015,
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and/or
its
affiliates.
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rights
reserved. 38 @delabassee

39. Copyright
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rights
reserved. 39 @delabassee

40. Copyright
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rights
reserved.
40

41. Copyright
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rights
reserved. @delabassee
Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
Summary

42. Copyright
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its
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rights
reserved. @delabassee
Java
9
Support
for
HTTP/2
• JEP
110
- http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/110
• Supports
both
HTTP
1.1
and
2
• Easy
to
use
API
• Covers
only
the
most
common
use
cases
• Synchronous
&
Asynchronous
42#HTTP/2

43. Copyright
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Java
9
HttpClient
client
=
HttpClient.create()
.sslContext(ctx)
.followRedirects(HttpRedirect.ALWAYS)
.executorService(…)
.build();
HttpRequest.Builder
builder
=
client.request(new
URI(target))
.body(noBody());
HttpResponse
response
=
builder.GET().send();
//
do
something
with
the
response…
43

44. Copyright
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rights
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Java
9
//
HttpRequest
builder
from
the
default
HttpClient
HttpResponse
response
=
HttpRequest.create(new
URI("http://www.abc.be"))
.send(HttpRequest.noBody());
String
responseBody
=
response.body(HttpResponse.asString());
response
=
HttpRequest.create(new
URI("http://www.abc.be"))
.body(fromString("param1=Abc"))
.post()
.send();
…
44

45. Copyright
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rights
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Java
9
HttpClient
cl
=
HttpClient.create()
.proxy("http",proxAd).proxy("https",
proxAd)
.sslContext(ctx)
.build();
CompletableFuture<String>
compFut
=
cl.request(uri)
.body(noBody())
.GET()
.sendAsync()
.thenCompose((HttpResponse
response)
-­‐>
{
return
response.bodyAsync(asString());
});
String
body
=
compFut.get(5,
TimeUnit.SECONDS);
…
45

46. Copyright
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Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
Summary

47. Copyright
©
2015,
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and/or
its
affiliates.
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rights
reserved. 47 @delabassee
• Request/Response
multiplexing
• Binary
Framing
• Stream
Prioritization
• Server
Push
• Header
Compression
• Upgrade
from
HTTP
1.1
– ALPN
– 101
Switching
Protocols
HTTP/2

48. Copyright
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rights
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• Request/Response
Multiplexing
• Binary
Framing
• Stream
Prioritization
• Server
Push
• Header
Compression
• Upgrade
from
HTTP
1.1
– ALPN
– 101
Switching
Protocols
Features
to
be
Exposed
in
the
Servlet
API
Servlet
4

49. Copyright
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• Push
resource
to
client
for
a
given
url
and
headers
• May
add
callback
for
completion
or
error
of
a
push
• Not
a
replacement
for
WebSocket
Servlet
4.0
-­‐
Server
Push

50. Copyright
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affiliates.
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rights
reserved.
PushBuilder
builder = baseRequest.getPushBuilder();
builder.addHeader(“X-Pusher", …);
builder.path(aResource)
.etag(associated._etag)
.lastModified(associated._lastModified)
.push();
50
Server
Push

51. Copyright
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Agenda
Why
HTTP/2?
HTTP/2
HTTP/2
and
Java
SE
HTTP/2
and
Java
EE
Summary

52. Copyright
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rights
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HTTP/2
• Address
the
Limitations
of
HTTP
1.x
- Improve
ressources
utilization,
performance,
reduce
latency
• “Compatible”
with
HTTP
1.1
- Retain
HTTP
1.1
semantics
- Define
interaction
with
HTTP
1.1
- Undo
your
HTTP
1.1
tricks!!
• “TLS
not
mandatory”
52
Hypertext
Transfer
Protocol
version
2
&
HPACK

53. Copyright
©
2015,
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and/or
its
affiliates.
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rights
reserved. @delabassee
HTTP/2
and
Java
• JEP
110
brings
HTTP/2
to
Java
SE
• Servlet
4.0
brings
HTTP/2
to
Java
EE
- Expose
key
features
to
the
API
• Server
Push
• Stream
Prioritization
• HTTP
1.1
upgrade
• Timing
TBC!
53
Plans

54. Copyright
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rights
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‫ﺍ‬‫ﺷﻜﺮ‬

55. Copyright
©
2015,
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its
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rights
reserved. @delabassee#HTTP/2
Resources
(and
credits)
• http://http2.github.io
• http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000545/ch12.html
• https://java.net/projects/servlet-­‐spec/
• http://glassfish.org/adoptajsr
• http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/110
55

56. Copyright
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rights
reserved. 56