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Training principles
1.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Training principles, methodsTraining principles, methods of training and exerciseof training and exercise physiology knowledge forphysiology knowledge for application in physicalapplication in physical activity.activity. SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN KOTA SUKABUMI Program Study S1 Keperawatan https://stikeskotasukabumi.wordpress.com
2.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Improving performanceImproving performance in a physical activityin a physical activity To improve performance in a physicalTo improve performance in a physical activity an effective training program isactivity an effective training program is required.required. There are many components that mustThere are many components that must be considered in the planning of abe considered in the planning of a program if improvement is to occur.program if improvement is to occur.
3.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited What is our focus inWhat is our focus in this modulethis module Training principlesTraining principles Methods of trainingMethods of training Exercise physiologyExercise physiology Note: there are many more relevant components e.gNote: there are many more relevant components e.g biophysical aspects such as skill acquisition, anatomy,biophysical aspects such as skill acquisition, anatomy, biomechanics, sports psychology as well as sociobiomechanics, sports psychology as well as socio cultural such as barriers, enablers etc…However, thesecultural such as barriers, enablers etc…However, these three are the focus of this module.three are the focus of this module.
4.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Training PrinciplesTraining Principles Training is a systematic process in whichTraining is a systematic process in which athletes improve their fitness to meet theathletes improve their fitness to meet the demands of their sport/activity. Training isdemands of their sport/activity. Training is a long-term process that is progressivea long-term process that is progressive and meets the individual at their level ofand meets the individual at their level of fitness and conditioning. Training usesfitness and conditioning. Training uses both general and event-specificboth general and event-specific exercises to develop individuals for theirexercises to develop individuals for their sport. Training is a cyclical process: tearsport. Training is a cyclical process: tear down, recovery, super-compensation anddown, recovery, super-compensation and buildup (adaptation).buildup (adaptation).
5.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Training PrinciplesTraining Principles When we train, we do specific damage toWhen we train, we do specific damage to some cells, and use up cellular resourcessome cells, and use up cellular resources (fuel, water, salts). When you finish your(fuel, water, salts). When you finish your workout, you are weaker, not stronger.workout, you are weaker, not stronger. How much weaker depends on theHow much weaker depends on the amount and intensity of the exercise.amount and intensity of the exercise. After the training session, if the body isAfter the training session, if the body is given proper rest and food, the body willgiven proper rest and food, the body will adjust to super-compensate and prepareadjust to super-compensate and prepare for the next stress/session.for the next stress/session.
6.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited SpecificitySpecificity The specific nature of a training producesThe specific nature of a training produces its own specific response andits own specific response and adaptations.adaptations. The training must be specific to both theThe training must be specific to both the individual and the demands of theirindividual and the demands of their sport/activity.sport/activity. Training should use specific patterns ofTraining should use specific patterns of joint and muscle coordination that arejoint and muscle coordination that are used in the sport/activity.used in the sport/activity.
7.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited SpecificitySpecificity Specific components of fitness that areSpecific components of fitness that are used in the sport/activity should beused in the sport/activity should be trained.trained. The programme should also use theThe programme should also use the specific energy system/s that are used inspecific energy system/s that are used in the sport/activity.the sport/activity.
8.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Health related fitnessHealth related fitness componentscomponents Body CompositionBody Composition Cardio-respiratory EnduranceCardio-respiratory Endurance Muscular StrengthMuscular Strength Muscular EnduranceMuscular Endurance FlexibilityFlexibility
9.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Body CompositionBody Composition Relative amounts ofRelative amounts of muscle, fat, bone,muscle, fat, bone, and other vital partsand other vital parts of the body.of the body. ThereThere are three generalare three general classifications ofclassifications of body type.body type.
10.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited EndomorphsEndomorphs:: EndomorphsEndomorphs: A predominantly: A predominantly endomorphic individual typically hasendomorphic individual typically has short arms and legs, as well as a largeshort arms and legs, as well as a large amount of mass on their shorter thanamount of mass on their shorter than normal frame. This hampers their abilitynormal frame. This hampers their ability to compete in sports requiring high levelsto compete in sports requiring high levels of agility or speed. Sports of pureof agility or speed. Sports of pure strength, like power lifting, are perfect forstrength, like power lifting, are perfect for an endomorph.an endomorph. http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htmhttp://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htm
11.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited MesomorphsMesomorphs Mesomorphs:Mesomorphs: A predominantlyA predominantly mesomorphic individual excels inmesomorphic individual excels in strength, agility, and speed sports. Theirstrength, agility, and speed sports. Their medium structure and height, along withmedium structure and height, along with their tendency to gain muscle andtheir tendency to gain muscle and strength easily makes them a strongstrength easily makes them a strong candidate for a top athlete in any sport.candidate for a top athlete in any sport. http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htm
12.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited EctomorphsEctomorphs EctomorphsEctomorphs: A predominantly: A predominantly endomorphic individual is long, slenderendomorphic individual is long, slender and thin, and therefore power andand thin, and therefore power and strength sports are almost totally out ofstrength sports are almost totally out of the question. Their slight build alsothe question. Their slight build also leaves them susceptible to injuries. Whileleaves them susceptible to injuries. While they can easily get lean and hard, theirthey can easily get lean and hard, their lack of musculature severely limits theirlack of musculature severely limits their chances in sports requiring mass.chances in sports requiring mass. Typically, Ectomorphs dominateTypically, Ectomorphs dominate endurance sports.endurance sports. http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htmhttp://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htm
13.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Cardio-respiratoryCardio-respiratory EnduranceEndurance The ability of theThe ability of the circulatory andcirculatory and respiratory systemsrespiratory systems to supply fuelto supply fuel during sustainedduring sustained physical activityphysical activity and to eliminateand to eliminate fatigue productsfatigue products after supplying fuel.after supplying fuel.
14.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Muscular StrengthMuscular Strength Muscular strengthMuscular strength is the ability of ais the ability of a muscle to exertmuscle to exert force. Strength isforce. Strength is measured by themeasured by the maximal amount ofmaximal amount of resistance or forceresistance or force that can bethat can be sustained in onesustained in one single effort.single effort.
15.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Muscular EnduranceMuscular Endurance MuscularMuscular Endurance is theEndurance is the amount of externalamount of external force that a muscleforce that a muscle can exert over ancan exert over an extended period ofextended period of time.time.
16.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited FlexibilityFlexibility The absolute rangeThe absolute range of movement in aof movement in a joint or series ofjoint or series of joints that isjoints that is attainable in aattainable in a momentary effortmomentary effort with the help of awith the help of a partner or a piece ofpartner or a piece of equipment. Flexibilityequipment. Flexibility is either staticis either static (stationary) or(stationary) or dynamic (moving).dynamic (moving).
17.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Skill related fitnessSkill related fitness componentscomponents PowerPower SpeedSpeed AgilityAgility BalanceBalance Co-ordinationCo-ordination Reaction TimeReaction Time
18.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited PowerPower Power is the amountPower is the amount of work done orof work done or energy transferredenergy transferred per unit of time.per unit of time. Muscular power isMuscular power is the ability to usethe ability to use strength quickly tostrength quickly to produce an explosiveproduce an explosive effort.effort.
19.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited SpeedSpeed Speed relates to theSpeed relates to the ability to perform aability to perform a movement within amovement within a short time period.short time period.
20.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited AgilityAgility Agility is the abilityAgility is the ability to rapidly changeto rapidly change the position of thethe position of the entire body inentire body in space with speedspace with speed and accuracy.and accuracy.
21.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited BalanceBalance Balance is the abilityBalance is the ability to maintainto maintain equilibrium whileequilibrium while static (stationary) orstatic (stationary) or dynamic (moving).dynamic (moving).
22.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Co-ordinationCo-ordination Co-ordination is theCo-ordination is the ability for the body’sability for the body’s senses, the nervoussenses, the nervous system and musclessystem and muscles to work together soto work together so that specificthat specific movements can bemovements can be performed smoothlyperformed smoothly and accurately.and accurately.
23.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Reaction timeReaction time The time it takes forThe time it takes for the body to react to athe body to react to a stimulus.stimulus.
24.
Copyright © 2006
PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited ENERGY SYSTEMSENERGY SYSTEMS During exercise production of ATP depends upon the Energy SystemDuring exercise production of ATP depends upon the Energy System being used. This is in turn dependent on the intensity and duration ofbeing used. This is in turn dependent on the intensity and duration of the exercise:the exercise: ANAEROBIC / ATP-CPANAEROBIC / ATP-CP ANAEROBIC / LACTIC ACIDANAEROBIC / LACTIC ACID AEROBICAEROBIC (Anaerobic Glycolysis)(Anaerobic Glycolysis) (Aerobic Glycolysis)(Aerobic Glycolysis) Very rapidVery rapid RapidRapid SlowSlow Chemical fuel: PCChemical fuel: PC Food fuel: glycogenFood fuel: glycogen FoodFood fuels:fuels:glycogen,glycogen, fats,fats, and proteinand protein Very limited ATPVery limited ATP Limited ATP productionLimited ATP production Unlimited ATPUnlimited ATP Prod.Prod. ProductionProduction Muscular stores limitedMuscular stores limited By-product, lactic acid,By-product, lactic acid, No fatiguingNo fatiguing by-prod.by-prod. causes muscular fatigue Produces H20,causes muscular fatigue Produces H20, CO2, heatCO2, heat Used with sprint or anyUsed with sprint or any Used with activities ofUsed with activities of Used withUsed withAdapted from (VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)Adapted from (VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)
25.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited ATPATP
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Anaerobic glycolysisAnaerobic glycolysis
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Aerobic GlycolysisAerobic Glycolysis
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Energy systemsEnergy systems There is a relationship between theThere is a relationship between the energy systems and the graph on theenergy systems and the graph on the next slide shows the overlap between thenext slide shows the overlap between the systems. Highly trained athletes havesystems. Highly trained athletes have increased efficiency of each of theincreased efficiency of each of the energy systems and this enables a fasterenergy systems and this enables a faster transition between each energy system.transition between each energy system.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Oxygen consumptionOxygen consumption
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Examples of theExamples of the overlap of energyoverlap of energy systemssystems ATP- CP ANAEROBICATP- CP ANAEROBIC AEROBICAEROBIC EXAMPLESEXAMPLES 100%100% 0%0% 0%0% Diving, jumps, throwsDiving, jumps, throws 80%80% 20%20% 0%0% Basketball, baseball, fencing, judoBasketball, baseball, fencing, judo 60%60% 20%20% 20%20% Figure skating, soccer, tennisFigure skating, soccer, tennis 0%0% 20%20% 80%80% Slalom skiing, 1500m run, 500m kayakSlalom skiing, 1500m run, 500m kayak 0%0% 10%10% 90%90% 3000m run, 800m swim, 5000m skate3000m run, 800m swim, 5000m skate 0%0% 5%5% 95%95% 10,000M skate, 10,000 run10,000M skate, 10,000 run 0%0% 1%1% 99%99% Road cycling, biathlon, marathonRoad cycling, biathlon, marathon 0%0% 0%0% 10%10% shooting, bowls, drivingshooting, bowls, driving
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited SpecificitySpecificity Therefore when trying to improveTherefore when trying to improve performance it is important to considerperformance it is important to consider training the relevant components oftraining the relevant components of fitness and energy systems. This willfitness and energy systems. This will differ according to the sport/physicaldiffer according to the sport/physical activity that you are training in youractivity that you are training in your programme.programme.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited AdaptationAdaptation One important consideration inOne important consideration in planning an exercise program is thatplanning an exercise program is that conditioning will occur only withconditioning will occur only with regular exercise (frequency). Thisregular exercise (frequency). This principal is referred to as the principleprincipal is referred to as the principle of adaptation which means that onlyof adaptation which means that only regular exercise produces physicalregular exercise produces physical gains. Adaptation depends ongains. Adaptation depends on challenging the physical capabilitychallenging the physical capability beyond a minimum threshold level.beyond a minimum threshold level.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited OverloadOverload If the appropriate type and amount ofIf the appropriate type and amount of activity is in excess of this thresholdactivity is in excess of this threshold level, a training overload is incurredlevel, a training overload is incurred and physiological gain usually occurs.and physiological gain usually occurs. Regular overloading can lead toRegular overloading can lead to increased function and the trainingincreased function and the training workload needs to be increased toworkload needs to be increased to ensure overload and progress whenensure overload and progress when the fitness level improves.the fitness level improves.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Progressive overloadProgressive overload The progression rate at the start of anThe progression rate at the start of an exercise program needs to be gradualexercise program needs to be gradual to best ensure fitness benefits. Fitnessto best ensure fitness benefits. Fitness should improve only when theshould improve only when the appropriate amount of overload isappropriate amount of overload is progressively increased. This principleprogressively increased. This principle is referred to as the principle ofis referred to as the principle of progressive overload. Overload can beprogressive overload. Overload can be an increase in Frequency, Intensity,an increase in Frequency, Intensity, Distance or Time (duration). To ensureDistance or Time (duration). To ensure efficiency only one variable should beefficiency only one variable should be changed at a time.changed at a time.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited ReversibilityReversibility (detraining)(detraining) When exercise stops the physicalWhen exercise stops the physical gains can regress to pre-traininggains can regress to pre-training levels (regression/reversibility).levels (regression/reversibility). Aerobic endurance losses are quickerAerobic endurance losses are quicker than strength (power) losses.than strength (power) losses. Basically,Basically, ““If you don’t use it you lose it”.If you don’t use it you lose it”.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Overtraining/RetrogressiOvertraining/Retrogressi onon Retrogression refers to an excessiveRetrogression refers to an excessive training overload wheretraining overload where improvements have slowed.improvements have slowed. Retrogression can occur with highlyRetrogression can occur with highly intense single exercise bouts (acuteintense single exercise bouts (acute overload) over extended time periods.overload) over extended time periods. Excessive overload over time isExcessive overload over time is commonly referred to as chroniccommonly referred to as chronic overload.overload.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Periodisation/trainingPeriodisation/training yearyear The year can be divided into 12 monthsThe year can be divided into 12 months of training. Obviously if the season isof training. Obviously if the season is shorter, the following principles areshorter, the following principles are applied but over a shorter time period.applied but over a shorter time period. The first month is the month immediatelyThe first month is the month immediately after the end of the season. Usually theafter the end of the season. Usually the targeted or peak competition concludestargeted or peak competition concludes the sports season. Therefore, month 12the sports season. Therefore, month 12 should be the peak competition, theshould be the peak competition, the national championships, the regionalnational championships, the regional championship or the Worldchampionship or the World Championships.Championships.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Periodisation/trainingPeriodisation/training yearyear The coach should decide on the peakThe coach should decide on the peak competition for each athlete and countcompetition for each athlete and count backwards to establish the number of thebackwards to establish the number of the relevant months of training. If the nationalrelevant months of training. If the national or world championships is the peakor world championships is the peak competition and it is in September, thencompetition and it is in September, then October is month one. This programOctober is month one. This program divides the year into six main phases.divides the year into six main phases.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Periodisation-examplePeriodisation-example PhasePhase AimAim MonthMonth Recovery periodRecovery period Active recoveryActive recovery Month 1Month 1 Early preparationEarly preparation periodperiod General strength andGeneral strength and enduranceendurance Months 2 and 3Months 2 and 3 Preparation periodPreparation period Maximum strength andMaximum strength and general endurancegeneral endurance Months 4 and 5Months 4 and 5 Pre-CompetitionPre-Competition periodperiod Maximum strength andMaximum strength and specific endurancespecific endurance Months 6 and 7Months 6 and 7 Early competitionEarly competition periodperiod Specific endurance andSpecific endurance and sport techniquesport technique Months 8 and 9Months 8 and 9 Peak competitionPeak competition periodperiod Race/match prep andRace/match prep and peak performancepeak performance Months 10 through 12Months 10 through 12 http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/articles/scni19a2.htm
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited F.I.T.T PrincipleF.I.T.T Principle FrequencyFrequency IntensityIntensity Time (duration)Time (duration) Type (methods of training)Type (methods of training)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited FrequencyFrequency FrequencyFrequency.. The minimum number ofThe minimum number of workouts for cardio respiratoryworkouts for cardio respiratory improvement is 3 times weekly with noimprovement is 3 times weekly with no more than two days between exercisemore than two days between exercise sessions. You should graduallysessions. You should gradually progress to 5 days per week as yourprogress to 5 days per week as your fitness level improves. The benefits offitness level improves. The benefits of exercising beyond 5 days per week canexercising beyond 5 days per week can be negated by an increased injury risk.be negated by an increased injury risk. If you should exercise five days perIf you should exercise five days per week, it is important to lower exerciseweek, it is important to lower exercise intensity.intensity.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited FrequencyFrequency To improve strength, power and speedTo improve strength, power and speed has an ideal frequency of 3-5 days perhas an ideal frequency of 3-5 days per week. Therefore it is important inweek. Therefore it is important in planning programmes to ensure youplanning programmes to ensure you know which components of fitness areknow which components of fitness are your focus to ensure gains can be made.your focus to ensure gains can be made.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited IntensityIntensity Training intensity refers to how hard eachTraining intensity refers to how hard each training session will be. Intensitytraining session will be. Intensity measurement is dependant on the typemeasurement is dependant on the type of training used. It can be measured byof training used. It can be measured by heart rate or by resistance levels. We willheart rate or by resistance levels. We will look at both of these separately.look at both of these separately.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Time (duration)Time (duration) Duration can be used for the length of aDuration can be used for the length of a training session or the length of a trainingtraining session or the length of a training programme. The minimum length of aprogramme. The minimum length of a training programme for improvement is 6training programme for improvement is 6 weeks. However, for real benefits to beweeks. However, for real benefits to be seen aerobic programmes should last forseen aerobic programmes should last for 12 weeks and anaerobic programmes12 weeks and anaerobic programmes should last 8-10 weeks.should last 8-10 weeks.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Time (duration)Time (duration) In terms of the length of sessions thisIn terms of the length of sessions this should be taken into consideration whenshould be taken into consideration when using the principle of progressiveusing the principle of progressive overload. Therefore duration ofoverload. Therefore duration of individuals sessions can increase over aindividuals sessions can increase over a programme (particularly with aerobicprogramme (particularly with aerobic training).training).
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Type of trainingType of training This refers to the methods of trainingThis refers to the methods of training being implemented in a trainingbeing implemented in a training programme eg continuous training, circuitprogramme eg continuous training, circuit training etc… We will look at thesetraining etc… We will look at these separately. It can also refer to actual typeseparately. It can also refer to actual type of activity eg running, cycling, swimmingof activity eg running, cycling, swimming etc…etc…
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Intensity by HeartIntensity by Heart RateRate Intensity of training can be measured byIntensity of training can be measured by a % of MHR (maximum heart rate).a % of MHR (maximum heart rate). For training the aerobic systems theFor training the aerobic systems the target heart rate is approx 70-85% oftarget heart rate is approx 70-85% of MHR.MHR. For training the anaerobic systems theFor training the anaerobic systems the target heart rate is approx 85-100%target heart rate is approx 85-100% MHR.MHR.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Putting it all together-Putting it all together- by heart rateby heart rate Training AspectTraining Aspect Endurance (aerobic)Endurance (aerobic) trainingtraining Sprint (anaerobic)Sprint (anaerobic) trainingtraining FrequencyFrequency 4-7 days/week4-7 days/week 3-5 days/week3-5 days/week IntensityIntensity Heart Rate: 70-85%Heart Rate: 70-85% MHRMHR Heart rate:85-100%Heart rate:85-100% MHRMHR Sessions per daySessions per day 11 11 DurationDuration 12-16 weeks or12-16 weeks or longerlonger 8-10 weeks8-10 weeks Distance/workoutDistance/workout 5-8km5-8km 3-4km3-4km (VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)(VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Intensity byIntensity by resistance.resistance. Intensity can also be measured byIntensity can also be measured by resistance. It is measured against yourresistance. It is measured against your repetition maximum (RM). Eg 1RM is therepetition maximum (RM). Eg 1RM is the maximum you can lift in one rep. 10RM ismaximum you can lift in one rep. 10RM is the maximum you can lift in 10 reps. Thisthe maximum you can lift in 10 reps. This differs depending on what you arediffers depending on what you are training eg strength, power etc…training eg strength, power etc…
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Putting it all together-Putting it all together- by resistance.by resistance. FitnessFitness ComponentComponent WeightWeight 1RM or1RM or RMRM RepsReps SetsSets SpeedSpeed RestRest betweenbetween SetsSets FrequencyFrequency per weekper week StrengthStrength VeryVery Heavy 80-Heavy 80- 95% or 2-95% or 2- 6 RM6 RM 2-62-6 5-125-12 SlowSlow 3-5mins3-5mins 3-43-4 HypertrophyHypertrophy (bulk)(bulk) Heavy 70-Heavy 70- 80% or 6-80% or 6- 12 RM12 RM 6-126-12 3-103-10 SlowSlow 1-3mins1-3mins 3-63-6 PowerPower MediumMedium 60-80%60-80% or 8-20or 8-20 RMRM 2-102-10 3-83-8 FastFast 3-5mins3-5mins 3-43-4 EnduranceEndurance Light 40-Light 40- 60% or60% or 20-40 RM20-40 RM 15-4015-40 2-52-5 FastFast 1-3mins1-3mins 3-63-6 (VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)(VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited VarietyVariety Variety adds spice to your programme,Variety adds spice to your programme, and helps you to stay motivated. You caand helps you to stay motivated. You ca do this by varying…do this by varying… How you train (Methods)How you train (Methods) Where you trainWhere you train How hard you train (Intensity)How hard you train (Intensity) Who you train withWho you train with
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Acute and chronicAcute and chronic effects of exercise.effects of exercise. These are physiological changes thatThese are physiological changes that occur in response to the demands ofoccur in response to the demands of exercise. Acute effects are thoseexercise. Acute effects are those responses that occur while you areresponses that occur while you are exercising and in the recovery period.exercising and in the recovery period. Chronic effects are long term adaptationsChronic effects are long term adaptations that take at least 6 weeks to occur.that take at least 6 weeks to occur.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Acute effects of exerciseAcute effects of exercise on the bodyon the body (Immediate)(Immediate)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased Heart RateIncreased Heart Rate When you exerciseWhen you exercise your heart rateyour heart rate (beats per minute)(beats per minute) increases to increaseincreases to increase the supply of oxygenthe supply of oxygen to your workingto your working muscles.muscles.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased RespirationIncreased Respiration RateRate Respiratory rate is theRespiratory rate is the number of breathsnumber of breaths taken in one minute.taken in one minute. During exerciseDuring exercise amounts of carbonamounts of carbon dioxide increases as itdioxide increases as it is a waste productis a waste product and the respiratoryand the respiratory rate increases torate increases to increase oxygen andincrease oxygen and decrease carbondecrease carbon dioxide.dioxide.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased StrokeIncreased Stroke VolumeVolume Stroke volume is theStroke volume is the amount of bloodamount of blood pumped out of yourpumped out of your left ventricle withleft ventricle with each beat of theeach beat of the heart. This increasesheart. This increases to increase oxygento increase oxygen supply to workingsupply to working muscles.muscles.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased CardiacIncreased Cardiac Output-QOutput-Q Cardiac output is theCardiac output is the amount of bloodamount of blood pumped out of thepumped out of the left ventricle in 1left ventricle in 1 minute.minute. Q=stroke volume xQ=stroke volume x heart rate.heart rate. Q=SV x HRQ=SV x HR
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased VOIncreased VO22 Oxygen uptake (VOOxygen uptake (VO22)) is the amount ofis the amount of oxygen that is takenoxygen that is taken up and used by theup and used by the body to producebody to produce energy.energy.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased TidalIncreased Tidal VolumeVolume Tidal volume is theTidal volume is the size of each breathsize of each breath and this increasesand this increases with exercise as thewith exercise as the body tries to increasebody tries to increase oxygen flow to theoxygen flow to the blood.blood.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased SystolicIncreased Systolic Blood PressureBlood Pressure Systolic bloodSystolic blood pressure is thepressure is the pressure as the leftpressure as the left ventricle ejects bloodventricle ejects blood into the aorta. Diastolicinto the aorta. Diastolic is the pressure in theis the pressure in the arteries. Only thearteries. Only the systolic pressuresystolic pressure increases duringincreases during exercise.exercise.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased Arterio-Increased Arterio- venous Ovenous O22 differencedifference This is the differenceThis is the difference between the Obetween the O22 concentration in theconcentration in the arteries and in thearteries and in the veins. As more Oveins. As more O22 isis used during exerciseused during exercise this differencethis difference increases.increases.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased Blood toIncreased Blood to working musclesworking muscles Due to increasedDue to increased need for O2 duringneed for O2 during exercise blood isexercise blood is distributed moredistributed more where it is required inwhere it is required in working muscles.working muscles.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Decreased muscleDecreased muscle Glycogen storesGlycogen stores Muscle glycogenMuscle glycogen stores are decreasedstores are decreased while exercising aswhile exercising as they are being usedthey are being used by the body forby the body for energy production.energy production.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Decreased bloodDecreased blood plasma volumeplasma volume Due to increasedDue to increased sweating, the bloodsweating, the blood plasma volumeplasma volume usually decreasesusually decreases during strenuousduring strenuous exercise and hotexercise and hot weather.weather.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Chronic Effects ofChronic Effects of exercise on the bodyexercise on the body (Long Term)(Long Term)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited More efficient use ofMore efficient use of OO22 because…because…
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased BloodIncreased Blood Volume andVolume and haemoglobin levelshaemoglobin levels Training stimulatesTraining stimulates an increase inan increase in plasma volume asplasma volume as well as in the numberwell as in the number of red blood cellsof red blood cells (and therefore(and therefore haemoglobin thathaemoglobin that carries Ocarries O2.2.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased OIncreased O22 carryingcarrying capacity of bloodcapacity of blood This is due to theThis is due to the increase in plasma,increase in plasma, haemoglobin as wellhaemoglobin as well as increases in bloodas increases in blood vessels etc…andvessels etc…and overall greateroverall greater efficiency.efficiency.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Lungs can take in andLungs can take in and distribute more Odistribute more O22 Increased VOIncreased VO22 Max.Max. This occurs due toThis occurs due to increased tidalincreased tidal volume as well asvolume as well as improved ability toimproved ability to attract Oattract O22 from thefrom the alveoli onto the redalveoli onto the red blood cells.blood cells.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased number ofIncreased number of blood vesselsblood vessels Efficiency is alsoEfficiency is also improved as theimproved as the number of bloodnumber of blood vessels is increased.vessels is increased. Particularly theParticularly the capillaries wherecapillaries where gaseous exchangegaseous exchange takes place.takes place.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased blood supplyIncreased blood supply as increasedas increased capillariescapillaries
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Cardiac HypertrophyCardiac Hypertrophy The size of the heartThe size of the heart increases. Forincreases. For endurance theendurance the chambers get largerchambers get larger (particularly the left(particularly the left ventricle) and for nonventricle) and for non endurance theendurance the thickness of thethickness of the ventricle wallsventricle walls increases.increases.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Decreased restingDecreased resting heart rateheart rate Your resting heartYour resting heart rate decreases withrate decreases with fitness due to greaterfitness due to greater efficiency of systems.efficiency of systems.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased StrokeIncreased Stroke volume at restvolume at rest The heart developsThe heart develops larger chamberslarger chambers and/or thicker wallsand/or thicker walls and improvedand improved efficiency. Thereforeefficiency. Therefore the stroke volumethe stroke volume increases and thisincreases and this relates to therelates to the decrease in restingdecrease in resting heart rate.heart rate.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited More glycogen storedMore glycogen stored in musclein muscle Greater amounts ofGreater amounts of fuel are stored forfuel are stored for use in enduranceuse in endurance events. (For non-events. (For non- endurance ATP andendurance ATP and CP stores areCP stores are increased.increased.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased size ofIncreased size of musclemuscle In non-enduranceIn non-endurance athletes the size ofathletes the size of the muscle isthe muscle is increased due toincreased due to hypertrophy of fasthypertrophy of fast twitch fibres, intwitch fibres, in endurance twitchendurance twitch fibres, increasedfibres, increased numbers ofnumbers of capillaries, increasedcapillaries, increased strength in connectivestrength in connective tissues eg tendons,tissues eg tendons, ligaments.ligaments.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Increased strength ofIncreased strength of musclemuscle In non-enduranceIn non-endurance athletes the size ofathletes the size of the muscle isthe muscle is increased due toincreased due to hypertrophy of fasthypertrophy of fast twitch fibres,twitch fibres, increased numbersincreased numbers of capillaries,of capillaries, increased strength inincreased strength in connective tissuesconnective tissues eg tendons,eg tendons, ligaments.ligaments.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Effects of exerciseEffects of exercise When completing a training programmeWhen completing a training programme both acute and chronic effects ofboth acute and chronic effects of exercise should be monitored this is partexercise should be monitored this is part of ensuring that improvements areof ensuring that improvements are measurable. This can occur through goalmeasurable. This can occur through goal setting. Goal setting for programmessetting. Goal setting for programmes should follow the S.M.A.R.T principle.should follow the S.M.A.R.T principle.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited S.M.A.R.T GOALSS.M.A.R.T GOALS
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited S.M.A.R.T GoalsS.M.A.R.T Goals These may relate to acute and chronicThese may relate to acute and chronic effects of exercise and what you areeffects of exercise and what you are trying to improve or it may relate to whattrying to improve or it may relate to what fitness components you are trying tofitness components you are trying to improve. They could also involve longimprove. They could also involve long term achievement. However, these goalsterm achievement. However, these goals should be measurable. These goals willshould be measurable. These goals will only be achievable if the trainingonly be achievable if the training principles and methods of training areprinciples and methods of training are carefully considered.carefully considered.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Training Methods.Training Methods. There are various types of training thatThere are various types of training that can be used in a training programme.can be used in a training programme. These again will relate back to whatThese again will relate back to what components of fitness you have chosen/orcomponents of fitness you have chosen/or been given to develop. They will alsobeen given to develop. They will also depend on what energy systems you aredepend on what energy systems you are trying to develop. The following examplestrying to develop. The following examples are brief and research will need to occurare brief and research will need to occur into developing relevant exercises withininto developing relevant exercises within these methods.these methods.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Continuous TrainingContinuous Training Continuous exerciseContinuous exercise for minimum offor minimum of 20mins. Particularly20mins. Particularly for cardio-respiratoryfor cardio-respiratory endurance andendurance and muscular endurance.muscular endurance. Energy systemEnergy system predominantlypredominantly aerobic glycolysis.aerobic glycolysis.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Fartlek trainingFartlek training This is a type ofThis is a type of continuous trainingcontinuous training that includes bursts ofthat includes bursts of speed so that relevantspeed so that relevant energy systems areenergy systems are worked. Thereforeworked. Therefore cardio-respiratorycardio-respiratory endurance, muscularendurance, muscular endurance and speedendurance and speed are all developed.are all developed. This increases theThis increases the use of the anaerobicuse of the anaerobic glycolysis system asglycolysis system as well as aerobicwell as aerobic glycolysis.glycolysis.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Circuit trainingCircuit training A combination ofA combination of continuous and resistancecontinuous and resistance training. It can train atraining. It can train a variety of fitnessvariety of fitness components such ascomponents such as cardio-respiratorycardio-respiratory endurance, muscularendurance, muscular endurance, speed agilityendurance, speed agility etc… Therefore dependingetc… Therefore depending on how the circuit is set iton how the circuit is set it can work the aerobiccan work the aerobic glycolysis and anaerobicglycolysis and anaerobic glycolysis systems. It canglycolysis systems. It can be set up specifically tobe set up specifically to include sports skills andinclude sports skills and use of relevant muscleuse of relevant muscle groups etc…groups etc…
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Plyometric trainingPlyometric training Involves exercises suchInvolves exercises such as bounding, hopping,as bounding, hopping, jumping and medicinejumping and medicine ball passing.ball passing. Plyometrics helpsPlyometrics helps improve power andimprove power and explosiveness forexplosiveness for sports especially sportssports especially sports that involve jumping,that involve jumping, throwing and speed. Itthrowing and speed. It can train the ATP/CPcan train the ATP/CP system and thesystem and the anaerobic glycolysisanaerobic glycolysis sytems.sytems.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Swiss ball trainingSwiss ball training Was used at one stageWas used at one stage for rehabilitation.for rehabilitation. However benefits suchHowever benefits such as improved coreas improved core stability, prime moverstability, prime mover strength, balance,strength, balance, dynamic flexibility anddynamic flexibility and co-ordination haveco-ordination have increased use inincreased use in training programmes.training programmes. Depending on howDepending on how these exercises arethese exercises are used all three energyused all three energy systems can besystems can be trained.trained.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Resistance trainingResistance training Depending on use inDepending on use in a programme thisa programme this type of training cantype of training can develop, musculardevelop, muscular strength, power andstrength, power and endurance. See recapendurance. See recap on following slide.on following slide. Muscular enduranceMuscular endurance works the aerobicworks the aerobic glycolysis sytem whileglycolysis sytem while the other two work thethe other two work the ATP/CP andATP/CP and anaerobic glycolysisanaerobic glycolysis systems.systems.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Putting it all together-byPutting it all together-by resistance.resistance. FitnessFitness ComponentComponent WeightWeight 1RM or1RM or RMRM RepsReps SetsSets SpeedSpeed RestRest betweenbetween SetsSets FrequencyFrequency per weekper week StrengthStrength VeryVery Heavy 80-Heavy 80- 95% or 2-95% or 2- 6 RM6 RM 2-62-6 5-125-12 SlowSlow 3-5mins3-5mins 3-43-4 HypertrophyHypertrophy (bulk)(bulk) Heavy 70-Heavy 70- 80% or 6-80% or 6- 12 RM12 RM 6-126-12 3-103-10 SlowSlow 1-3mins1-3mins 3-63-6 PowerPower MediumMedium 60-80%60-80% or 8-20or 8-20 RMRM 2-102-10 3-83-8 FastFast 3-5mins3-5mins 3-43-4 EnduranceEndurance Light 40-Light 40- 60% or60% or 20-40 RM20-40 RM 15-4015-40 2-52-5 FastFast 1-3mins1-3mins 3-63-6 (VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)(VCE Physical Education Book 2-1999)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Flexibility trainingFlexibility training Used to improve your jointUsed to improve your joint and muscle flexibility. Thereand muscle flexibility. There are 2 major types of flexibilityare 2 major types of flexibility training.training. PNF (proprioceptivePNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)neuromuscular facilitation) where you take a muscle towhere you take a muscle to its maximum range, thenits maximum range, then contract the muscle againstcontract the muscle against an immovable resistance eg aan immovable resistance eg a partner.partner. Static (passive) stretchingStatic (passive) stretching whichwhich involves taking a muscle to itsinvolves taking a muscle to its greatest range and holding it for atgreatest range and holding it for at least 30 secs. Both types improveleast 30 secs. Both types improve flexibilty and work the aerobicflexibilty and work the aerobic glycolysis system.glycolysis system.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Interval-sprint trainingInterval-sprint training In this type of trainingIn this type of training work intervals arework intervals are followed by restfollowed by rest intervals. I t isintervals. I t is designed to improvedesigned to improve speed, power andspeed, power and agility. Short intervalagility. Short interval training works thetraining works the ATP/CP system andATP/CP system and long interval traininglong interval training works the anaerobicworks the anaerobic glycolysis system.glycolysis system.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Aerobic floor classesAerobic floor classes Aerobic floor classesAerobic floor classes are a type ofare a type of continuous training,continuous training, but also includebut also include callisthenic exercisescallisthenic exercises usually found in circuitusually found in circuit training it workstraining it works cardio –respiratorycardio –respiratory endurance, strength,endurance, strength, muscular endurance,muscular endurance, flexibility and agilityflexibility and agility and predominantlyand predominantly uses the aerobicuses the aerobic glycolysis system.glycolysis system.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Training principles,Training principles, methods of training andmethods of training and exercise physiology.exercise physiology. All of these topics interrelate and shouldAll of these topics interrelate and should be considered carefully when planning orbe considered carefully when planning or evaluating a programme. This is relevantevaluating a programme. This is relevant whether you are designing or have beenwhether you are designing or have been supplied with a programme. Looksupplied with a programme. Look carefully at the focus and intendedcarefully at the focus and intended outcomes of the programme in relation tooutcomes of the programme in relation to the specific activity sport or componentsthe specific activity sport or components that are being trained for.that are being trained for.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited ApplicationApplication In using the knowledge from this moduleIn using the knowledge from this module the application is just as important as thethe application is just as important as the knowledge. Examples of use of trainingknowledge. Examples of use of training principles, methods of training andprinciples, methods of training and exercise physiology knowledge is howexercise physiology knowledge is how these are all applied to your specificthese are all applied to your specific situation/sport/activity or component.situation/sport/activity or component. There is a separate power point onThere is a separate power point on application to physical activity.application to physical activity.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Critical thinking onCritical thinking on programmes.programmes. We must consider theWe must consider the limitations of thelimitations of the knowledge in thisknowledge in this module. Thismodule. This includes ideologiesincludes ideologies such as “healthism”.such as “healthism”.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited HealthismHealthism Healthism is a set ofHealthism is a set of assumptions basedassumptions based on the belief thaton the belief that health is solely anhealth is solely an individualindividual responsibility. Itresponsibility. It includes the conceptincludes the concept of the body as aof the body as a machine that ismachine that is influenced only byinfluenced only by physical factors.physical factors. (Health and Physical(Health and Physical Education. The curriculum inEducation. The curriculum in action. Making meaning:action. Making meaning: Making a difference. (2004)Making a difference. (2004)
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited Biophysical focus.Biophysical focus. This module has focused on theThis module has focused on the biophysical aspects of training forbiophysical aspects of training for performance improvement.performance improvement. It should be considered that all of thisIt should be considered that all of this does consider the body as a machinedoes consider the body as a machine and has not focused on theand has not focused on the environmental and social effects thatenvironmental and social effects that have influence on an individual.have influence on an individual.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited LimitationsLimitations Contained within what has come to beContained within what has come to be called the ideology of “healthism” is acalled the ideology of “healthism” is a system of beliefs that defines health-system of beliefs that defines health- promoting activities, such as involvementpromoting activities, such as involvement in some form of physical fitness program,in some form of physical fitness program, as aas a moralmoral obligation (Crawford, 1980).obligation (Crawford, 1980). http://www.rcscs.uottawa.ca/Employee Fitness Programs.pdf
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited LimitationsLimitations Perceptions of health and the body are aPerceptions of health and the body are a social construction. In contemporarysocial construction. In contemporary Western culture, physical and healthWestern culture, physical and health ideals are congruent and emphasizeideals are congruent and emphasize both slimness and muscularity, but do soboth slimness and muscularity, but do so differently for men and women.differently for men and women. http://www.rcscs.uottawa.ca/Employee Fitness Programs.pdf
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited LimitationsLimitations For women, slimness is believed to be anFor women, slimness is believed to be an unmistakable sign of self-restraint, andunmistakable sign of self-restraint, and discipline. The thin person is andiscipline. The thin person is an exemplar of mastery of mind over bodyexemplar of mastery of mind over body and virtuous self-denial (Crawford, 1984).and virtuous self-denial (Crawford, 1984). For men, muscular bulk carriesFor men, muscular bulk carries significant social value, so long as it issignificant social value, so long as it is not accompanied by visible fat. Fatnot accompanied by visible fat. Fat signified the loss of control, a moralsignified the loss of control, a moral failure, a sign of impulsiveness, self-failure, a sign of impulsiveness, self- indulgence and sloth.indulgence and sloth.http://www.rcscs.uottawa.ca/Employee Fitness Programs.pdf
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited LimitationsLimitations The real champions of the ideology ofThe real champions of the ideology of healthism have been the educatedhealthism have been the educated middle-class. Fitness and fitnessmiddle-class. Fitness and fitness education are geared towards theeducation are geared towards the middle-class who are predisposed tomiddle-class who are predisposed to regarding the body as a project to beregarding the body as a project to be managed and improved through self-managed and improved through self- improvement as an integral means toimprovement as an integral means to structure identity and social mobilitystructure identity and social mobility (Bourdieu, 1984; Crawford, 1984).(Bourdieu, 1984; Crawford, 1984).
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited LimitationsLimitations Programs have becomePrograms have become an exercise in humanan exercise in human engineering aimed atengineering aimed at transforming the humantransforming the human body into an efficient,body into an efficient, inexhaustible machine.inexhaustible machine. Like any finely tunedLike any finely tuned machine, it must bemachine, it must be managed, maintained,managed, maintained, conditioned, and fueled.conditioned, and fueled. http://www.rcscs.uottawa.ca/Employee Fitness Programs.pdf
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited How can we use theHow can we use the limitations in ourlimitations in our application.application. In writing our programmes we can useIn writing our programmes we can use different dimensions of hauora to developdifferent dimensions of hauora to develop our goals and outcomes. If we take intoour goals and outcomes. If we take into consideration Taha whanauconsideration Taha whanau (social/family), Taha hinengaro(social/family), Taha hinengaro (mental/emotional), Taha wairua(mental/emotional), Taha wairua (spiritual), as well as Taha tinana(spiritual), as well as Taha tinana (physical) and what these mean to us(physical) and what these mean to us individually then we are looking beyondindividually then we are looking beyond the body as a machine.the body as a machine.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited How can we use theHow can we use the limitations in ourlimitations in our application.application. We can also considerWe can also consider the barriers andthe barriers and enablers that mayenablers that may effect oureffect our programme. Theseprogramme. These will also be beyondwill also be beyond just the physical andjust the physical and will consider social,will consider social, environmental, andenvironmental, and cultural influences.cultural influences.
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PE ResourcesCopyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedLimited BibliographyBibliography WebsitesWebsites http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htmhttp://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/bodytype.htm BooksBooks http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/articles/scni19a2.htm http://www.rcscs.uottawa.ca/Employee Fitness Programs.pdf http://www.tki.org.nz/r/health/curriculum/statement/page8_e.phphttp://www.tki.org.nz/r/health/curriculum/statement/page8_e.php VCE Physical Education Book 2 (1999)VCE Physical Education Book 2 (1999)
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