1. Cardiorespiratory Adaptations to Training
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN KOTA SUKABUMI
Program Study S1 Keperawatan
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2. Cardiovascular Adaptations
From Aerobic Training
Increased cardiorespiratory endurance
Increased muscular endurance
Decreased VO2 at rest and submaximal exercise
IncreasedVO2 Max
Increased heart weight, volume, and chamber size
Increased left ventricle wall thickness “athletes heart”
Increased left ventricle EDV
Increased blood plasma
Increased Stroke Volume
from increased EDV and decreased ESV = increased EF
Frank-Starling law: elastic recoil of the ventricle
3. Cardiovascular Adaptations
From Aerobic Training
Decreased resting heart rate
from increased parasympathetic activity and decreased
sympathetic activity.
Decreased submaximal heart rate
Decreased maximum heart rate of elite athletes
if your heart rate is too fast the period of ventricular filling is
reduced and your stroke volume might be compromised.
the heart expends less energy by contracting less often but
more forcibly than it would by contracting more often.
Decreased Heart Rate Recovery
4. Cardiovascular Adaptations
From Aerobic Training
Maintained cardiac output at rest and submaximal
exercise
Increased cardiac output during maximal exercise
Increased blood flow to the muscles
increased capillarization of trained muscles
greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles
more effective blood redistribution
increased blood volume
decreased blood viscosity & increased oxygen delivery
Decreased resting blood pressure, but is unchanged
during exercise
from increased blood flow
5. Cardiovascular Adaptations
From Aerobic Training
Increased blood volume (blood plasma) and is greater
with more intense levels of training
increased release of antidiuretic hormone
increased plasma proteins which help retain blood fluid
increased red blood cell volume
decreased blood viscosity
6. Respiratory Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
Respiratory system functioning usually does not limit
performance because ventilation can be increased to
a greater extent than cardiovascular function.
Slight increase in Total lung Capacity
Slight decrease in Residual Lung Volume
Increased Tidal Volume at maximal exercise levels
Decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary
ventilation at rest and at submaximal exercise
(RR) decreases because of greater pulmonary efficiency
Increased respiratory rate and pulmonary ventilation
at maximal exercise levels
from increased tidal volume
7. Respiratory Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
Unchanged pulmonary diffusion
at rest and submaximal exercise.
Increased pulmonary diffusion
during maximal exercise.
from increased circulation and
increased ventilation
from more alveoli involved during
maximal exercise
8. Metabolic Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
Lactate threshold occurs at a higher percentage of
VO2 Max.
from a greater ability to clear lactate from the muscles
from an increase in skeletal muscle enzymes
Decreased Respiratory Exchange Ratio (ratio of
carbon dioxide released to oxygen consumed)
from a higher utilization of fatty acids instead of carbo’s
however, the RER increases from the ability to perform at
maximum levels of exercise for longer periods of time
because of high lactate tolerance.
Increased resting metabolic rate
Decreased VO2 during submaximal exercise
from a metabolic efficiency and mechanical efficiency
9. Metabolic Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
Large increases in VO2 Max
in mature athletes, the highest attainable VO2 Max is
reached within 8 to 18 months of heavy endurance
training.
VO2 Max is influenced by “training” in early
childhood.
from increased oxidative enzymes
from increased size and number of mitochondria
from increased blood volume, cardiac output & O2
diffusion
from increased capillary density
11. Cardiorespiratory
Adaptations From Resistance
Training
Small increase in left ventricle size
Decreased resting heart rate
Decreased submaximal heart rate
Decreased resting blood pressure is greater than from
endurance training
Resistance training has a positive effect on aerobic
endurance but aerobic endurance has a negative
effect on strength, speed and power.
muscular strength is decreased
reaction and movement times are decreased
agility and neuromuscular coordination are decreased
concentration and alterness are decreased
12. Factors Affecting the
Adaptation to Aerobic
Training
Heredity accounts for between 25% and 50% of the
variance in VO2 Max values.
Age-Related decreases in VO2 Max might partly
result from an age-related decrease in activity levels.
Gender plays a small role (10% difference) in the VO2
Max values of male and female endurance athletes.
There will be RESPONDERS (large improvement)
and NONRESPONDERS (little improvement) among
groups of people who experience identical training.
The greater the Specificity of Training for a given
sport or activity, the greater the improvement in
performance.
13. Applications to Exercise
Breathe Right nasal strips
active recovery
stretching before and after
intense exercise
smokers beware
resist the valsalva
exercise increases the quality
of life more than the
quantity of life
