Disaster risk reduction for linguists and translators, with some explanation of the nature and state of the field. And the challenges of multi-lingual settings.
4. "...to worry about what the term
'disaster' means is not to dedicate oneself
to an academic exercise without meaning.
Instead it is to focus in a fundamental
way on what should be considered
important and significant..."
(Quarantelli 1995)
5. "If scholars in the field cannot even
agree on the question of whether a
'disaster' is fundamentally a social
construction or a physical event, then
clearly the discipline has problems."
(Quarantelli, 1998)
13. Armed aggression
on the part of states
Civil defence
Natural disasters
Civil protection
Armed aggression
on the part of
groups of dissidents
"Homeland security"
(civil defence)
"Generic" disasters
"Civil contingencies"
(resilience)
18. IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
(employing resources)
MONITORING AND FEEDBACK
ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
& CORE VALUES
STRATEGIC
DECISIONS (finding
and committing resources)
TACTICAL DECISIONS
(allocating resources)
FLOW OF
DIRECTION AND
HARMONISATION
FLOW OF
EXPERIENCE
AND FIELD
INFORMATION
'Top-down' and
'bottom-up'
19. Command function principle:
command and control
model
Support function principle:
collaborative and cooperation
model
Information
technology
Management
decisions
20. Emergency management:
an evolutionary approach
Proxy Participatory
Civil defence...............Civil protection
Command and control
Vertical chain
of command
Population excluded
Law and order
Secrecy
Collaboration
Task forces
Population consulted
and included
Problem solving
Openness
25. Diffusion of information
Perceptual filter
Cultural filter
Emergency not decoded
Emergency decoded
Ignorance
Images
of reality
Symbolic
constructions
Enlightenment
27. Technology
as risk
mitigation
Technology
as a source
of vulnerability
Research,
development
and investment
in technology
individual
family
peer group
organisation
community
society
international
Culturalfilter
Sociocentrism Technocentrism
29. Long term
Short term
Emic components
Etic components
METAMORPHOSIS
OF CULTURE
Experiences of culture
[mass-media and consumer culture]
Accumulated cultural traits and beliefs
Inherited cultural background
Ideological
(non-scientific)
interpretations
of disaster
Learned
(scientific)
interpretations
of disaster
35. INSTRUMENTS OF
DISSEMINATION
• mass media
• targeted campaign
• social networks
• internet
Augmentation
MASS
EDUCATION
PROGRAMME
HUMAN
CAPITAL
HABIT
CULTURE
The creation of a culture of civil protection
36. BENIGN (healthy)
at the service of the people
MALIGN (corrupt)
at the service of vested interests
interplay dialectic
Justification Development
[spiritual, cultural, political, economic]
IDEOLOGY CULTURE
38. Basic concepts:
hazard, vulnerability,
exposure, risk,
impact, resilience, etc.
Hazard
analysis
Technical skills:
telecomminications
computer, GIS, etc.
Emergency
planning
Emergency
management
Disaster
sociology and
psychology
Public information
management
Recovery and
reconstruction
planning
Methods of
risk mitigation
Field
exercises
Disaster and emergency
management training
39. HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
STUDIES
SEVEN SCHOOLS
OF THOUGHT
Criminal justice
and forensic
science
and perhaps
an eighth...
Sociology
Psychology
& psychiatry
Economic &
financial studies
Development
studies
Disaster medicine
& epidemiology
Physical &
construction
sciences
Geography &
anthropology:
cultural (human)
anthropology
40. Ecology
Geology
(& Geomorphology)
Geophysics
(inc. Seismology)
Volcanology
Climatology
Hydraulics
Hydrology
Meteorology
Architecture
Civil engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical &
electrical engineeringInformation &
communication
technology (ICT)
Computer technology
Remote sensing
Risk analysis (inc.
risk identification,
estimation,
management &
communication)
Cartography
Development studies
Economics
Geography, History
Jurisprudence & legal stds
Urban & regional planning
Mass media studies
Psychology
Sociology
Epidemiology
Nursing
Nutrition
Pharmacology
General medicine
Surgery &
emergency medicine
Public health, hygiene
& epidemiology
Veterinary sciences
Health sciences
Social & spatial sciences
Computational
& analytical
sciences
Construction sciences
Atmospheric & water sciences
Earth & environmental sciences
HAZARD,
RISK &
DISASTER
CONSTITUENT
DISCIPLINES
41. Broad professional training
in emergency management
Professional experience
and training
Disciplinary training
(e.g. bachelor's degree)
Common
culture
Common
language
Common
objectives
45. The international relief system
PUBLIC AND
CORPORATE
DONORS
INTERNATIONAL
NGOs
DONOR COUNTRY
GOVT. AGENCIES
RECIPIENT COUNTRY
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
RECIPIENT COUNTRY
DONORS
LOCAL
NGOs
AFFECTED POPULATION AND VICTIMS
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES
UN Office for the Co-ordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA)
UN Disaster Assistance Team (UNDAC)
International SAR Advisory Group (INSARAG)
UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
World Food Programme (WFP)
Other UN Agencies
RAPID RESPONSE TEAMS
International SAR teams
Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DARTs)
RED CROSS-RED CRESCENT
International Committee of the RC (ICRC)
International Federation of RC Socs. (IFRC)
National societies - donor countries
National societies - recipient countries
46. UN Resident Co-ordinator (UN-RC)
UN Humanitarian Aid Co-ordinator (UN-HC)
Emergency Response Co-ordinator (UN-ERC)
(Undersecretary General for Humanitarian Affairs)
Permanent Interagency Support Committee (UN-IASC)
[UN humanitarian agencies; UNHCR,
Red Cross, World Bank, various NGOs]
Civil-Military Humanitarian Co-ordination (UN-CMCoord)
Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-DHA)
Office for the Co-ordination
of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA)
In the assisted country:-
52. • prevalence of myths and misassumptions
• migration and evacuation
• informal settlements
• precarious livelihoods
• crises of leadership.
Some parallels between disaster risk
reduction (DRR) and human mobility
55. • disaster response is increasingly
internationalised, with up to
130 countries participating
• interoperability is vital: civil
protection needs a common culture
• beware of the clash between top-down
and bottom-up approaches in
civil defence and civil protection.
Take-away messages
56. • culture is facilitator or inhibitor of DRR:
initiatives must be culturally compatible
• minorities should not be neglected
and marginalised (especially in
human mobility and conflict situations)
• suppression of democracy, human rights
and people's cultures must be opposed.
Take-away messages
57. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
david.alexander@ucl.ac.uk
www.slideshare.net/dealexander