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His 122 ch 18 & 19 su 14
- 1. Chapters 18 & 19 Big Business and Organized Labor The South and theWest
- 2. Chapter 18 Big Business and Organized Labor
- 3. Focus Questions • What fueled the growth of the post Civil War economy? • What is “Big Business”? • What were the social and political consequences of the rise of Big Business?
- 4. Major Catalysts of the 2nd Industrial Revolution • Creation of interconnected transportation and communication networks • RR andTelephone/Telegraph • Steamships • By 1880 widespread application of electrical power • Industrial machinery • Trolleys and subways • Production of steel and chemicals • Systematic application of scientific research to industrial processes • Refining of crude oil into kerosene and gasoline • Inventions of new products
- 5. Corporations and the 2nd Industrial Revolution • Businesses grew as a result of rapid expansion of technology, population, government incentives and subsidies. • Business owners sought to integrate all the processes of production and distribution of goods into single companies to minimize competition. • Mergers with competitors: intended to dominate entire industries and limit competition
- 6. Convergence and Economic Growth • Convergence • Natural resources: forests; minerals; rivers • Rapidly expanding population: immigration • Development of more efficient and labor-saving technology • Entrepreneurs • Government • Tariffs • Government provided land and cash • Little, if any, regulation of business activity or working conditions • Minimal or no regulation of corruption in politics • 1868 NewYork state legislature legalized bribery of politicians
- 7. Advances in Agriculture • By 1870 US was the world leader in production of wheat and corn • Commercial cattle industry • Slaughter and Meat packing
- 8. The Rise of Big Business • Railroads • First industries to represent big business • Building the Transcontinentals • Central Pacific RR: East from Sacramento • Hired between 12,00-14,000 Chinese laborers who came to US in search of gold • Union Pacific RR: West from Omaha • 1865 Promontory Utah
- 9. May 10th 1889 Central Pacific Railroad workers
- 10. The Rise of Big Business • Financing the Railroads • Railroads constructed by private companies who raised the funds by selling bonds. • By 1850’s: Congress approved legislation to provide federal land to the RR companies • Inventions Spurred Manufacturing • Barbed wire, refrigerated box cars • The telephone
- 11. The Rise of Big Business Route ofTranscontinental RR Questions to consider • Why was the transcontinental RR not in the South ? • Why should government get involved in helping private businesses?
- 12. Government Subsidies, Corruption and Big Business • Tammany Hall: Society of St.Tammany-- 1786 Democratic Party political machine that controlled NewYorkCity from 1854-1932 • BossTweed ran the 7th ward in NYC forTammany Hall • Political patronage • Irish Immigrant population • Corruption
- 17. Railroad & Business Entrepreneurs aka “Robber Barons” • Jay Gould: involved in a number of businesses and the BossTweed ring in NewYork City. Owned the Erie Railroad with Jay Fiske and put BossTweed on the board of directors. Posted 1 million bail for bossTweed after he was arrested for corruption. 9th richest man in U.S. history. Controlled over 10,000 miles of railroads. Attempted to corner the gold market.
- 19. Entrepreneurs
- 21. Entrepreneurs • J. P. Morgan, Financier: investment banker • Sears and Roebuck: Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck—mail order Sears mail-order homes
- 22. Entrepreneurs
- 23. Entrepreneurs
- 25. The Working Class • Disorganized Protest • The Molly Maguires
- 26. The Working Class • The Railroad Strike of 1877 • 1st Interstate Strike • Financial panic of 1873 • Federal troops stopped the strike • The Sand-Lot Incident • Meeting to show support for RR strike turned into an attack on Chinese immigrants • Anti-Chinese Agitation • Chinese worked for less and perceived to steal American jobs • Dennis Kearney and “foreign peril” • 1882: Congress prohibited Chinese immigration for 10 years
- 28. The Working Class • Toward Permanent Unions • 1866 National Labor Union • Contract Labor Act • Employers to import employees by paying passage • The Knights of Labor • Secret • Protect workers from retaliation • Hundreds of thousands of workers were members
- 30. The Working Class • Anarchism • Any form of government limits individual freedom and is abusive • The Haymarket Affair • 1886 Knights of Labor rally in Chicago • Bomb thrown into a group of police officers • Undermined the Knights of Labor though no one found guilty of incident
- 31. The Working Class Illustration of the Haymarket Affair The injured man is a police officer.
- 32. The Working Class • Gompers and the AFL • 1886 25 skilled workers organizations created the American Federation of Labor • Samuel Gompers • The Homestead Strike • 1892 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers went on strike at Carnegie’s Homestead Works near Pittsburgh • An attempt to break the strike ended in bloodshed when members of the Pinkerton DetectiveAgency • state militias were sent in to protect workers not involved in the strike.
- 33. Black Pullman Porters Union Pullman cars: hotels on wheels Pullman hired only African American men as porters Porters required to work 400 hours per month or 11,000 miles— to receive full pay. Porters depended on passengers' tips to earn a decent level of pay. Tips > monthly salary earned from the Pullman Company. High social prestige in African American Community Thurgood Marshall’s father was a Pullman porter
- 35. The Working Class • The Pullman Strike • 1894: American RR Worker’s Union refused to handle Pullman cars • 27 states affected • Entire RR lines brought to halt • President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to remove cars from tracks citing Federal authority to deliver mail • Mother Jones (1837-1930) • Self-declared mother of the labor movement • Higher wages • Shorter hours, safer workplaces • Child labor restrictions
- 37. The Working Class • Socialism and the Unions • Eugene V. Debs • The Wobblies • IWW
- 38. Debs addresses a crowd of workers
- 39. Chapter 19 The South and the WestTransformed
- 40. The New South • Plantation system gave way to tenant farming and sharecropping • Farmers worked land they did not own • Traded a percentage of annual yield for the right to work their share of land • Little cash available-most farmers lived in a perpetual state of debt • Some growth in manufacturing • Cotton still King • Railroad improved shipping crops to market
- 41. The Myth of the New South
- 42. The Myth of the New South
- 43. The Myth of the New South
- 44. Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow • Application of Constitutional Amendment to citizens • Civil Rights Law of 1865
- 45. The New West • The Migratory Stream • 1870-1900: Americans settled more land in the U.S. than had been occupied before the Civil War • Settlers’ ethnicities • African-American Migration • Exodusters • Buffalo Soldiers: “colored” cavalry units
- 46. The New West • The Indian Wars • Lieutenant Colonel George Custer • Miners and Sioux territory
- 47. The New West • Cattle and Cowboys • Cattle drives ended at rail lines • The End of the Open Range • Barbed wire
- 48. The New West Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876 by Amos Bad Heart Bull
- 49. The New West • Range Wars • Conflicting claims and goals of farmers & ranchers • Ethnic prejudices • Farmers and the Land • Homestead Act of 1862 • 1900 Progressives encouraged water rights and dams
- 50. Women in theWest
- 51. The New West • Pioneer Women • Same social rules as in the East • Hardships made life more egalitarian • Widows assumed control of land and independence that would not have been tolerated back home • The End of the Frontier • 1890 Census: no area remained in continental U.S. where fewer than 2 people per square mile resided
- 52. Photos Used in this Presentation • Wikipedia Commons • Courtesy of Amon Carter Museum, Fort WorthTexas • Courtesy of Union Pacific Historical Collection • Harper’s Weekly Election Cartoons • A Philip Randolph Museum: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters http://www.aphiliprandolphmuseum.com/evo_history4.html
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Following the Civil War, a population boom coupled with rebuilding efforts propelled the nation to become the world’s preeminent industrial power. This era was known as the Second Industrial Revolution; the first had occurred in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century. The era was marked by the introduction of the coal steam engine, the textile machine, and the blast furnace for producing iron. The first industries to represent “Big Business” were railroads, linking the western half of the continent to the economic development capabilities of the east. The Central Pacific Railroad, working east from Sacramento, California , and the Union Pacific, working west from Omaha, Nebraska, built the first transcontinental railroad, meeting in 1865 at Promontory, Utah.
- Railroads were constructed by private companies, which raised the necessary funds by selling bonds. Originally, concerns about the constitutionality of federal involvement in financing railroads precluded the government from becoming involved in their construction, but beginning in the 1850s, schemes that provided federal land to the builders were approved. The growth of manufacturing after the Civil War sparked an innovative streak in Americans, resulting in inventions such as barbed wire, refrigerated box cars, airbrakes for trains, and the telephone.
- What was the route of the first transcontinental railroad, and why was it not in the South? Who built the railroads? How were they financed?
- Andrew Carnegie Steel magnate and business icon.
- Carnegie’s empire The huge Carnegie steel plant at Homestead, Pennsylvania.
- J. Pierpont Morgan Morgan is shown here in a famous 1903 portrait by Edward Steichen.
- Morgan, an investment banker, bought large amounts of stock in corporations, and then in turn sold them for a profit. He also bought rival firms that were in trouble, fixed them, and resold them. In 1890, he controlled one-sixth of the nation’s railroads. Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck opened a mail-order company in the 1890s. By eliminating the middleman, they could ship goods from a catalog to people throughout the United States.
- Cover of the 1897 Sears, Roebuck and Company catalog Sears, Roebuck’s extensive mail-order business and discounted prices allowed its many products to reach customers in cities and in the backcountry.
- The rise of business A lavish dinner celebrated the merger of the Carnegie and Morgan interests in 1901. The shape of the table is meant to symbolize a rail.
- Children in industry Four young boys who did the dangerous work of mine helpers in West Virginia in 1900.
- The first forms of protest against labor conditions were disorganized, as many of the workers in these conditions were recent immigrants or farmers not familiar with the idea of civilized protests. A group of Irish-American coalminers, the Molly Maguires, used violence to achieve better working conditions in Pennsylvania coalmines. Eventually, twenty-four members of this group were convicted of murder and kidnapping, and ten were hanged.
- The Railroad Strike of 1877, the first interstate strike in American history, resulted from the financial panic of 1873, during which railroad companies drastically cut wages. The strike eventually erupted in violence, and order was restored when federal troops intervened. At a sandlot in San Francisco, a meeting to show support for the striking railroad workers became an attack on Chinese immigrants. The Chinese were easy scapegoats, as they tended to work for less and were perceived to steal American jobs.
- Denis Kearney This cartoon shows support for Denis Kearney, who organized the Workingmen’s Party of California, and his Chinese labor exclusion policy.
- In 1866, the National Labor Union was founded, comprising labor and reform groups more interested in political and social reforms than in collective bargaining. Before disbanding in 1873, the NLU secured the Contract Labor Act, which encouraged employers to import workers by paying passage. Led by Uriah Smith Stephens, the Knights of Labor was a secret organization designed to protect its members from retaliation from employers. Its members, which numbered in the hundreds of thousands at its peak, allowed skilled and unskilled laborers to join.
- Members of the Knights of Labor This national union was more egalitarian than most of its contemporaries.
- Anarchists believe that any form of government is abusive, controlled by the rich to exploit the poor. Many labor unions during the late nineteenth century pushed for the abolition of government to achieve their goals. At an 1886 Knights of Labor rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square to promote the eight-hour workday, a bomb was thrown into a crowd of police officers. One officer was killed and several others were wounded. Although no one involved with the Knights was found guilty in this affair, they were guilty by association, and soon thereafter its membership dwindled.
- The Haymarket Affair A priest gives last rites to a policeman after anarchist-labor violence erupts in Haymarket Square, Chicago.
- In 1886, twenty-five skilled workers organizations joined to create the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL allowed only skilled workers as their members, and very gradually emerged as the preeminent union in the United States. In 1892, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers went on strike at Carnegie’s Homestead Works near Pittsburgh. An attempt to break the strike ended in bloodshed when members of the Pinkerton Detective Agency were brought in to confront the strikers. Eventually, state militias were sent in to protect workers not involved in the strike.
- The Pullman Strike paralyzed the economies of twenty-seven states in 1894. Members of the American Railway Union (ARU) working at the Pullman Palace Car Company went on strike. No member of the ARU would handle Pullman railcars, sleeper cars that were very popular. By mid July, Midwest railway lines were stuck with cars on tracks that no one would touch. Eventually, President Cleveland ordered federal troops to remove the cars from the tracks, citing federal authority to deliver the mail, which at that time was done by train. Mary Jones (1837-1930), the self-declared mother of the labor movement, promoted higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces, and child labor restrictions. Although she lost most of the strikes in which she participated, she lived to see her views become accepted by unions across the country.
- The Pullman strike Troops guarding the railroads, 1894.
- Socialism, a movement to abolish the government and to turn the method of production over to the people, first came to the United States in the 1820s. It began to gain a strong following in the 1870s, when Karl Marx moved his union headquarters to New York. Eventually, the Socialist Party of America was created, with its leader, Eugene Debs, running for president. The Wobblies, or the Industrial Workers of the World, was an attempt to revive industrial unionism. More successful at violence than achieving their goals, they included both skilled and unskilled workers in their membership. Split by internal factions, the Wobblies eventually disbanded after a failed strike in 1912.
- Why was there a dramatic increase in sharecropping and tenancy in the late nineteenth century? Why did the South have more sharecroppers than other parts of the country? Why, in your opinion, was the rate of sharecropping low in the western territories of New Mexico and Arizona?
- As the line of the “frontier” moved farther west, Native Americans who had been forced west by treaties and congressional decrees once again found Anglo settlers encroaching on land that bad been promised to them. Unwilling to move again, they attacked the immigrants as they passed through or attempted to settle their land. Perhaps the best known of the Indian Wars involved Lieutenant Colonel George Custer. Miners had been encroaching on the Black Hills of the Dakota territory in search of gold, violating the Black Hills Reservation of the Sioux. Custer and his detachment of 210 soldiers moved against a Sioux encampment only to find themselves surrounded by more than 2,500 warriors.
- With the near-extinction of the buffalo came the rise of the cattle drive. The terminus for a cattle drive was whichever rail line was closest. As railways continued to extend west, the destinations of the cattle drives changed. As farmers continued to settle the plains, they began to mark their land with a new invention, barbed wire. Several hard winters and a period of drought led to the end of cattle drives, and the open range gave way to the closed.