3. The End of the Waiting Game
• Lincoln’s inauguration
• Promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed
• Declared that the states were in perpetual union
• The fall of Fort Sumter
• South Carolina declared possession of all federal property
besieged Fort Sumter
• Neither Buchanan nor Lincoln would permit surrender
• Fort Sumter, running low on supplies and bombarded by
Confederate forces surrendered on April 13
5. The End of the Waiting Game
• Taking sides
• Lincoln ordered a blockade of the southern coast
• Virginia was the last state to secede
• Delaware remained in the Union
• Lincoln sent federal troops to Maryland to force it to
remain in the Union
• West Virginia seceded from Virginia and was
admitted to the Union
• Lee was asked to lead the Union army but refused
choosing his state over the Union
• Over 100,000 soldiers who fought for the Union
were Southerners by birth
6. The End of the Waiting Game
• Northern advantages
• Manufacturing
• Population 5:1
• Confederacy fought a defensive war
• Less supplies
• Fewer soldiers
• Closer to home
7. The End of the Waiting Game
• The Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)
• Decisive Southern victory
• Confederates exhausted and did not give chase when Northern
forces retreated
• Lincoln’s three pronged assault
• General Winfield Scott: Anaconda Plan
• Blockade southern ports on Atlantic and Gulf coasts
• Massive invasion along the Mississippi River to halt Confederate
transportation of cotton and tobacco to ports and prevent imports of
military materials
• Southern Strategy
• Win enough battles to secure recognition from a foreign
government
• Pressure the North to a negotiated peace in which the South
gained independence.
9. General Winfield Scott
Born 1786 in Dinwiddie VA
“Old Fuss & Feathers”
Fought in War of 1812
Commanding General of the Army
Promoted to Lieutenant General
Led Force Bill brigade to S.C.
Served as Andrew Jackson’s emissary
to S.C. in 1831-32
Too old to fight in Civil War,
Scott suggested the Anaconda strategy
11. The War’s Early Course
• Confederate diplomacy
• Southern colonies courted France
• France agreed as long as Great Britain joined them
• The west and the Civil War
• Idaho, Nevada, Arizona and Montana added to Union
• Required protection with Federal troops
• Drew men and supplies from war effort
12. The War’s Early Course
• Two theatres
• East and West of Appalachian Mountains
• Actions in the western theater
16. The War’s Early Course
• McClellan’s peninsular campaign
• Amphibious landing on peninsula: where Cornwallis had been
defeated in the Revolutionary War
• McClellan was reluctant to attack
• Within 60 miles of Richmond, McClellan stalled and was replaced
by Henry Halleck
• Second Bull Run (Second Manassas)
• Lee attacked Union forces and drove them back to Washington DC
• Lincoln reinstated McClellan
• McClellan did not approve of Lincoln
• McClellan did not think he should take orders from Lincoln
• McClellan was Lincoln’s opponent in the election of 1864 and ran on a
“peace” platform
19. The War’s Early Course
• Antietam (Sharpsburg): September 17, 1862
• 26,000 men killed, wounded or missing
• Lee retreats to Virginia
20. “We might as well have tried to take hell”
Fredericksburg
• 12,653 Union solders killed, missing wounded after 14
failed frontal assaults on Confederate lines on Marye’s
Heights
• Confederate losses: 5,309
29. Behind the Lines
• U.S. Government during the War
• Taxes & Greenbacks
• Radical Republicans (controlled Congress)
• Copperheads
• 1864 Democrats nominated General McClellan for President
• Victories by Farragut in New Orleans and Sherman in Virginia saved Lincoln’s
presidency
• Union Finances
• 1862 Income Tax
• Greenbacks and inflation
• Confederate Finances
• Property tax to be collected by individual states
• Some collected—some did not
• Tax evasion and tax fraud
• Confederate Government
• 6 year term for Davis
• Arch Secessionist states refused to cooperate with Confederacy
34. The Faltering Confederacy
• Chattanooga
• Grant promoted to Lieutenant General and General-in-Chief of all
Union forces
• Grant placed Sherman in charge of Western Theater
• Sherman marched southeast from Tennessee toward Atlanta, GA
• Strategy: Destroy South’s ability to make war
• The North Prevails
• Lee attempted to flee Petersburg after Wilderness battle defeat.
Retreat cut off by Union forces, Lee surrender at Appomattox
• April 9, 1865
• A Wartime Election
38. A Transforming War
• The Union Preserved
• The first “Modern” War
• Unprecedented scope and scale—distant, impersonal and
mechanical
• 730,000 men killed or injured in Civil War
• 50,000 men returned home with one or more limbs missing
• 50,000 civilians killed
• New technologies of war
• War correspondents and newspaper reports, photo journalists
• Social Changes Wrought by the War
• Women
• African Americans
39. A Transforming War
• The Thirteenth Amendment
• January 1865
• Missouri and Tennessee abolished slavery
• U.S. House of Representatives passed amendment banning slavery
everywhere
• 13th amendment ratified by ¾ of reunited states December 18,1865
• The Debate Continues
• Has Civil War been resolved?
• The “Lost Cause”
• Will South ever come to terms with legacy of slavery?
• Lee, “…Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to
overwhelming numbers and resources.”
