Metabolism protein and fat
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Metabolism of fat and protein is easier to learn if you take it as fun.
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Mehr von Principal at Smt. S.C.U.Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College
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Metabolism protein and fat
- 1. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video METABOLISM OF FOOD LOGO Dr. Daxaben N. Mehta Principal Smt. S.C.U.Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College Wadhwancity – Dist: Surendranagar Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 2. For AMINO ACID Broadcasting Mixing your Video METABOLISM LOGO ENVIRONMENT Bio- ORGANISM synthesis Protein Ingested protein AMINO ACIDS Purines c c Degradation Pyrimidines (required) Carbon Porphyrins Nitrogen skeletons (ketogenic) (glucogenic) Urea Used for pyruvate energy α-ketoglutarate acetoacetate succinyl-CoA acetyl CoA fumarate oxaloacetate Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 3. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video TRANSAMINATION LOGO Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 4. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video UREA CYCLE LOGO Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 5. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video 6 Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 6. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video FAT METABOLISM LOGO Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 7. β - OXIDATION For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Breakdown of fats into Acetyl coenzyme A --> Krebs Cycle FADH2 --> Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH--> Oxidative Phosphorylation Breaks off two carbons at a time to acetyl CoA Remaining goes another round Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 8. Prepares a Fatty Acid for transport and metabolism For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH ATP PPi [CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CO-AMP] Fatty acyl CoA Ligase HS-CoA AMP CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CO~SCoA Fatty acyl CoA Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 9. For Broadcasting Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids Mixing your LOGO Video In reaction 1, oxidation: • Removes H atoms from the and carbons. • Forms a trans C=C bond. • Reduces FAD to FADH2. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 9
- 10. For Broadcasting Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids Mixing your LOGO Video In reaction 2, hydration: • Adds water across the trans C=C bond. • Forms a hydroxyl group (—OH) on the carbon. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 10
- 11. Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids For Mixing your Broadcasting LOGO Video In reaction 3, a second oxidation: • Oxidizes the hydroxyl group. • Forms a keto group on the carbon. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 11
- 12. Beta ()-Oxidation of Fatty Acids For Mixing your Broadcasting LOGO Video In Reaction 4, acetyl CoA is cleaved: • By splitting the bond between the and carbons. • To form a shortened fatty acyl CoA that repeats steps 1 - 4 of -oxidation. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 12
- 13. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video MECHANISM LOGO CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CO~SCoA Fatty Acyl CoA FAD Fatty Acyl Dehydrogenase FADH CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CO~SCoA β Enoyl Co. A H2O Enoyl Co. A Hydratase OH CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CO~SCoA β Hydroxy Acyl Co. A β Hydroxy acyl Co. A Dehydrogenase NAD+ O NADH CH3CH2CH2CCH2CO~SCoA β Keto Acyl Co. A HSCo A Thiolase Fatty Acyl CoA CH3CH2CH2CO~SCoA CH2CO~SCoA Acetyl CoA Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 14. For Broadcasting Mixing your Beta Oxidation LOGO Video 6 carbon Fatty Acid Acyl-CoA CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C~SCoA O CH3C~SCoA O CH3C~SCoA O CH3C~SCoA O 3 two carbon Acetyl-CoAs Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 15. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video ENERGY PRODUCTION LOGO COMPARISON BETWEEN Hexanoic Acid C6H12O2 Glucose C6H12O6 Hexanoic acid Glucose Hexanoil Co. A - 1 ATP Pyruvate 2 ATP 6 NADH Hexanoil Co. A Pyruvate 3 Acetyl-CoA 36 ATP 2 Acetyl-CoA 24 ATP 2 FADH2 4 ATP 2 NADH + H+ 6 ATP 2 NADH + H+ 6 ATP 45 ATP 38 ATP MW 116 MW 180 ATP per Gram 0.32 ATP per Gram 0.17 Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 16. For Broadcasting Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Mixing your LOGO Video Acids. • Oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA requires additional reaction performed with the help of the enzyme isomerase. • Double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis configuration and cannot be acted upon by enoyl-CoA hydratase (the enzyme catalyzing the addition of water to the trans double bond generated during β-oxidation. • Enoyl-CoA isomerase repositions the double bond, converting the cis isomer to trans isomer, a normal intermediate in β-oxidation. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 16
- 17. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 18. For Broadcasting Oxidation of polyunsaturated Mixing your LOGO Video fatty acids. • Requires two additional reactions and a second enzyme, reductase, in addition to isomerase. • NADPH-dependent 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase converts trans-2, cis-4-dienoyl- CoA intermediate into the trans-2-enoyl- CoA substrate necessary for β-oxidation. Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 18
- 19. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 20. For Broadcasting Mixing your Oxidation of odd-chain LOGO Video fatty acids. • Odd-carbon fatty acids are oxidized by the same pathway as even-carbon acids until three-carbon propionyl-CoA is formed. • After that, three additional reactions are required involving three enzymes. • Propionyl-CoA is carboxylated by propionyl-CoA carboxylase (with the cofactor biotin) to form the D stereoisomer of methylmalonyl-CoA (The formation of the carboxybiotin intermediate requires energy from ATP). • D-methylmalonyl-CoA is changed into L-methylmalonyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. • L-methylmalonyl-CoA undergoes an intramolecular rearrangment to form succinyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. This rearrangment is catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which requires coenzyme B12, derived from vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 20
- 21. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 22. For Broadcasting Mixing your Video Ketone Bodies LOGO A special source of fuel and energy for certain tissues • Some of the acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid oxidation in liver mitochondria is converted to acetone, acetoacetate and -hydroxybutyrate • These are called "ketone bodies" • Source of fuel for brain, heart and muscle • Major energy source for brain during starvation • Synthesis in Figure 24.28 • They are transportable forms of fatty acids! Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 23. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 24. For Broadcasting Ketone Bodies and Diabetes Mixing your Video LOGO "Starvation of cells in the midst of plenty" • Glucose is abundant in blood, but uptake by cells in muscle, liver, and adipose cells is low • Cells, metabolically starved, turn to gluconeogenesis and fat/protein catabolism • In type I diabetics, OAA is low, due to excess gluconeogenesis, so Ac-CoA from fat/protein catabolism does not go to TCA, but rather to ketone body production • Acetone can be detected on breath of type I diabetics Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 25. For Broadcasting Mixing your Connection to Krebs Cycle LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here
- 26. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here 26 Don’t write anything here
- 27. For Broadcasting Mixing your LOGO Video Don’t write anything here Don’t write anything here 27