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Song Dynasty China
- 2. Geography
- 3. Geography Deserts: • Taklimakan Desert • Gobi Desert Mountains: • Himalayas • Tibetan Plateau • Tian Shan
- 5. Geography Plains: • North China Plain – only 10% of China suitable for farming • Chiang Jiang (Yangtze River) • Huang He (Yellow River) • Yellow Sea • Loess Plateau (rich yellow soil) • Manchurian Plain • Mongolian Plateau
- 6. Geography
- 7. Politics
- 8. Politics Chinese Dynasties • Song (960-1229 CE) • Yuan (1279-1368 CE) (Mongols) • Ming (1368-1644 CE) Song: • Zhao Kuangyin aka Emperor Taizu • imperial civil service exam ➔ merit- based bureaucracy ➔ state financial distress • 1000s: > 30K government officials • 1200s: < 400K government officials
- 9. Politics To the North: • Xi Xia = Tangut • Jin = Jurchens • Mongols
- 10. Politics • Song standing army = 1 m.; < 50% of government revenue • strong iron armor and weapons • crouching tiger catapult • crossbows • flamethrowers • incendiary bombs • BUT lack of horses and trained horsemen ➔ vulnerable to mounted nomadic invasions from the north • scholar gentry = poor military strategy and tactics • northern tribes bought off ➔ state financial distress
- 11. Technology
- 12. Technology • agricultural improvements: • irrigation ditches • reservoirs • dams • terraces • water wheels • pumps • manure • oxen or water buffalo- pulled heavy iron plows
- 13. Technology • fast-growing Champa rice two crops allowed two crops per year • rapid population growth • 800 CE: 50 m. • 1000 CE: 60 m. • 1200 CE: 115 m.
- 14. Technology • proto-industrialization of porcelain, silk, and iron
- 15. Technology • improved iron production through use of water wheel piston-driven bellows and coke (high carbon coal with few impurities) ➔ 1000% increased production! • used for plows, weapons, bridges, pagodas
- 16. Technology • Su Song – 80 ft. tall mechanical clock
- 17. Technology • gunpowder • 900s CE: fire-lance
- 18. Technology • magnetic compass • stern-mounted rudder • junks – up to 400 ft. (3x larger than European ships)
- 19. Technology • paper • woodblock printing • flying paper money
- 20. Society
- 21. Society • urbanization: • Hangzhou – 1 m. pop. • Chang’an – 2 m. pop. • taverns, restaurants, teahouses, markets, street vendors, theaters, specialty luxury shops, brothels
- 22. Society • Social order: • Confucian scholar gentry • aristocracy • farmers • artisans • merchants
- 23. Society • patriarchal • foot-binding • daughters sold as maids, concubines, and prostitutes • human-trafficking
- 24. Culture
- 25. Culture • Period of Warring States (481-221 BCE) • Confucianism • Daoism
- 26. Culture
- 27. Culture • 646 CE: Xuanzang returned after 17 years at Nalanda, India with Mahayana Buddhism • Journey to the West (aka Monkey)
- 28. Culture • dharma = Dao • nirvana = wu wei • 1100s: Zhu Xi - metaphysical Buddhism and Daoism + rational structured Confucianism = Neo-Confucianism • Buddhism + Daoism = Chan/Zen Buddhism based on meditation and direct experience rather than scripture • Pure Land Buddhism
- 29. Culture • Middle Kingdom • Sinification of East Asia • Chinese as lingua franca of East Asia • wood-block printing – • calendars • histories • philosophies • medical texts • encyclopedia
- 30. Commerce
- 31. Commerce • public works ➔ economic stimulus • Grand Canal • roads • inns • postal stations • stables
- 32. Commerce • Silk Roads • ports of Guangzhou and Quanzhou – Arab, Persian, Indian, and Malay sailors • export – porcelain, tea, silk, lacquerware